Under Leaden Skies - Where Heavy Metal Clouds the Stars

ArtistòÀÙs impressions of the surface of HE2359-2844.
The very high temperature (38000 degrees) makes the
surface bluish in colour. An alien observer close to
the star might be able to see the lead- and zirconium-rich
cloud layers using specially chosen filters.
Images created using POV-Ray by C. S. Jeffery.

In a paper shortly to be published in the Oxford University Press journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, a team of astronomers from the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland report the discovery of two unusual stars with extremely high concentrations of lead in their atmospheres.

Naslim Neelamkodan, Simon Jeffery, Natalie Behara and Alan Hibbert are studying the surfaces of small hot stars, known as helium-rich subdwarfs. They are already known to be peculiar because they contain much less hydrogen and much more helium than normal.

Three years ago they discovered one with a very high surface concentration of zirconium - better known for making false diamonds. Now studying a group of similar stars, they have discovered two which have surfaces containing ten thousand (10,000) times more lead than is present on the surface of the Sun.

The discoveries were made in two stars, known as HE 2359-2844 and HE 1256-2738, using observations from the archives of the European Southern ObservatoryòÀÙs Very Large Telescope in Chile. The light signatures, or spectra, of both stars showed a few features which did not match any atoms expected to be present. After some detective work, the team realised that the features were due to lead.

With atomic number 82, lead is one of the heaviest naturally occurring elements; in the Sun there is less than one lead atom for every ten billion hydrogen atoms. At around 38000 degrees, the surfaces of HE 2359-2844 and HE 1256-2738 are so hot that three electrons are removed from every lead atom. The resulting ions produce distinctive lines in the staròÀÙs spectrum, from which the concentration of lead in the atmosphere can be measured. Using the same technique, HE 2359-2844 was also found to show ten thousand times more yttrium and zirconium than on the Sun. Along with the zirconium star, LS IV-14 116, these stars now form a new group of 'heavy metal subdwarfs'.

The team believes that these heavy-metal stars are a crucial link between bright red giants, stars thirty or forty times the size of the Sun, and faint blue subdwarfs, stars one fifth the size, but seven times hotter and seventy times brighter than the Sun. A few red giants lose their thick hydrogen skin and shrink to become hot subdwarfs, or nearly-naked helium stars. As they shrink, conditions become favourable for the pressure of light from the helium stars to act on individual atoms to sort the elements into separate layers, where they are concentrated by a factor of ten thousand or more.

Like water vapour in the earthòÀÙs atmosphere, or layers of different density in a rainbow cocktail drink, a layer of heavy metal at just the right height and concentration can form clouds which become visible from Earth. The team suggests that the new discoveries are rare examples of these layers coming into view and estimates that the lead layer could be about 100 km thick and weigh some 100 billion tonnes.

Naslim and co-workers will continue to search for evidence of other heavy metals forming cloud layers in these rare stars, and to look for more information about how light pressure sorts the chemistry of helium-rich subdwarfs over time. For such rare stars, it is still not certain how they form, and what they will eventually become.

Science contacts

Prof Simon Jeffery
Research Astronomer
Armagh Observatory
&
Adjunct Professor
Trinity College Dublin
Tel: +44 (0)28 3751 2958
Mob: +44 (0)784 515 1764
csjarm.ac.uk
skype: dr.simon.jeffery

Dr Naslim Neelamkodan
Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Academia Sinica
11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, National Taiwan University,
No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C
Tel: +886 (0) 912374481
naslimngmail.com

Media contact

Dr Robert Massey
Royal Astronomical Society
Tel: +44 (0)20 7734 3307
Mob: +44 (0)794 124 8035
rmras.org.uk

Further information

Naslim Neelamkodan completed her PhD at the Armagh Observatory in 2012 and now works at the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academica Sinica, Taiwan. Natalie Behara completed her PhD at the Armagh Observatory in 2006 and is currently a visiting astronomer at the University of Brussels. Alan Hibbert is Emeritus Professor of Applied Mathematics at Queens University Belfast, and Deputy Chairman of the Armagh Observatory and Planetarium Management Committee. Simon Jeffery is a senior research astronomer at the Armagh Observatory, and adjunct Professor of Physics at Trinity College Dublin.

The new work appears in the paper "Discovery of extremely lead-rich subdwarfs: does heavy metal signal the formation of subdwarf B stars?", Naslim Neelamkodan, C. Simon Jeffery, Alan Hibbert, and Natalie T. Behara , Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, in press. After the embargo expires, the paper will be available for download at dx.doi.org.

Last Revised: 2013 July 31st