Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://star.arm.ac.uk/preprints/2011/576.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Wed May 25 13:29:00 2011 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Tue Oct 2 02:57:04 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: trees

Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. 17043 May 11, 2011

c ESO 2011

The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey III: A very massive star in apparent isolation from the massive cluster R136
¨ Joachim M. Bestenlehner1 , Jorick S. Vink1 , G. Grafener1 , F. Najarro2 , C. J. Evans3 , N. Bastian4,5 , A. Z. Bonanos6 , ´ E. Bressert5,7,8 , P. A. Crowther9 , E. Doran9 , K. Friedrich10 ,V. Henault-Brunet11 , A. Herrero12,13 , A. de Koter14,15 , ´ N. Langer10 , D. J. Lennon16 , J. Ma´ Apellaniz17 , H. Sana14 , I. Soszynski18 , and W. D. Taylor11 iz
(Affiliations can be found after the references) Received 7 April 2011 / Accepted 2 May 2011

arXiv:1105.1775v1 [astro-ph.SR] 9 May 2011

ABSTRACT

VFTS 682 is located in an active star-forming region, at a projected distance of 29 pc from the young massive cluster R136 in the Tarantula Nebula of the Large Magellanic Cloud. It was previously reported as a candidate young stellar object, and more recently spectroscopically revealed as a hydrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet (WN5h) star. Our aim is to obtain the stellar properties, such as its intrinsic luminosity, and to investigate the origin of VFTS 682. To this purpose, we model optical spectra from the VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey with the non-LTE stellar atmosphere code cmfgen, as well as the spectral energy distribution from complementary optical and infrared photometry. We find the extinction properties to be highly peculiar (RV 4.7), and obtain a surprisingly high luminosity log(L/L ) = 6.5 ± 0.2, corresponding to a present-day mass of 150 M . The high effective temperature of 52.2 ± 2.5kK might be explained by chemically homogeneous evolution ­ suggested to be the key process in the path towards long gamma-ray bursts. Lightcurves of the object show variability at the 10% level on a timescale of years. Such changes are unprecedented for classical Wolf-Rayet stars, and are more reminiscent of Luminous Blue Variables. Finally, we discuss two possibilities for the origin of VFTS 682: (i) the star either formed in situ, which would have profound implications for the formation mechanism of massive stars, or (ii) VFTS 682 is a slow runaway star that originated from the dense cluster R136, which would make it the most massive runaway known to date.
Key words. stars: Wolf-Rayet ­ stars: early-type ­ stars: atmospheres ­ stars: mass-loss ­ stars: fundamental parameters

1. Introduction
Recent claims for the existence of very massive stars (VMS) of up to 300 M at the centre of young clusters like R136 (Crowther et al. 2010) seem to link the formation of such objects to environments in the centres of massive clusters with 104 - 105 M . This finding thus appears to support massive starformation models that invoke competitive accretion and possibly even merging in dense clusters (e.g. Bonnell et al. 2004). Such scenarios emerged after it became clear that the disk-accretion scenario ­ commonly applied to low- and intermediate star formation ­ had problems explaining the formation of stars with masses above 10 M , as radiation pressure on dust grains would halt and reverse the accretion flow onto the central object (e.g. Yorke & Kruegel 1977). However, recent multi-dimensional hydrodynamical monolithic collapse simulations indicate that massive stars may form via disk accretion after all (e.g. Kuiper et al. 2010). This illustrates that the discussion on clustered vs. isolated massive star formation is still completely open (see de Wit et al. (2005); Parker & Goodwin (2007); Lamb et al. (2010); Bressert et al. in prep.). In this Letter, we present evidence that VFTS 682 (RA 05h 38m 55.51s DEC -69 04 26.72 ) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), found in isolation from any nearby massive, visible cluster, is one of the most massive stars known. The object suffers from high dust obscuration and is located in, or in the line-of-sight towards, an active star-forming region. On the basis of a mid-infrared (mid-IR) excess, Gruendl & Chu (2009) classified the star as a probable young stellar
Based on observations at the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope in programme 182.D-0222.

Fig. 1. Combined YJ Ks image from the VISTA Magellanic Clouds survey (Cioni et al. 2011). The arrows correspond to 5 pc in the Northern and Eastern directions. The projected distance of VFTS 682 to the cluster R136 is 29 pc (for an assumed LMC distance of 50 kpc). object (YSO). The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey (VFTS) (Evans et al. 2011) identified it as a new Wolf-Rayet (WR) star,
1


Joachim M. Bestenlehner et al.: VFTS III: A very massive star in apparent isolation from the massive cluster R136

Table 1. Stellar parameters of VFTS 682
Parameter T T eff log(L/L ) log( M / f /M yr-1 ) f Y1 MV Notes.
(1)

Value 54.5 ± 3 kK 52.2 ± 2.5 kK 6.5 ± 0.2 -4.13 ± 0.2 1.6 0.25 2600 ± 200 km/s 0.45 ± 0.1 -6.83 ± 0.12 mag

Y is the helium mass fraction

at a projected distance approximately 30 pc northeast of R136. Its spectrum was classified as WN5h and is similar to those of the very luminous stars in the core of R136, with strong H, He ii, and N iv emission lines. In this Letter, we present a photometric and spectroscopic analysis of VFTS 682 to investigate its origin. The star is relatively faint in the optical, which we argue is the result of significant reddening (with Av 4.5), implying a high intrinsic luminosity and a mass of order 150 M . The sheer presence of such a massive star outside R136 (and apparently isolated from any notable cluster) poses the question of whether it was ejected from R136 or if it was formed in isolation instead.

Fig. 2. Relative flux vs. wavelength in å. Grey solid line: MEDUSA spectrum of VFTS 682. Black dashed line: model spectrum.

2. Spectroscopic Analysis of VFTS 682
The analysis is based on spectroscopic observations (4000 - 7000) from MEDUSA mode of VLT-FLAMES (Evans et al. 2011). We first compared observations taken at different epochs (Evans et al. 2011) as to identify potential shifts in the radial velocity (RV) as a result of binarity. To this purpose, we used the N iv 4060 emission line. With detection probabilities of 96% for a period P<10d, 76% for 10d
Fig. 3. Log flux vs. log wavelength. Squares: B, V, J, H, K s photometry, Diamonds: spitzer SAGE. Circles: spitzer 5.8 µm and 8.0 µm from Gruendl & Chu (2009). Solid line: SED with anomalous RV parameter. Dashed line: Standard RV parameter. Dashed-Dotted line: attempt to reproduce the NIR excess with a 1500 K black body. loss rate is given in Table 1. This value is larger than the log( M /M yr-1 ) = -4.69 obtained from the mass-loss recipe of Vink et al. (2001) for non-clumped winds. The values can be brought into agreement for a volume filling factor of f = 0.1. In the absence of UV spectroscopy of the 1548, 1551 C iv doublet, we estimate the terminal velocity ( = 2600 km/s) from the broadening of the He ii and H lines. An overview of the stellar parameters and abundances is provided in Table 1. The stellar parameters of VFTS 682 are similar to those of R136a3 (with a log(L/L ) = 6.58) (Crowther et al. 2010). We note that there are other luminous WNh objects in 30 Dor, for instance, VFTS 617 (=Br 88) which has the same spectral type as VFTS 682 but with weaker emission lines. The spectral analysis of the additional VFTS WNh stars is currently in progress (Bestenlehner et al. in prep.).

3. Luminosity and Reddening
In its spectral appearance, VFTS 682 is almost identical to that of R136a3 in the core of the dense cluster R136. The luminous


Joachim M. Bestenlehner et al.: VFTS III: A very massive star in apparent isolation from the massive cluster R136

Fig. 4. VFTS objects. Rectangles are WN-stars. Triangles are WC-stars. The arrows in the top right corner are for two different RV values, with a length corresponding to AV = 1. The longer lines on the left indicate the transformations between reddened and unreddened CMD positions. objects in this cluster are thought to be the most massive stars known, with initial masses up to 300 M (Crowther et al. 2010). As VFTS 682 is apparently isolated, and shows no signs of binarity, it offers the opportunity to study such a luminous WN5h object in isolation. The precise luminosity of VFTS 682 is thus of key relevance for this work. Its derivation is however complicated by the large extinction. Matching the optical photometry with a standard extinction law, i.e., a 'Galactic average' extinction parameter RV = 3.1, we obtain a luminosity of log(L/L ) = 5.7 ± 0.2. With this relatively low luminosity we can explain the optical flux distribution, but we fail to match the observed spectral energy distribution (SED) at longer wavelengths. In the near­mid infrared (IR) the observed flux is 3 times higher than the corresponding model flux. Below, we show that we can successfully explain this 'excess' IR emission, including its exact shape, with a reddening parameter RV = 4.7, which leads to a much higher stellar luminosity. This effect is visualised in the colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) of Fig. 4. We note that high RV parameters, that deviate from the Galactic average, are not extra-ordinary for massive stars in the LMC (e.g. Bonanos et al. 2011)
3.1. Modelling the near IR flux

from Fitzpatrick (1999). This way, we obtain RV = 4.7 ± 0.1, AV = 4.45 ± 0.12, and AKs = 0.55 ± 0.15, where the uncertainties refer to the differences in the adopted extinction laws. As AV is much larger than AKs , the derived luminosity mostly relies on Ks , while the observed values of B, and V mostly determine RV . Small uncertainties in B - V will thus mainly affect RV , in a way that the absolute values of B, and V stay the same. As RV = AV /E ( B - V ), this introduces an anti-correlation between the derived RV , and E ( B - V ), where AV is preserved. The resulting luminosity is log(L/L ) = 6.5 ± 0.2, where the error includes uncertainties in the stellar temperature, mass-loss rate, and extinction. The resulting SED fit is presented in Fig. 3. In an independent analysis of the available UBVIJHK pho´ tometry, using the CHORIZOS code (Ma´ iz-Apellaniz 2007) for CHi-square cOde for parameteRized modelIng and characteriZation of phOtometry and Spectrophotometry, we obtain E ( B - V ) = 0.98 ± 0.03, and RV = 4.55 ± 0.17, which, due to the aforementioned anti-correlation between E ( B - V ) and RV , results in an almost unchanged value of AV = 4.46 ± 0.06. The resulting luminosity, and high RV are thus confirmed. Table 2 gives a summary of the available photometry for VFTS 682. In analogy to our previous findings, the differences between the optical photometry of Evans et al. (2011), and Parker (1993) mainly affect RV , but not the derived luminosity. Based on the WFI photometry by Evans et al. (2011), we obtain RV = 5.2 ± 0.1 with E ( B - V ) = 0.84 ± 0.02. The near-IR photometry however has a direct influence on our results. Based on the fainter Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) photometry the derived luminosity decreases by about 0.1dex to log(L/L ) = 6.4. In this work, we use the IRSF values, as they connect better to the observed spitzer MIR photometry. If we alternatively adopt the standard reddening parameter RV = 3.1, and attribute the NIR excess to a second component, such as a cool star and/or a warm (1000-2000 K) dust component (see Fig. 3), we obtain a luminosity of only log(L) = 5.7 ± 0.2. We note that just one extra component (cool star and/or dust black body) cannot fit the entire SED slope, which implies that we would need a multitude of additional components. These would need to conspire in such a way as to precisely follow our SED. Although we cannot disprove such a configuration, it would be highly contrived. To summarise, the most likely luminosity of VFTS 682 is log(L) = 6.5 ± 0.2, which would support the high luminosities that have been derived by Crowther et al. (2010) for the VMS in the core of R 136.
3.2. The MIR excess

Because the extinction in the IR is very low, we can avoid the problems resulting from the uncertain RV parameter, by choosing the near-IR photometry as our flux standard. In more detail, we derive the luminosity of VFTS 682 by matching B, and V from Parker (1993), and Ks from the "InfraRed Survey Facility (IRSF) Magellanic Clouds Point Source Catalog" (Kato et al. 2007) (see Tab. 2). For this purpose we extract the intrinsic B, V , and Ks magnitudes from our model, using appropriate filter functions. Based on the resulting values of E ( B - V ) = 0.94 ± 0.02, and E (V - Ks ) = 3.9, we derive RV = AV /E ( B - V ) for two oft-used extinction laws. To determine RV , we use the relations RV = 1.1994 â E (V - Ks )/E ( B - V ) - 0.183, as inferred from the extinction law by Cardelli et al. (1989), and RV = 1.12âE (V -Ks )/E ( B-V )+0.016,

We also investigate the issue of whether VFTS 682 has a midIR excess in spitzer data. We compared two sources of MIR photometry, the "Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution (SAGE) IRAC Catalog" for point sources (Meixner et al. 2006) as well as the recent YSO catalog of Gruendl & Chu (2009). In contrast to the SAGE IRAC Catalog, Gruendl & Chu (2009) included spatially more extended sources. The MIR photometry data from both sources are listed in Table 2. Gruendl & Chu (2009) detected a mid-IR excess at 5.8 and 8.0 µm and categorised VFTS 682 as a YSO candidate. We are not able to confirm the MIR excess on the basis of the SAGE IRAC Catalog photometry, but the difference in the two data sources may be explained in the following way. The MIR point-source data of Meixner et al. (2006) basically follow the slope of our optical-to-NIR fit continued into the MIR, whilst the larger scale MIR data of Gruendl & Chu (2009) show a
3


Joachim M. Bestenlehner et al.: VFTS III: A very massive star in apparent isolation from the massive cluster R136

Table 2. Apparent Magnitude of VFTS 682
Evans et al. (2011) Parker (1993) DENIS (2005) IRSF1 2MASS SAGE Gruendl & Chu (2009) Notes.
(1)

U ­ 16.40 J 13.55 13.73 3.6µm 11.73 11.69

B 16.66 16.75 H 12.94 13.08 4.5µm 11.42 11.37

V 16.08 16.11 Ks 12.46 12.66 5.8µm 10.84 10.48

I 14.89

8.0µm ­ 9.15

Transformed to the 2MASS system.

Fig. 5. OGLE III V and I lightcurves for VFTS 682 during 20012009. clear MIR excess. Whereas the MIR excess could be consistent with an extended circumstellar shell, such as recently detected in spitzer 24 micron images of the Galactic Centre WNh star WR102ka (Barniske et al. 2008), there is no evidence for such a shell (or bowshock) in spitzer 8 micron images of VFTS 682 at similar angular scales as for WR102ka. However, given the resolution limit of 2 arcsec the IR excess might be due to an unresolved circumstellar shell with a diameter of < 0.5 pc.

4. Variability on timescales of years
To study the stability of VFTS 682 we show Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE-III) lightcurves (Udalski et al. 2008) in V and I in Fig. 5. On top of the shortterm jitter, the object clearly dimmed by 0.1 mag in both the V and I band during the years 2006-2009. Furthermore, the object shows an increase in the K-band by 0.15 mag during 2010 (Evans et al. in prep.). This kind of long-term variability is unprecedented for Wolf-Rayet stars, and is more characteristic for Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs). However, we note that the nature of these changes is not the same as those of bona-fide LBVs with S Doradus cycles of 1-2 mag variations (Humphreys & Davidson 1994).

cores of large clusters, such as the Arches cluster or R136. By contrast, VFTS 682 is rather isolated at a projected distance of 29 pc from R136. This raises the question of whether the object formed in situ or is a slow runaway object from R136 instead. In order to address these issues, we provide some velocity estimates. The measured RV shift of VFTS 682 is vr 300 km/s, which is somewaht higher than the average velocity in 30 Dor ( 270±10 km/s, Sana et al. in prep, Bosch et al. 2009). If VFTS 682 is a runaway from R136, it would require a tangential velocity of 30 km/s to appear at a projected distance of 30 pc within approximately 1 Myr. Together with an RV offset of 30 km/s, VFTS 682 would then require a true velocity of 40 km/s, i.e. at the lower range of velocities for classical OB runaway stars (e.g. Philp et al. 1996). Still, this would make it the most massive runaway star known to date. In case the object is a runaway star, a bow shock might potentially be visible as VFTS 682 is surrounded by dust clouds. Whilst there is currently no evidence for a bow shock, one of the possible explanations for the MIR excess is the presence of a bow-shock (e.g. Gvaramadze et al. 2010). Alternative explanations for the MIR excess may involve its (line-of-sight) association with an active star forming region, or a nebula formed by vigorous mass loss since the object started to burn hydrogen in its core. In this context, it may or may not be relevant that VFTS 682 shows slow photometric variations suggestive of LBVs that may suffer from mass ejections. The most probable luminosity of VFTS 682 is log(L) = 6.5 ± 0.2. The question is what stellar mass the object corresponds to, and what is its most likely evolutionary age. The high temperature places the object right on the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS), which can be best understood as a result of chemically homogeneous evolution (CHE). Such an evolution has also been proposed for two WR stars in the SMC (Martins et al. 2009). Note that this type of evolution has been suggested for the production of long gamma-ray bursts (Yoon & Langer 2005). In order to obtain a meaningful mass limit, we employ the recent ¨ mass-luminosity relationships by Grafener et al. (2011) for homogeneous hydrogen burners. Utilising the derived He abundance (Y=0.45), the most likely present-day mass is 150 M . In detailed stellar evolution models of Brott et al. (2011) and Friedrich et al. (in prep), CHE is achieved through rapid rotation, with vinit > 200km/s. A value of Y=0.45 is obtained at an age rot of 1-1.4 Myrs and the initial mass would be of 120 - 210 M , where the mass range is defined through the uncertainty in the luminosity. Finally, from our analysis it is clear that VFTS 682 is a very massive object. It is often assumed that such massive objects can only be formed in dense cluster environments, where they are normally found. The apparent isolation of VFTS 682 may thus represent an interesting challenge for dynamical ejection scenarios and/or massive star formation theory.

References
Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., & Sauval, A. J. 2005, ASPCS, 336, 25 Barniske, A., Oskinova, L. M., & Hamann, W. 2008, A&A, 486, 971 Bonanos, A. Z., Castro, N., Macri, L. M., & Kudritzki, R. 2011, ApJ, 729, L9+ Bonnell, I. A., Vine, S. G., & Bate, M. R. 2004, MNRAS, 349, 735 Bosch, G., Terlevich, E., & Terlevich, R. 2009, AJ, 137, 3437 Brott, I., de Mink, S. E., Cantiello, M., et al. 2011, ArXiv:1102.0530 Cardelli, J. A., Clayton, G. C., & Mathis, J. S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 245 Cioni, M., Clementini, G., Girardi, L., et al. 2011, A&A, 527, A116+ Crowther, P. A., Schnurr, O., Hirschi, R., et al. 2010, MNRAS, 408, 731 de Wit, W. J., Testi, L., Palla, F., & Zinnecker, H. 2005, A&A, 437, 247 DENIS. 2005, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 1, 2002 Evans, C. J., Taylor, W. D., Henault-Brunet, V., et al. 2011, ArXiv:1103.5386

5. Discussion on the origin of VFTS 682
VFTS 682 is located in an active star-formation region of 30 Dor (Johansson et al. 1998). It is not anywhere close to the core of R136, or ­ as far as we can tell ­ to any other nearby cluster. This might be considered a surprise as VMS are normally found in the
4


Joachim M. Bestenlehner et al.: VFTS III: A very massive star in apparent isolation from the massive cluster R136
Fitzpatrick, E. L. 1999, PASP, 111, 63 ¨ Grafener, G., Vink, J. S., de Koter, A., & Langer, N. 2011, A&A submitted Gruendl, R. A. & Chu, Y. 2009, ApJS, 184, 172 Gvaramadze, V. V., Kroupa, P., & Pflamm-Altenburg, J. 2010, A&A, 519, A33+ Hillier, D. J. & Miller, D. L. 1998, ApJ, 496, 407 Humphreys, R. M. & Davidson, K. 1994, PASP, 106, 1025 Johansson, L. E. B., Greve, A., Booth, R. S., et al. 1998, A&A, 331, 857 Kato, D., Nagashima, C., Nagayama, T., et al. 2007, PASJ, 59, 615 Kuiper, R., Klahr, H., Beuther, H., & Henning, T. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1556 Lamb, J. B., Oey, M. S., Werk, J. K., & Ingleby, L. D. 2010, ApJ, 725, 1886 ´ Ma´ iz-Apellaniz, J. 2007, ASPCS, 364, 227 Martins, F., Hillier, D. J., Bouret, J. C., et al. 2009, A&A, 495, 257 Meixner, M., Gordon, K. D., Indebetouw, R., et al. 2006, AJ, 132, 2268 Parker, J. W. 1993, AJ, 106, 560 Parker, R. J. & Goodwin, S. P. 2007, MNRAS, 380, 1271 Philp, C. J., Evans, C. R., Leonard, P. J. T., & Frail, D. A. 1996, AJ, 111, 1220 Udalski, A., Szymanski, M. K., Soszynski, I., et al. 2008, Acta Astron., 58, 69 Vink, J. S., de Koter, A., & Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. 2001, A&A, 369, 574 Yoon, S. & Langer, N. 2005, A&A, 443, 643 Yorke, H. W. & Kruegel, E. 1977, A&A, 54, 183
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Armagh Observatory, College Hill, Armagh BT61 9DG, United Kingdom ´ Centro de Astrobiolog´ (CSIC-INTA), Ctra. de Torrejon a Ajalvir ia ´ km-4, E-28850 Torrejon de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain UK Astronomy Technology Centre, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK Excellence Cluster Universe, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK Institute of Astronomy & Astrophysics, National Observatory of Athens, I. Metaxa & Vas. Pavlou Street, P. Penteli 15236, Greece European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, ¨ D87548, Garching bei Munchen, Germany Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, Hounsfield Road, University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK ¨ ¨ Argelander-Institut fur Astronomie der Universitat Bonn, Auf dem ¨ Hugel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany SUPA, IfA, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory Edinburgh, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ, UK Departamento de Astrof´ isica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain European Southern Observatory, Alonso de Cordova 1307, Casilla, 19001, Santiago 19, Chile Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 403, 1098 SJ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Astronomical Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands ESA, Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA Instituto de Astrof´ isica de Andaluc´ ia-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronom´ s/n, E-18008 Granada, Spain ia Warsaw University Observatory, Aleje Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland

5