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The Storminess Record from Armagh Observatory, N. Ireland 1796-2002. Introduction A R ( w t p d w o i c 1 i l T a A p a d t O w b O B w 1 h e r o B a h r i a f n o 8 n o h p r l r i h b i u b a i 9 i v m b u s e e r s l 8 s n e p m a o s e s n i s c l 9 g e agh Observatory was established in 1790 by Archbishop Richard inson. Robinson was the Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh tler and Hoskins 1987). Although the main focus of the Observator y astronomy, daily meteorological rec ords were kept from 1794, when Observatory became operational. Only air temperature and barometric ssure were recorded during 1794 and 1795. From 1796 to 1843 wind ection was also recorded and a brief written daily weather comment also included in the daily weather register. The daily description weather included reference to storms and their effects. The only ga p the record is from mid-1825 to 1832 when no weather data was lected. In addition, no daily weather descriptions were recorded for 3. From 1844 to the present there is also wind strength data, mostly trumental but also some observer dat a. This makes this dataset th e gest ongoing weather record on the island of Ireland. r a y u p e d l e k l 9 h n Observatory is located on top of a drumlin on its own site of oximately 14 acres. The Observatory although located on the edge o f gh city is still predominantly su rrounded by farmland and the ing fields of a number of schools. The city has grown in size from nd 7,000 to 15,000 people over the study period and is highly ersed and low density. A study by Co ughlin and Butler (1998) showed effects of urbanisation on the mean air temperature at the rvatory were minimal. However, the o ne threat to the quality of th e data from the Observatory was the growth of trees around the main ding. This led to the original cup anemometer on the roof of the rvatory to be abandoned in favour o f the more suitable site of the Lawn where the current meteorological site is located. This paper examine the weather diary record o f storms in Armagh from 1796 to and the instrumental/observation record from 1844-1999 and will light some of the difficulties in assembling such chronologies, from one site.

The weather diary record from 1796-1999. T e k s w e s o t h a e t r v u f h i r y o i e s s data was abstracted from the d aily weather diary. From the liest weather diaries the recording of storms seems to have been a component of the description (Appendix 1). The definition of a rm used was the use of the words `tempest', `storm' or `gale' in the tten description. The description m ust clearly indicate that this nt was not a gust, thunderstorm or s nowstorm and that the wind was tained for a length of time. Table 1 contains a brief list of some the most noteworthy storms that have affected Armagh as recorded in e weather diaries.

Table 1 The most noteworthy storms that have affected Armagh as recorded in the weather diaries. 1799 May 17 s r 1810 Dec 21 h e t a e v o i a e r n v n m y y i y( st ga ng S o l ( W r e L ) mo my n wit ight r i h n ning with rain. Cloudy day - a meteor. A ght rain. Violent gale and showers all day and ing and meteor at night) (WbyS WbyN)

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Table 1 Continued. 1817 Feb 8 1817 Mar 3 1818 Feb 28 1818 Apr 8 1819 Feb 21 1819 Dec 16 1821 Nov 30 1822 Mar 10 1822 Dec 5 S t T S l v n S h F a R h H T d T S B a d N S n v ( a L A a g g h S g S V S S H A C F W P a S g T f t t o r t i e i t o l n e e a r i r e l n o W n i e N a a a e S r t i u e i u o l i r f t a h a h o w e o g r g o u o d m a z e s e e o d n ) o g r W t m f t u u a E o o o n e g r n o n o t o l e t i r a e r h y h r r o m r s m t y an ds t blo yning wet flo y, w . Gr s. V ight kabl sho and blo nt) blo amb ng w ight in D d h w w m o i e e y w d w ( w 1 i . u e n i a o d t a r ( e r n S n 9 t b ov n o th bo rn s h t y NW st rs iz o W o 91 h Tr li erca orth ut o sho ut 6 ing. (NW) snow floo wet ) ormy at zle ut o NW) ut o for rain ees n an st ( f we pm B . W t r S h s i lo Hea W) eir of nt win vy rain in the evening - A meteor root rain he SS g wit s , E h i s s n the now a dist ome r even nd ha ant ( ain a i i W l ng of this day. l. Thunder and NW) l day - Stormy

t m s d n ar vy e es ta es L wi n e w h y ) r b e r g g v , u r l s h o t o d b e r e a s

, sleet and rain nearly constant for 24 ds (NW) and stormy morning and day - fair evening mor nigh -A f ro fr mo an tor dL o r d n i n t v o in ( er ts g - heavy rain - great floods SW) y remarkably wet and stormy night. in several places. (Thunder e o t p abou tail w. A of ool. tn on ve roo Ca oo t ry t lm n-v his s wet about ed af ery s torm. and s 10pm ter m tormy (NW). tormy evening - great damage id-night (W SE

ots ed sn ou ver

1823 Feb 11 1824 Nov 23 1839 Jan 6 1842 Jan 25 1846 Mar 2 1882 Oct 1 1886 Mar 30 1927 Jan 28 1942 Dec 9 1956 Dec 28 1961 Sep 16 1965 Nov 17 1976 Jan 2

rapidly melting. Floods stormy and wet evening and t (SW) wet and stormy before day. Floods clouded and blowing em 1 ar em e e y s nd my en hi La w ra in di r ab rn my f 24 li s d 1 l d o o l e w af tg ne mb ind se uou ng isi ly oon ni orc ki tie tor e 9 f e b b g e s n 9 u n l l a v ou f g ou wn wn e ra in te al ba 19 : en s wi ng 12 . gh e ll s m. s o a s t l d r e l 9 i r d . S t w e i gal r mo le ( gal down off hrou tre 48 noon . Ra l di 1 fo nter 20h ain, espr from Con ee L . St ind d re n Ir e r s e g e m , i s r m in e de ee f in abou hout s we iles 45 n sq inte mor itte e d a d b m e r a t t u n t h a l i e i l g 2 ni lo en ht, am l 5 a s e t a ght. n thi try i my w .ag S s n i a ee s A nd le d n M m n g t y Ca tor ppe ga in r m n u r . d g n 1991 and 1993 and ix 1). e and round rain ight the round

t re a mp ua gr e nt

he b t h ll at de r

day own pm t3 .V db ail in:

. . i y

win dow S 30p ole li on ver

blew in t .J. . Spl t gal htnin his s gust

and rainfall from he observatory e e g t y ndid aurora 9pm . Much damage. orm. . Stormy night.

h ea e si am or ev fe el

avy 21h-2.30h, until 5h. Stormy night. rly era 19 y. nin st nd. b 9 W g o m l 1 i orn es fo des sto Bri See i t r p r t L ng ruc mo rea mf ain amb ( t r d o , Wind ural e de flo rce in 1991 o a ti oi a ad o f d a d t d f r m l n t i r ce age on ge ime tio mo 9 to . Su thi veni s (2 n, t re d b s n 4 h e 10 sid st g ki ere tai to 11) ed late orm. lled) were 4 l on

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Analysis of the weather diary record. T f ( 1 w T T i e 1 y s w A b c t a e d b T i u T 2 J t A T g J s W o r a o w A w 1 t 1 ( r h r F 8 o h h n x 9 e t e e o i 2 u r i c t 8 a o r m g 5 l e s r e 8 r r e annual incidence of storms from the descriptive record at Armagh 1796 to 2000 was plotted and fitted with a 10 year running mean . 1). Relatively high numbers of storms were recorded from 1796 to and 1835 to 1844 and it is assumed that the time period between d also contain relatively high numbers of storms (Appendix 2). e years have more than 30 storms a nd this includes 1796 with 31. block of relatively high numbers of storms can be associated with eased storminess symptomatic of the Little Ice Age that probably nded up to end of the 18th century and into the 19th century (Grove ). The Little Ice Age was by no means a completely cold period with s of relatively high temperatures as well as periods of cold, ms and disturbed weather. From 1845 to 1910 relatively few storm s recorded at Armagh, typically less than 5 per annum.

change occurs in the 1890's with an increase in the numbers of storms eing recorded associated with a decline in temperatures. This also oincides with Lamb's (1991) assessment that the 1890's was probably he stormiest decade of the 19th century. From 1911 until 1958 there is generally rising number of storms bei ng recorded. This includes the xceptional year of 1950 when 35 storms were recorded. There is a ecline in the number of storms from 1960 to 1976 and this is followed y a pulse of increased numbers of storms being recorded until 1985. his includes 1982, the stormiest year on record with 36 storms. This s followed by a sharp decline in the number of storms being recorded p to and including 1999. This trend has continued in 2000 and 2001. h ) a h u h a a t i f e n n i p i 9 o 9 F e e . n e g e l n a n l d w t r t 8 5 i v re is a very clear monthly Most gales occur in the uary and December (Appendix summer half of the year wit ust inclusive but all months distribution of gales for Winter half of the year 3). There is a decline in h very few gales occurring record some gales. Armagh (Fig. most notably gales towards from April to

re is also significant variations in the seasonal distribution of es from the weather diary (Append ix 4). The Winter (December, uary, February) gales plot shows relatively high numbers at the rt of the record from 1796 up to the 1840's (Fig. 3). Low number of ter gales are recorded up until the early 1900's with the exception a few years in the 1890's. This is followed by a period of atively high numbers of gales particularly in the 1920's and 1930's early 1980's. There has been a decline in gales from the mid 1980's ards. This pattern mirrors the annual totals as would be expected h most gales occurring in Winter. The pattern for Spring (March, il, May) gales is similar to that of the Winter and Annual pattern h mini peaks of gales in 1796, 1800,1821, 1948, 1964-1965, 1968 and 5 (Fig. 4). The Summer (June, July, August) gales plot is different this pattern as there is a noticeable cluster most of gales in the 0's and 1960s with a very exceptional 8 gales in the Summer of 1951 g. 5). The Autumn (September, October, November) gales pattern erts back to the Winter, Spring and overall pattern (Fig. 6).

One potential weakness with this record is that of observer bias. Work is still ongoing at Armagh in an attempt to identify the meteorological observers and the time periods they covered and so test for bias.

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Insert Fig. 2 here

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Insert Fig. 4 here

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Insert Fig. 5 here

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The observational/measured record from 1844-1999. T c f d m r h o i i e e e n r r t l s s e h a i t c o t observational/measured record is a much more complex series sting of six components which have been combined together. The two components cover the period from 1844 to 1882 and are no t tly compatible with the rest of the chronology in a stric t dological sense. The remaining four components from 1883 are ively easily converted to a single standardised format.

a) Component 1: 1844 January 1 to 1860 March 3. T l a ( r g s d r f t w t he data here appears to be based on an early version of the Beaufort and scale to which actual wind speed was added (Table 2). As a result gale is defined as force 8 but the given miles per hour is only 24mph 1mph =0.87 knots). The effect of us ing this scale was the overecording of gales and their strength. As a result only gales that were iven as force 12 or force 12+ were used. This would still include a mall number of events that would not be classified as gales today. The ata was based on twice-daily observation of wind speed and direction, ecorded from the anemometer located on the roof of the Observatory. A urther minor complication is that prior to 1st April 1852 astronomica l ime was used, after this date standard Irish Civil Time (Dublin Time) as used. Astronomical time starts at noon as opposed to midnight. All he data in this component has been corrected to civil time.

Table 2 Old Beaufort land scale that was used to cover the period from 1st January 1844 to 3rd March 1860. B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 eaufort Number M 3 6 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 ? iles Per Hour

0 1 2 2+

2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6+

b) Component 2: 1860 March 26 to 1882 December 31. C t i o i 1 a g h t p o r t v s 2 r a o h i mponent 2 consists of the total numb er of miles (1 mile =1.609km) avelled by the anemometer cup in a 12-hour period (Table 3). Clearly is very difficult to interpret this data in the context of the erall chronology as the minimum miles travelled to guarantee a gal e 39 and the maximum is 565. Obviously the more miles travelled in a -hour period the more likely it is that a gale has occurred. An bitrary figure of 450 miles travelle d was chosen to indicate whe n les might have occurred. This was checked against a small amount of urly data that is available for Armagh from 1874-1882. This showed at the 450 miles travelled was an ad equate threshold to use as it cked up two gales that occurred during this time period.

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I i g T t W f t d O

t n a h h h u h i b

l i r e r e r s

must be noted that two additional 12-hour periods which had totals excess of 450 miles also occurred, but which were not recorded as es in the hourly data. Both had su stained periods of high winds . s at least indicates that no gales will be missed using the 450 mile eshold, but that there is likely to b e some over-recording of gales. n this threshold is applied to the period from 1860 to 1873 a ther seven possible gales can be identified (Table 4). This part of chronology is based on twice daily observation of wind speed and ection, recorded from the anemometer located on the roof of the ervatory.

Table 3 Scale of measurement for miles travelled in a 12 hour period Beaufort Numbers Miles? Correct hour by mph wind 3 6 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 4 8 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 3 9 5 2 9 7 5 4 3 3 7 1 H d r o a u e f lf s ring volu dru 3 1 8 6 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 1 8 0 4 0 6 4 1 0 1 9 . . . . . . . . . . econds Pressure 88 on tions square m foot 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 7 2 0 9 9 1 5 0 7 6 8 2 2 9 2 0 5 6 4 7 6 2 Description

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6+

2 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 4 1 8 6 4 3 2 2

.5 7 0 8 3 5 1 7 05 85 0

L L G M F S M F S W S H

i i e o r t o r t h t u

g g n d e r d e r o o r

h h t e s o e s o l r r

t t l r h n r h n e m i

e a g a g

Air Bre Br te Bre Br te Gal Ga Gal

e e B e e G e l e

z e r z e a e

e z e e z l

e eze e e

cane

Table 4 Dates on which miles travelled in a 12 hour period exceeded 450 compared with the hourly data and the weather diary at Armagh Observatory. Date 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 3 4 7 1 2 2 2 5 0 1 1 / / / / / / / / / / / 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 / / / / / 1 / 1 1 / / 1 1 1 1 3 / 1 / / 6 11 3 4 6 1 6 26 22 Miles travelled in 12 hours 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 4 5 6 7 6 6 6 5 9 6 9 2 5 4 8 8 4 1 0 9 8 Gale from hourly data n n n n n n n N Y Y N o o o o o o o o e e o d d d d d d d s s a a a a a a a t t t t t t t a a a a a a a Storm from weather diary N N N Y N N N N Y N N o o o es o o o o es o o

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Component 3: 1883 January 1 to December 31. T A o y r A t c R d g h u b e e n h a o a a e t s a s e e l b t l o e r u m i i a e data comes from a separate instrumen tal hourly time series from th e matic Weather Station that was in op eration. The normal twice daily rvations appear not to have been taken or recorded during this . A gale in this component is designated as 53mph. This is as a lt of the correction of the cal ibration of the Robinson Cup ometer which over recorded wind strength by 4/15 or a reduction in calibration applied to the raw data from 3.0 to 2.2. This bration correction applies to all measured wind speed using the nson Cup Anemometer from 1904 back wards in time. If the earlie r is not recalibrated then the number, duration and strength of s are dramatically and erroneously increased.

Component 4: 1884 January 1 to 1919 December 31. T g T s o h a h p u e l i e t e s e l data are based on a is given as Beaufort part of the data set d and direction. Any ined above. modified Beauf ort scale force 6 which is given a is based on t wice-daily data from 188 4 to 1904 using knots where a s 34 knots (Table 5). observations of wind was recalibrated as

Table 5 Comparison of the different Beaufort scales used from 1st January 1884 to 31st December 2002. Beaufort Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Component 4 Component 4 Component 5 Component 6 (knots) (mph) (mph) (knots) 3 8 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 9 < 1 4 8 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 1 3 9 5 2 9 7 5 4 3 3 7 1 0 2 5 9 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 6

3 8 3 8 4 0 8 6 5 5 0

1 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 1 1

0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

-60 -60 -90 0 0

2 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 4 1 8 6 4 3 2 2

3 9 4 0 7 4 2 0 9

Component 5: 1920 January 1 to 1958 December 31. This is a standard Beaufort scale where a gale is equal to Force 8 or 39 mph (Table 5). The data are as a res ult of twice-daily observations of wind speed and direction from the back lawn of the Observatory. Component 6: 1959 January 1 to 1999 December 31. T m b b b h i a a a i d s c s s e k e is a standard Beaufort scale where point of Beaufort Force 8 when usin d on twice-daily observations of wi lawn of the Observatory. From 7th d on once a day observation at 0900 a gale is 37 knots g knots (Table 5). nd speed and direct March 1965 onwards GMT. which is The data ion from the data the are the is

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Analysis of the instrumental/observational record T 1 i c o i 1 g C i 2 1 T d 2 t o o a i t p i p k b h 8 n o u n 8 a l n 7 8 h u 4 h b f n s w r n o i e e 4 c m t c 8 l e c instrumental/observational days wit h gale record was plotted from 4 to 1999 and fitted with a 10-yea r running mean (Fig. 7). Thi s ludes the data from 1844 to 1883 which although not directly parable with the remainder of the data set has been included as lined in the methodology described a bove. Four distinct periods of reased occurrence of days with gale can be identified. These ar e 4 to 1905, 1917-1919, 1947 to 1964 and 1977 to 1991 Since 1993 no es have been recorded at Armagh at the 0900 GMT observation. arly, from the data there is a quasi-cyclical occurrence of reased numbers of days with gales with a mean cycle of 31 years or years if the less prominent increase in days with gales from1868 to 74 is included. e second item to note is the spike of increased days with gales ring 1918 and 1919, these were the two highest individual years with and 12 gales respectively. The only other year that comes close to is number of gales being recorded is 1982 when 12 gales were served. Clearly this anomaly is worth y of further research. A chec k other Irish meteorological stations showed that some had the spik e d some did not (Table 6). The spike i s clearly evident at Belmullet, evident only in 1918 at Malin Head, and evident only in 1919 in the o most southerly stations at Roches Point and Valentia; it is not esent at Donaghdee. It is not cle ar what caused this dramatic crease in the number of days with ga les being recorded. It is also ssible to speculate that the spread of the influenza virus tha t lled in excess of 20 million people d uring this time period may have en aided by increased storminess.

Table 6 The number of days with gales recorded at Armagh Observatory, Roches Point, Valentia, Belmullet, Donaghee, Malin Head for 1918 and 1919. Station A R V B M D T t M ( r g r o a e a o h o o A e a m c l l l n a h e m i a g e n u n g h s t l O P a e e e bservatory oint Days with gale 1918 1919 24 4 9 67 37 6 1 1 1 2 8 4 2 8 2 8

i lt H ad hd e

ere is a very clear monthly distribution of gales for Armagh similar that of the weather diary, but there are some differences (Fig. 8). st gales occur in four months only from November to February ppendix 6). There are relatively l ow numbers of gales for th e maining eight months of the year from March to October inclusive with les being recorded for every month of the year.

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T g ( s 1 d W s t g T o T S a e a o h

h a A h 9 i i u o a h f h p n v n v i

e l p o 5 f n r

re is also significant variations in the seasonal distribution of es from the instrumental/observational data from 1884 to 2000 pendix 7). The Winter (December, January and February) gales plot ws relatively high numbers in the early 1900's, the 1920's the late 0's, the early 1980's and the early 1990's. This is a slightly ferent pattern to that from the weather (Fig. 9). Low number of ter gales are recorded from 1907 to 1917, the 1930's, the 1940;s, prisingly the 1960s, the 1970's and m ost of the 1990's. This patter n some extent mirrors the annual totals as would be expected with most les occurring in Winter. ep th is rin dA ery dN era ghe a e p g u tt W lo o gu te ove ll rt e i t f s n m p h rn nte is 19 t) or ber att an for ra no 19 gal so )g ern the S d i s s o al b n n t a e pr A ce d p n es ut ex i n a i l a g u l c t e a i th n n b s o v p w (Ma al p e fo usse jus rage tter th 1 ighe r a r d t ch, tte th ea sh (Fi n re 2 ga st A r e r o g v l u Apr nb ex lie ws .1 ert es tum i u c r t 1 s r n l and t wit eptio (Fig he oc ). Th back ecord tota Ma m al 1 as A to ed l( h n . c e y) uch va 0). ion utu th in Fig ga l lu T al mn e Au . l o e h es wer of eS gal (Se Wint tumn 12). is n 7 um e pt er 1 s um g me on em , 91 i b a r e b S 8 milar ers o les i (Jun summ er, O pring thre f n e e c to g t , r to an et a h J i b d i t l e u n e hat es. ly r

mes

16


Insert Fig. 9 here

17


Insert Fig. 10 here

18


Insert Fig. 11 here

19


Insert Fig. 12 here

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Comparison of the two records of storminess at Armagh Observatory from 1884 to 1999. A t r t g s s m a t m w A c 1 s s c g s h e h a p i a n h e e h 9 t t l a e c e l e m t d a t a a result of the differences of the two methodologies in generating storm chronologies it would be exceedingly unlikely that the two ords would match numerically but that they should match in terms of trends. The weather diary dataset wo uld be expected to produce mor e es/storms as it covers the whole day and not just one or two cific measurements per day. At the annual level there is a strong ilarity for most of the record (Fig. 13). The only periods when the ch is relatively poor is 1896 to 1908 and the spike years of 1918 1919. In both these cases there was more observation of gales than t recorded in the weather diary. This indicates that the eorological observer was failing t o record storms in the daily ther diary. two ro m of of are in

similar pattern emerges when the 10-year running mean of the ronologies are compared (Fig. 14). Th e exception is the period f 22 to 1936 when the observation record shows a rising incidence orms, whereas the weather diary sh ows a declining incidence orms. The peaks in gale/storm incidence in the 1950's and 1980's early shown as the intervening trough in the 1960's. The decline les/storms in the 1990's is evident in both records.

Long and short term changes in storminess T d a s r V s d M n T a ( c h i l t e a h e a o a t A o e f s a g l o c l f o t r e w l i o long term trend in storminess in A rmagh as identified in the two erent records was calculated using a linear regression. This was compared with linear regressions from the three west coast ions at Valentia, Belmullet and Malin Head (Table 7). The essions at the 95% confidence level show that the Armagh and ntia records show no significant tend although the Valentia hourly s an increase of 1 gale per year every 14 years. Belmullet shows a ine of 1 gale every 5 years over the length of record, whereas, n Head shows an increase of nearly 1 gale every 3 years. There is verall pattern for these four stations. e7 rmag lin lete Linea h Obs ear r year r e e s re rva gre on g t s l r o s y essions of the number of da ry, Valentia, Belmullet, Mal ions at the 95% confidence l ) Full -0.02 -0.03 +0.03 +0.07 -0.19 +0.31 ys with gales recorded in Head full record. evel and based on record 1970-99 -0.22 -0.15 -0.15 +0.29 +0.86

bl A ll mp

Armagh (observation) 1884-1999 Armagh (description) 1796-1999 Valentia (hourly data) Valentia (observation) 1874-1999 1876-1999

Belmullet (observation) 1885-1999 (hourly Malin Head (observation) 1885-1999 (hourly)

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Insert Fig. 13 here

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Insert Fig. 14 here

23


I 3 m l B r V o n n s m w p c 2 A ( A c t t i b r a s o 1

n 0 e i e e a r e e o o h i h 0 r F s o h h n e e c u f 9

a n l s l d a a u r i c r 0 m i m e e s i s t g

order to examine the recent changes in storminess in Armagh over the year period from 1970-1999 linear re gressions of the two different sures of storminess were calculated. Again this was compared with ear regressions from the three west coast stations at Valentia, mullet and Malin Head (Table 7). This shows some very different ults in comparison with the overall regression figures. Armagh and entia show a decline in the number of gales being recorded of the er of 1 every 5 to 7 years, whereas Belmullet shows an increase of rly 1 gale every 3 years and Malin Head showing an increase of rly 1 gale every year. This indicates an overall pattern of the th and east receiving fewer gales and the north and west receiving e gales, possibly, indicating a northward shift in storm tracks, ch Armagh Observatory because of its low gale environment is not ye t king up. This is supported by th e only other published storm onology for Ireland which is for Dublin from 1715-1999 (Sweeney, 0). A decadal comparison between t he Dublin record and the tw o agh record shows substantial similarities, but also some differences g. 15).

a result of incomplete decadal totals, it is only possible to do the parison from the 1840's onwards. From 1840 until the early part of 20th century relative low levels of storms are being recorded. For next 40 years the Dublin record more closely resembles the Armagh trumental/observation record, even in terms of numbers of storms ng recorded. From the 1960's onwards the Dublin record more closely embles the description record in term s of the general trend, but th e ual numbers of storms are very d ifferent. The comparison also gests that there is a decadal lag between Dublin and Armagh in terms peaks and troughs. The decade with the most storms in Armagh is the 50's whereas in Dublin it is the 1960's.

Conclusions V l n t i o n o e a a h n t o f r s t e c h r y significant variations in stormine ss have been recorded over the t 200 years for Armagh observatory despite the sheltered inland ure of the site. This includes evidence for increased storminess at end of the Little Ice Age. However, there is no evidence of reased storminess over the last 30 years. When similar records from er Irish stations are examined, there is some evidence of a possibl e thwards movement of the storm tracks that have affected the islan d Ireland over the last 30 years.

24


Insert Fig. 15 here

25


References B J C o R C B B C m V G L N S 2 u o a f o a i e o e o r a o w 0 tler urna rr P 183 w Pr rr P g Wi lfas ughl an t l. 2 ove mb H rthw eene 00, l . 9 e . n t i e 5 J . e y I C. f ( I ss ( d , n mp ( . H. st J ri J o 1 r . 1 o T A e 2 ( . r 9 e 9 f h . r ) 1 ( E a t 91 la n h ) n ) 8 W S u p 8 9 o 0 e d Ho e Hi The d's 3 h . r 1 ) 1 p 0 o ski sto Bi Gre i l o B A 8 L t m t y n r g a g a w u r . i o b h M. yo Wi tes ht nd' Pr tle mag t r r r V t i i e o l c d e l (198 f Ast nd t Nat o s e r h fT Gr ss. C. Ob 7 r T u ) o h r The nomy e St al d archi , Vol. ory of isaste ve 1 t r, s of 8, p2 he Le Belf A 9 g a r 5 e s m n t a 3 d , gh Observatory, 07. ary Big Wind The White

93 1 e D. at , 98 19 ur . (2 sh G

The N 9 Ire ite R and e at 25-12 The ) His e, Ca 0) A graph

he Big Wind - The Story of the Legendary eatest Natural disaster, 2nd Edition, J. (1998) Is urban spread affecting the servatory, Irish Astronomical Journal, A s m r 1 ge o br y ), , f i s L t dg to p1 o h e r ndo eN Un mc 14. n o i h , r v r Met th S ersi onol h e t o u a y g en, ,B Pr yf 498 riti ess, or D pp. sh Isles and 204pp. ublin 1715-

eI st ge, -ce .3

ce orm Ca ntu 3(

26


Appendix 1 Armagh Observatory Relevant Abstracts of Daily Weather Diary Entries of Tempests, Storms or Gales from 1796-1999. Year 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 1796 Month Day 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 2 12 13 23 24 25 26 3 19 14 15 21 23 6 12 13 14 28 29 26 Description and wind direction B e B V E n M m M s S C g o C H A m B h H s o V e S b S i V n V c H b b a S n a V V S O w G H d V f H r v r e x i o e o t t o a v l i f o r e e h v e v t r t n e e e l e r a f h i n e e h v i a e a e r e i e i r c g r r r i o l l e o g t r i a a o e r e o i o t r a r o a i r t o g d r r o e n l a y r o a g n g y e h n c n l r d e r u h e n g v v w r y n r g r e y r y u v g o e w h y y w r d e v , y m v ht m ing ht m rai edin t. M ing ury ing l he my ( fro (SS cast dy o gal ra ing. ht w ing y ga ers cast sto ing my ( ht e my ( rval sto mid sto dy n y ga ht. mete rnoo ery t (a nigh sto rai ery cast (W yg cl hi Eb ys ) a e g y k orning. Stormy (WNW) cloudy noon. Bright o n g e f h v a W s W v e h i rni ya st rcu ine eav ery vin )w ty )o dam erc (S eav Rai th n n o r . i g i m f p a W y n a g d r y .s st my in Eve ng stor th orn wi mo st )a ga al he b i n r m t l l a torm ormy (SSW bar ning y( (S ). ome ve S W m t r W ) u e y ) evening ch rain great Gale this r heaving stormy (SSW) Barometer

my (W). Evening calmer. Mercury r n d n o ight g. F (al ing: rnin nigh e (S) the vy ga b n t s in ine ter da g. t cl eve le r g o h ig rm ow te d na mp Bl rvals ay - t tive S (W fr owing h W e f en t sh re h he g sh eavy rain n S) ale) .

eared up. and a calm cloudy ning (SE) of wind - barometer ht B y er at arom (NE) y da int ete wi y. e r t H rv h h ai a e r l l a a . s. Heavy ving in Bright

le tow da rmy W v W s r n r i l M r n d l t r n a

from ards y. n (SW

(SE) eveni ight s ) and

byS then WbyN) morning. then bright and ening. Mercury in barometer heaving )and showery until evening, then bright at m i m g e e y g y h ( ht ( t (W cu ea ea b rn nd ( an s y SbyW) day until sunset then bright until SbyW) with hail at intervals. Calmer but b r v v u a y y i y t t v N) i ng g b e er an st rm d fr nb at ale rig Bri ys dS orm y( nig om aro 3 fr ht ght tor W) y( SW) ht m m i o n m a S h o e n m o n y n b d e rni ter th W, on. oon ) dw yE ay. avy ng h e t v e m h e o t a o e r t d n e l o v r n y h ev ing nin br st erw en ( g ig or is i a u h m e n l n t y g the terna til 6 unti (W a showe n t , l n r e 11) d SW) y day

1796 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6

7 7 7 7 10 12 12 12 12

16 17 20 25 4 3 5 26 27

r h h ay te a my y nd da

W d to an

et the ov ga

ay b rc e

and yW) ast (W a

nig day nigh nd S

ht and night t W. W) of

1796 1796 1796 1796

l a h S y

of wi e (WN red u wind (SE) , har

nd and W) wit p at n and g

rain h sleety rain and snowing all ight. entle thaw then a gale of wind

d gale (E) day and night

27


1796 1796 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1797 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7

12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 9 9 10 10 12 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 2 2 4

28 29 3 4 13 20 21 22 23 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 4 2 2 1 1 8 9 5 8

Heavy gale (SE) and some snow then sleet and rain Heavy gale (SE. SW) of wind and rain great damp H t a d H H H g H n H a V t B n A d O h i d c C a C r m s B A O C d B w W a A d H n C n S n D w H H B H e h f a e e e a e i e n e e r i a e t y a a a l a g a d r m i g b ar ve ea n el on lo g on ai os tr ri b ve le el lo in in h v ay i i a i h i e i a a r e g g l g o g l n r r i a vy black sky gale (SE SSE) of wind same all day violent rain and heavy gale er a night of storm (SWW SSE) and rain. Damp hazy v v v e v h v y gal y gal y gal and y gal t at y gal night earl est a ht ca t owing and cast y gal he pa ge of tant dy bl le (S tant and ly ov ng ga k gal isk g cast red u ge an y mor e e e s e t e ( f ( ma ( im ( S r W l W e W S o ) l S s ) E SW m (W wit rai W Wb bri in W b h n y g t ) and great rains cleared at night yS) great damp small rain at night. Soft day S) with rain cleared up and windy ht he night dark morning overcast day

1797 1797 1797 1797 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 1798

12 19 25 26 4 20 28 29 13 14 3

y p g h l k r v t u s u a s n t o s r r a u w d dy mo eavy ery d h h m h w h u d d d g v

y in the morning a gale (SbyW) of wind nd rain all day lm morning overcast evening a gale (W) at h h e s g o S r h e l e a a p d n brig eavy eavy and t ni rain ales wing E) o ain eavy rcas e (S (Wb le ( nd b at sto ing ht g g h gh m ( m f an g t ) yS Wb ri 19 rm af o e e v v rn ) rn in w le ri ma n S) ht a fr ter a a e t o W o w d a b s ) y g h m l l a rn ( ( y er in of in d in ( sk ll o f a ft om a i W W r y g ng ) W ai h b wi ga overcast at noon at might a b n e l n n yS) small rain at night a u d d vy ste an da t SE ( o qu c at mo b my h ) S v i l i s l g r d y ale (WbyN) of wind y rain ceased 10 am . at night bright and as n f as ov s y em ng n t i i t e s nig ght ne d day rcas ome ht and morning ay bright t light showers.

d all SSE E gale rain rain lying ltern er a SbyE stor

ep at )a erc te oud vel tt owi (W)

pestuous night of day (W) ight fine day brisk

rn then almost constant rain all day and gale (SSW) of wind amp stormy (SSW) morning and blowing overcast

gale (SSW WbyN) and rain all day - cloudy at t grey morning overcast day high gale (SSW) at t e t g y ry a e n ga ga ht yg a g n o e e o l n a d n s s r e d in le ( sto cle (W) (W) ning (Eb c S r a l W m r w w t yS ine )o (S ed ith ith hen )a d f b u to b wind yW WS p heavy heavy overc nd con low and rain heavy sky at W) all night and morning s s as st h h t a owe owe at nt rs rs rain all night noon at 5pm rain

a o l l m a

28


1798 1798 1798 1798 1798 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799 1799

11 11 11 12 12 1 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11

2 21 27 13 14 15 8 9 21 24 13 17 4 30 16 22 26 3 4 11 12 31 3 7 13

h n C ( a m c n o b w H a A b v r v r ( s a a a a s r a a S a w r a u c a w s a y a f a v v a w a t H e B g

i i o E f o l i v l i e n f r e a e a N t n

g g l S t r o g e o n a d t i r i r i b o r

h h d E e n u h r

w t. b ) r in dy t ca

in G lo of co g, d

d clou ale (S wing m wind nstant noon ay and

dy and threatening rain. Fair day hazy byW) of wind orning and day at night a high gale rain and gale (SW) of wind a blowing and night heavy gale (E) of wind all day and all

st day hazy gale of wind a o a v m m l y h in av rd t al (S s ca se we (N m y ca (S mo nd y p i c m g a a we y ay y b y ve ea ed s we e al a n by p morning and day at night gale (SbyW) of e( ga eav da yg h l W t s v t W o b s W r . E l y t a )w e ga br le e i y o y t e e y h a a gh a rn n or ni ni at c t y ith snow all day - at night much snow le at 5 a thaw - all day hazy sky and ight night (SSW) and rain all night. Gale and l t n i i m g n h l m w ln bl de ng ght y( ht. ga er ear orn ith i o v w g w e i h i n t ) a o t i g a t n i h i v h g and morning g morning and heavy gales ng rain. Cloudy day - a meteor. in n st y g. oon ni clo w . g u ind and rain after Blowing cloudy day ht ded sky, and some

v v to ai m n to d it ai s nt le n ea to s es s ai s er er c in v ow ea ve lo al

wy d d fr vy g hea er a sk w y he n y ha n in yE) rmy ainy over ery ery rmy n. A ostl over rmy ark h wi n torm il 3 ar n over ther rmy torm terd torm r. A torm y se y cl loud d. A ery ards vy g ning wing e (W

gal en da )m orm ts ere ev )w stl rig td ) nin St

NW r n wi n in r

morn n at erca ver ht with in. S

wind and a thick haze. ame evening and night.

g early. afterwards most severe rain ormy (NE) evening and night. Wind and m r t r t h e m g m n h i n g g a or t er ni er t mo ry or e or d t ng (S in . al ht nd ning wind and wet rain. pretty far hat heavy rain until evening. A very ng after a stormy (NNW) night. Same day with frequent lightning. A rn c ni ve ni an ) g R l i l n n n d n e g i g t i n n i g wi ar e wit ng a wit rain t v h n h h ra enin rai d ni som from r th S gh .e i g n g e n. a . ht r 2. Sa nd ac wi ain 30 m n l t . t e i o h we ght ude he Sam o 4. ather as d a e 3 d vy a 0 ay c ll pm b lo d . ut uds ay. a A

(S a ht st s t (N . (S lo (S re r m to t ve e nd ig S)

W) fte la mo yes nig NW) Av E) win E) wi nig orn rmy mor nin (W) ni ht

wi n a ai n

h some ght wi d day. at ni ght (i

ai r to t .

n flying clouds with ain rmy (SE) and wet this morning) a clear

morning heavy rain until 2pm. Heavy

29


1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801 1801

1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 6 9 9 9 10 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 11

5 7 23 28 9 10 2 5 16 19 21 25 17 20 21 24 29 26 4 5 15 19 22 3 25 28 14 2

o w o G a D H r H o H o b H s H a O s h d W a a d a w e a a a n b a c c b e H a H e o ( S s H e E ( H A a 3 H

v i v a f a e a a f e v r e h i n v h e a i f a i v f i l n l l r v e t e v v W e t e v x S a t

e t e l t y a i z a e i a o g d e o a y n t s y s n e s v t g o d e a

r h r e e

ca w ca ( rn cl vy n ys rai vy rca ght vy wer hg ra rca wer vy wi d, ern tor mo tor d, nin tor ery ern ht win sh ar po

s i s S o o g k n s s

t n t S o u a

m d. b E) n dy le

or C lo o ga

n o w f l

ing v ld da y mor wind e (Sb

ery y an ning at yW)

har de so nig and

d v m h

gal enin e ra t cons

e(SSE). Damp and rain g in. Damp overcast day. tant rain all night.

(SSW) all night and morning squalls of low dh an tor erv (S ( t t l h E o W d d S e SE n or d (W ow an A ) de SW s n SW re A i a d m a ) o m a ) e d v o r ) a i ) ng il f y( ls o fresh at noon. Heavy gale (E SbyE) resh gale (SE) SW W) wet morning night squalls and f rain and wind high wind and flying of rain all night, a storm of wind W) and wet. Heavy squalls and evening night blowing hard. Fine ou w in t rn sh d e d o i o s. tn an war ng wer s i d d w s tor ght ra st ith al my (NW) towards the in f he e som l da r v e y om eni sh .C a n o l bout 13h, this g wers from 3am and oudy

yb an now ts int gale s ale in a st s s al gale th s haze oon. m (N re m my ( clou g an my ( sev oon. g o m f mo wer orn th m . a t a , t h ( a l ) a t l a or H le c le b w t sh W) le at y o mp h (S ou le

S) on y( y in rs cl ery fw ate mo nd ght da sho very

y of wind, rain and thunder wer in the morning. Same in the wet and stormy (SW) evening and

rning after a wet night - hard gales (W) s ing and calm. Cloudy weather, gales (SW) a under nin eav (S alm (S ut ith ow a ( n he f a ig W) de ( e l S i a w n h g blowing and raining all day and y gale (S) and rain and SW) of wind in the night windy day ) of wind and rain, pretty clear showery night thick haze, a wet evening and stormy r l b g v i d n y S g o o e i n t . ) a n th S a le st e morn now in nd muc and r ant ra orn fw ra th ta in t h ai in i i i s l n n n h l g. Cl he ev rain. n - at g an d an fro ower mor d d m s n ouded and rather ening Open day and night heavy gale day. rain the SW from 9am to ing

ight ening avy g nigh avy g ening ercas ) nig veral ormy avy g ening treme byW W zy, d nigh storm pm a c eavy g

si da yW ht yc nd bl gal of w d eve N) wi

wi ( nd in h

ng m S) o and g wi slee

30


1801 1802 1802 1802 1802 1802 1802 1802 1802 1802 1802 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1803 1804 1804 1804 1804 1804 1804 1804 1805 1805 1805

11 1 2 2 3 4 10 12 12 12 12 1 2 2 3 4 10 10 10 12 12 12 1 3 3 3 7 7 10 1 1 1

26 31 3 4 21 12 3 2 3 10 29 6 15 24 3 19 3 16 19 10 23 27 30 9 25 26 8 9 4 3 6 19

Heavy gale (NW) in the night calm morning. Heavy squalls and snow showers H F r W ( H l S a a v H H H H H o ( H c g a S ( H ( H E r b n B a H a a E v ( H o ( S b w b n v c a i a i S e o t b i e e e e e v W e l a n h N a S e a a r i l n e f f x e N e v N t l i l i e h z n i n W a o o o h o a a a d a a e b a e l d a E r W a r i i g o d a t t t r E a e W o o n o g r a y e n d a a W a WW vy g king rmy ut 3 azy lent vy g vy g vy g ay a vy g v r y v a e y c S y r g as ) g w of ai r W) ga d d ( g y y S l b a Heavy gale of wind (SW) and bright night Heavy gale of wind and ) e y l b i m a r l l l d l wi ) a ac h (S a in a a a ni o th rain continued all day and all evening n k s W n n n g f dr ve how ) ver (SW dc dc dr ht wi ain all night. Overcast partly ry wet (S W) ers of hail and snow and some thunder y ) o o a ( n stormy evening with thunder and n n i N d s s n b tan tan in yW) and t rain (SbyE) t rain (SbyS) the night. Squalls and showers rain (S)

N e l wt p dy a ae ae ae n ae

ale of wind and rain (SSE) t blowing and wet a heavy gale all night ale ith wi l( ain i g nd NW d n th ales and ) ry d e night morning calm and overcast (W) and slight snow showers (NNE) rain all the night of 18th gales ay from 4am Evening clouds and gales

h rp N d ) vy ly n gh ht wi w v e e r y ) v r ) r w d w h y n y r r e

le and rain in night. High winds heavy rains and constant rain - all day (SW) e morning a very heavy gale with violent in g d Eb g a w y before noon wind changed to S and at le and rain (W S) ith rain night after tempest of rain W) reat gale (SbyE) le and rain a soft wet day and snow storm and gale of wind (NW) ow and heavy gale day and evening

gale in th (SbyE) t morn heavy ng har ind (S r a no me co ai h on ly ns

n an eavy (Sb hea tant

dg ga yW) vy sn

y clouds with rain - stormy night (S) cast and stormy wind wild all day. a clear night my with rain (SSE) in a in t h ge g l g ( e d ha ld an SW) avy at rd afternoon and heavy rain and gale of ay (S) d rainy damp air heavy gale and rain at gale and constant rain all day wind 4pm (SbyE WSW)

31


1805 1805 1805 1805 1805 1806 1806 1806 1806 1806 1806 1806 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

2 2 3 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

24 28 11 21 31 6 7 10 19 23 24 6 22 2 7 19 5 13 15 16 21 22 23 13 7 22 28 14 28 8 13 25 14 15 16

V ( G ( O e H a H v ( A ( d a s a r H ( H t h S c c c S S F M C m S S R e v s C H h v s S o ( S F v r S A

i W a N v v e t e

o b l W e e a

l y e ) r n v n av

ent gale in the night and heavy squalls all day S) in the night. Heavy showers of hail and rain c i y i y ast ng ( gal ght gal h S e ( e azy byE al W) an day afternoon heavy gale and rain all ) l night a hazy day with rain. Clear sky d rain (SW)

1806 1806 1806 1807 1807 1807 1807 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8

12 12 12 8 10 10 12 1 1 10 10 10 11 11 11

er W) f SW re ft ho ft ai ea Wb ar he az to lo le le to ev in os le os to to a v e h l e a i n t v W t i e a t i e r o o a r o o o e o n r i o c

y heavy gale in the night and hazy overcast day a ) a e w e n v y d y r u a a r e e t a t r r n n y w u v d l w r r S r e y n r l ir dry morning very heavy gale with rain all day d r e r y N e m d r r m r l r l m m fu a rs a (S g ) ga ve an y, ed m n y e an y e y y y n g l s d g a t h , s , r v N , r lg he (W bl W) ale a a b o l v y w e y N y all night with rain (SbyW) gale calm morning fair day with small ) wet night fair calm. Heavy gale and

and rain all night fair morning but blowy it ( or h ni ng ( r m ea m ng r we cl h W m m n W a o r o sho NW) wi ch an tor W) n( wi St nin W) y. (SW ded wers and strong squalls. Fair in t r d m S n o g h rai ain ( day y and n clear late (NW) SE) - stormy and wet night (SW) wet day clouded evening -

le w ning d st wit mor orni ight with stor d cl good veni clea and and t ( ou a m al le g ow w t h S d t o e a e i b

d t ou

y u g s S i f . r ( a

W) d and rain (NW) rmy and wet evening and night (W) but stormy and wet afterwards.

wet stormy night (NW SW) ) (W SW)

i in c er de y g en s my ca W) my g o ( my ea

e mo E) ed w nig rnin at and l r t u e s h t o h s f

rning. Blowing day rather stormy. clear e h g ( r f e h i ath t( bl NW) ain er - stormy in the evening - heavy SW) owing day pretty clear evening. ing, cleared up but hazy (SW) , calm at night (N) ale (WbyS) (NW) uch rain and very stormy at night

wind avy g owers ne. M

1808 1808 1808 1808

wi ay erc W) bu in

th a great deal of rain (WSW) weather - A stormy night with rain (WNW) ast but fair - A very stormy night, with t fair - Flying clouds some slight showers. terval in the evening (SW)

32


1808 1808 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1809 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1810 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

11 12 1 1 2 2 11 12 12 12 12 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

29 1 4 14 15 15 24 6 8 14 28 30 12 22 24 24 25 26 9 2 1 2 2 2 4 1 6

v S A e o l B w H ( H w B B a R B w R F a C ( A n R S B V B a o S V H H s H h d W H o W h H t m ( H g e

ery overcast. Wet and stormy evening and night (NW W) good deal of cloud and haze - A stormy and wet vening and night (WNW) v a l i e S a i l r e w d v ) y d w l lw n ah lw ih an i l l S i a t l e l n v t e e e h e e a b e v e e e h o S e a v n l o S b g i o o r o d e o r a a o a a y y a e t a a u r W a l e e t o n a W z n o c o d t o t i ca ( in ( y a ( n a n e r n r i s N g E r n S g r g t t an E SE and ) ain d stormy. A great fall of snow at night ) hazy cold wind all day at night gale of then hazy afternoon at night gale of wind

i e i w e i

ds W) wi ni wi ni sto g wi ain n th

tormy afternoon heavy rain at night gale of t g t g r t a e h h h h m h n cl t( cl t( y( cl ds mor o W o S N o n n u ) u S W u o i ds and slight showers. Rather stormy d W ) d w n s and haze - very damp. stormy ) s - very stormy evening and night (S) g - hazy. Stormy night (NW)

1810 1810

12 12

20 21

ec ni ude E) low ht ni rmy win yh win he rca rmy ys vy vy wer vy vy an N) vy rca an vy vy nde nin ) vy eo nin

lear morning. Clouded afternoon. Wet and stormy ght (W SW) d with some slight rain. Wet and stormy night ing (SSW n th nig g ov eavy g ha avy st m , wi torm gale gale y (S gale gale d ev g s d g g r g ale tn st ale ale in th o ) e h e r r o t y vercast morning and day. A wet and stormy t r g d a r h mo ( ca al w in ni h an it nd ) it it in d t y d t e o r S s e i n e d h ning SW) t-h and th ra (SbyE g hea avy s wet rain rain, clouded with some rain all day. a r i ) v h ( , rd gale at night (EbyS) ains all day and night (ESE) n and wind all day at night gale y ga ower SSW) rai rain le and rain (EbyS) s (S) n all day and night (EbyS) lashed all day calm night

w a SE w w en

h rain (S) h rain. Violent gale and showers all g (Lightning and meteor at night) (WbyS a a o a hs so nt r c m r i l r i n u h n m n n o t e c ( in ( w h g o S g S a a r nti byE ha SW nd lmo oun n ) z S s s d ued gale and rain damp y and ) leet t2m at n blowing day. At night all day and evening iles (SW) ight gale with sleet

1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811

1 1 1 1 1 1

10 12 15 16 17 20

an igh orm an wi th aw

gale rain and thaw - fair evening (SW NW) f wind and rain - heavy gale and rain in the g (S)

33


1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1811 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812 1812

2 2 2 3 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 10 10 10 10 10 11

17 26 27 3 10 12 31 4 15 1 4 15 16 27 28 29 31 20 21 22 25 21 27 30 31 26 3 18 21 22 31 16

H a H f H H s B ( s b C e S v n T w B S w g S H w v ( v B b T C w H H w H o H V ( h b B R s F S ( F ( A (

e f e i e e o l S t u l v W e i e e l q e a t e e e S e l l e l i e e i e f e i E e l l a t i t S i W

a t a r a a m o W o t o e ) r g m t o u t l o a t r b r o o m o n a a t a

v e v s v v e w ) r

y r y t y y

s no g ( g g sl ing y l e n

n o a S a a i

o n l S l l g a

wa an ea W) ea ea ht nd

nd sleet high wind, heavy gale all the d evening (SE S) nd heavy rain all night blowing hard at n n s o d d h v v e ow er i x e c o c r a l e s s ent pti (W t. rain all night and day (SW) onal rain then hard squalls and NW) Stormy with some rain at night

m c ud ni

and ear d mo g an

wet nigh rnin d ni

morning. Blowing day and evening etc t (SW) g Rain afternoon very wet and stormy ght. Cleared up before midnight (ESE

y fine ht wit pest o night wing h alls, morni e of w rmy af n o ) h n n s y (

and h ra f ra (W) ard more ng o ind tern

clear with a breeze. Very stormy at in (W SW) in and wind - bitter day with squally an s pe (S oo d h n W n h ow d ) a azy hard gale at night (SW) ers snow and storm (NW) ay damp and overcast night wet and very bad night and rainy. Cold (W)

vy a y yW y wi wi pe ud d vy vy h vy ra avy ole ) avy owi owi in orm ne, orm W) ne, SW ver NE)

gale and rain fair day wet night (WSW) d blowing a gale all day and night (SSW) vercast and wet all day at night heavy gale e g g t av a f a an ) al al in al ( al g yg ga res nd dd a l h r r le ea (S ain y, d d y t S l w t n a o ( m h and rain (SbyE) nd some rain afternoon. Bright night W) (S) blowing fresh wet night and gale of at rain (SW) w gale all day evening blowing hard in all day and evening great fall ht and rain cold day wet haze (E) rain all day and evening and night e l S g W o e o t . ) u s ty r uds ormy Dry ain (NN an in - afternoon fair but E) d wet night (SW) day - a very wet and

W g g ra g in g nt n n i y g g g n

e an e an (Eb e wi SSE e al ale e n n h g h i wi s h m t so th d d e h

gre sno N) h ra ) nig ith h o z r S e e sl c . in S cl avy w y n E

al a a t ni wit y, w

ds. Stormy and wet night (W SW) howers. A wet and stormy night

with haze and a breeze. A wet and stormy night ) y wet morning. Clouded day wet and stormy night

34


1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1813 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 6 11 11 11 2 8 10 11 12 12 12 12 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 6

6 10 8 12 15 19 20 21 26 2 1 2 2 1 9 12 17 29 12 10 11 3 14 16 17 11 8 25 8 23 26 27 29 22 9 1 4 1

S C s B l V C ( B B ( F ( S f H B S W C n R H a H H C T A B ( d n o w S e h h f G T ( v w n a T ( B B e

t l t l a e l W l l S i S t l a l t e l i a

o o o o t r

r u r w e y u W w w ) e E r i y w r u h h v v

m d m i r

y e y n

an da ni ga (SW clou

d n g n ) d

wet d haz ht (S d mos

( y W t

S) with some light rain - wet and ) ly raining. Stormy and wet bright

ed. A very stormy and wet night (WNW)

1813 1813 1813 1814 1814 1814 1814 1814 1814 1814 1814 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5

o S o o W n S o y z o o t o g t a ea nd ea

ded and blowing with rain afternoon. Stormy night ) ing, with some rain. Stormy at night (SW) ing, but mostly fair. Wet and very stormy night m S my ng , in my an de t er ga y fa y orn SW) mo cl wit ga an ds dw (SW st le gal ir gal al m az we , e S t W ing - very wet afternoon - very stormy night r o h n d t i ) o ( e m e e o e t w nin uds so dc ov orm th rm W) a or l a rn i a et g . m l e y s wit Sto sh ude cas (SW me h r o d t so my wer wi NW) rain m n s s t e i . t h r gh S or a a t t m i , o y g n. w rm a oo i y t d Blow th r at nig dea i a n h l n i i t g day ns (S ght ( (W) of ra with W) SW) in (SSW)

e o r o

. Wet and stormy evening and

y, but clear mostly at night blowing hard nd rain in the past night bright windy ning (W) ast night and snow in the morning (NW) l i n n l ni ng a the d st and ght nd d mor ormy very and ra ay wet ning night overc in a R ( as n a v t ( d i a . W) s n ri W t i a e o n b t rm t le a y at night (SSE) he afternoon ) nd stormy night

eavy loud hick ver lowi SW) amp ight verc ind torm veni eavy a r r e W e i i b e W l l v r e e m ) r n g o m b o o e d s a p y d h u p y w w n

g ed h y ng ov ( as (S y, ng g

rca SW) mo ) wit (SW ale

st morning - stormy and wet evening and rning then heavy rain at night gale of h some showers. High wind all day and ) and rain (SW) r h vy n e W e i h ain eav ga igh s b m g t h y p h S e t o in th y rain le at t of w wind ) st a win f wi en al (SW ind ight fair day (W) l day at night cleared up ) and rain fair morning

gale h gal t rai est i wet at n col noo stuo ) ng h ng f ng.

with e and n hea n the d i d n u ay ght in at sn

1815 1815 1815 1815 1815

t t e S i i i

fr ( t n ig

tempestuous day and fresh nd rain wet morning cleared d and rain (S) nd and rain. Blowing hard

ard gale and heavy rain (SW) resh flying clouds. heavy gale and clouds No rain (W)

35


1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1816 1817 1817 1817 1817

9 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 10 11 11 11 12 12 1 1 2 2

25 13 18 23 26 15 12 15 20 6 11 16 24 25 26 27 4 6 18 19 16 23 8 9 11 5 26 22 23 8 15

F v e s u c ( C ( c f F a F v i F a S F n S S n M S ( M S S c v ( S c S F ( H C s H N I S c B S S m F s

a e v e p l S l S o a i t a e n i t t i i t t i u t N o t n l e S t l t i S a l h a W n

i r e v

r y n e i ou ) ou W) nt ir ne n ir ry t

a h in re n dy

nd b eavy g he rai the aft

lo r av n ev er

w a y a e n

ing in a gal nd g ning oon.

r n e a

ain dg (S le (S Tem

a S s W p

a l E t ) e

nd stormy (SSW) e continued all forenoon and ) orm of rain and wind cleared st of wind and rain all night

ded and wet afternoon. Stormy and rainy night in m , ig e h he , i m , t m m t y m u o b h a e e r u t r a e d rai ning t ove (NW ly. S vy sn venin ( i h W r f n ( r S h o g S c W o w i W a ) w n the night then gale of wind SW and NW) st. Clouded and stormy at night rain

ers with a gale snow later (SW) and drifting with high wind. Stormy clouded night (NE) clouds; blowing in the evening stormy

ne n or ne gh or or gh gg or W) st or ow ou ry SW or ou or ne SW zy ou ow zy ) ce st tor lea l t t e i t o o o t n o w r r e e r

but ght y, w wit (WN y mo y be (W) and y mo

some WNW) th s ag ) ning ore

howers. clear later (WNW) ood deal of haze - wet and stormy at with showers - cleared about noon (SW) day - Blowing with hail showers - clear

afterwards clouded stormy night later (NW) rning showery foggy clear at night later d t e h i h h g ed w et t mo it i (E rn m N i o h n S i o N n w Ah sn th E) ng eavy hail shower afternoon. ow and sleet (W) e morning afterwards rain stormy with showers of hail and sleet

ly c my n and ded sto NW) my m ded my, mor ) sto ded ers mor s o m r i m m o

lou igh sl nig rmy o n w n r a i n r i i i m n n i n g t n

ng t( ra Bl

re moderate day settled evening W) - clearer at night (NE) ing wind changed to SSE a storm n a e m g s n y with t wit ing ( and snow h slig SSE NN wet da d h E y rift and rain (SW) t rain. stormy with ) s - stormy night (SW

y ev d ov the ng s

eni erc ev tor

sant rmy y mo (SW . b a t r n a n o n i

rain and wind from 2 in the morning all day evening very wet night (SSE) rning haze and clouds snow showers intervals ) H t d w i g azy. ed a ove ards ng a ht ( St bou rca th fte WNW o t s e r ) rm 1 t. n wa a 0h H or rd tn da eav th ss i r y ( t ght ka ra WSW orm (SW) nd cloudy night (SWbyW in in the evening - A ) y with showers. wet and

ng a y r mo my

36


1817 1817 1817 1817 1817

2 2 2 2 3

23 26 27 28 3

1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8

1 1 1 1 1

7 7 7 7 7

3 8 8 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 10 10 12

4 3 3 2 2

0 1 6 9

1817 1817 1817 1817 1817 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818 1818

31 10 12 28 7 12 14 15 20 22 4 23 24 28 3 21 8 2 12 2

v e B n S a B T d T ( S C W S F n B n B ( v a S F ( B n w w w ( B t V v a B c B ( v S R ( B l S 2 M n B m B S

e v l i t m l r a h W h l e t i i l i l S e n t a S l i i e i W l h e e n l o l N e t e S l a t 4 o i l o l W

r e o g o

i i t m i oi es y ud W oe od ta orm ne, ght owi ght owi SW) ry ds orm ir, SW) o g n t n o r r r d o n o N r o m W o t o r g o r o )

y n w h r w w e . n N w u

overc ng (S ng, w (W) of w th sh ng an blow Storm er an ) ry al ed nd st y, wi but (WSW ng wi (WSW ng an wet torm y, w but

ast and a good deal of rain - stormy in the W) ith frequent showers. Rain and stormy at i o d n y d l w o t c ) t ) d nd wer ov ou li e r h l r s e t w g ai a rc o it ht t d S w n l a f h n and l da st w the sho ing y e i w a ha c t r er bo i l a r s u l o n o T de s ts f t 6p . u d o o hund d ev torm in rain m in e e y t , r fr ning nig he e sno the om ( ht ve w SS 3 NW ( ni an E until 4 ) N n d W) g of this hail. distant

nigh t an my ( sho ouds

.S st Et ers and

torm ormy o SW ver ab

y, ( ) y re

with snow and rain (SW) SE) high wind (SSW) eze. Stormy and wet at

h some clouds and showers clear but stormy hazy - stormy and wet after midnight n h a d g t z e - Blowing and clouded wet evening (SSE) e. Slight rain in the afternoon (SW) d - very heavy rain at night - stormy

morni y nig ith h clou

wing, ht (S d, cl thro d and NW) wing ougho y wet y ove stor wing, sider wing W SW) y wet rmy n arkab ) wing e at rmy, hours ning ht (S wing, ning. wing

wit SW) ouds ugho thi and ut t and rcas my a wit able and

h cloud and haze. very stormy evening and , haze and heavy showers very stormy and ut the night (SW) ck haze stormy with showers at night over he n sto t wi t ni h so fal hazy c i r t g m l a g m h h e st wi ht (S y (SW snow t (SE rain of sn - very th W) ) s ) s ow w wet damp. Stormy and wet howers and sleet, heavy rain tormy in the evening A (SW) et afternoon - stormy night

morning. Blowing with some rain all day ight floods (NW) le stormy and wet. Much lightning at night w n w . v S ith s ight ith s Grea ery c E) but f Storm and cl o ( n t l me ha WNW) ow, s floo ear. il showers very wet and stormy leet and rain nearly constant for ds (NW) day clouded very hard gale at

air and pretty clear night and early and rain (SW) ouded very wet and stormy in night (WNW

37


1818 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819 1819 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9

12 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 9 10 11 12 12 12 1 1 3 3 8 10 10 10 1 3 3 4 5 5

6 8 10 14 20 22 6 21 2 2 2 4 9 2 3 15 16 22 26 10 11 9 14 15 22 30 23 30 1 7 8 4 6 9 9

overcast, with some rain wet and stormy night (SW) F w N l V n M r R e c s F e S s s v S F h d F n s n R L l ( D b o R R S n O b B ( s R a B F B n v v d i i i a e i o a a v l t l v t m t e t i a i i i o i e i a S a e u a a h i v e l S o a t l i l i e e a n n g s r g r i i e e o o e o a o r o n z s n g m g m h g t ) m f t t t o g e f o W m e d h t y h n n n n a r o n r r r y r e e t e h e h a e ,w ch tv ni ra tc ing (W an ing rm my ds. ing my, tg my sm my ,w at ant an t( sh t( rka avy i a e g i l t n r h n e c NW d ( or (S V a w al an ar it n t d SW ow WS bl s h g y t y a l ) s S n W e n i e d t w h i h c ) e W y h s ed w ( a r ea t W i ) r d t s i g u l om t et SS nd (W r e o , W clouds and haze, much rain at night, S - a storm (NE) cloudy day with rain. Rain and storm

) stormy night and morning, evening and SW to WNW) - afterwards very overcast Storm and

orm afternoon clear heavy shower in the ) ng then hazy and afterwards very wet and yw ni hs of sho gal th som ht. nde ear et an ght ( ome s wind wery e wit a goo e clo This r and - cl d st NW) leet ag (WSW h sl d de uds nig lig oude ormy morning and day - fair o ) i a a h h d (NNE) od deal of rain (SW) g l n t t ht o d l ni ev f v a n e ra r er te g ni in. ain y da the (SW) ng v w ( m r e S p e t evening (SW) E) . clear afternoon was storm with

1819 1819 1819 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1820 1821 1821 1821 1821 1821 1821

ery wet and stormy

rs of sleet - clouded. Very stormy and wet ) stormy morning - heavy rain - great floods owers at night (SW)

ht haze and blowing wind - overcast and stormy, e much rain with lightning about 5 in the morning p, ore of her her wer ht rca ore win ) es ov n t s s s (W st m g e i h t t a N r g e o o n W a or wi cast ht ( obs rmy. rmy. da ) nd b ning th s an som erv An An sma d e a d d r b s to m m t l n r o o g o o y s s a win ws gr tly tly le g lig till ounds clou clou later htn rem (W ded ded cl ing ain ) (S (S ear and stormy ing snow blowing SE SW) SW) er evening and

lowing with showers Stormy later and (ESE) ome rain. Very stormy during the night

howers and a smart gale (SW) t t( an rni ,w WNW tm ne ev h S d n i ) o m e em SW) ha gb th orning - stormy and clouded. much rain zy. Wet and stormy at night (WNW) lowing day Wet and stormy night (SW) clouds - A very wet evening - stormy

in n ow ne ow gh ry ry y

in igh ing mo ing t( we fi and

rning and day - stormy and wet night (SE) orning clouds and showers throughout the ning. Stormy and wet at night (SW)

38


1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8

2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1

9 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 9 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1

4 5 29 21 26 2 15 30 7 12 17 1 2 6 16 19 5 8 9 10 22 10 11 30 11 7 8 1 2 14 23 24 1 5

1821 1821 1821 1821 1821 1821 1821 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1822 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

S B S R ( F a S V H n ( S 1 w c F c n v S S F 4 H ( H S h w ( T ( S S a V C s S S R S S W n S T ( T B e a

h l t a S i t t e a i T t 2 e o i l i e t S i p a W a t a e W r N t h n e l o t t a t t e i t o S o l v

o o o t S n

e i m e ) , i om r z gt hn om o te nst ne u h y r ) e

w w r h W e n r y e h u r h

r n y r g y w a d y u v a n

y-w g-w with stor but ht ( and et. nd d Tree er d nig rs ( enin nt r ight

et a et a sho my w u ) t r z l a

n n w i

d d e t

stor stor rs (S h fly

m m W i

y night (S) y night (SW) ) ng clouds and some showers

clo WNW we Sto riz sb ist ht, SW) ga ain an

ded with a breeze. Stormy and overcast m l o n m m y e w t o or a n ) rn e se nd w Av out (SW ing t e e o N i t t r f W n le n y r ) ce d i r o at n ght ( emark ots i i S a n ght ( W SSW bly w seve SW) ) et and stormy ral places.

ssant rain during more than

nd night - Stormy and very much and (SW) d smart winds. Stormy and wet night (SW)

1822 1822 1822 1822

11 11 12 12

o g r o E n m z ) z o i t ) e W o o d r o m o o t o o t g o l ) l o e g ft

ded t( st my

and rather stormy, stormy and wet evening and W) ormy and wet (SW) and hazy - wet and very stormy night (SSW and

morning. Stormy afternoon. Rain from 10am until clouded night (SE) e, clouds and a breeze. Stormy with rain at night y - we rmy wi l (WSW morni es b ) rmy wery nig y st uds, e sl rmy, rmy her rmy rmy. and ht ( rmy erab e w n r e r i i e r a n n a b g g t m t evening very stormy and wet night (WNW) th heavy showers - Rain and sleet with some NW) ng - overcast day stormy night hail showers

lown out of roots about noon - very stormy a , h o i w s W w l nd b t rm ha gh wi it to w mo st ) it e i n a u 9 y z t t h r e r o sho tn NE) an ea ra hs so my te es rmy wery with some hail (SW) ot too heavy. Stormy and wet evening d n i o m ( v e d n m e S e t m we a ( e r W) ni tl or tm br W) sho ain orning blowing day (NE) eeze. Stormy in the evening and wers (SW NW) (SW)

ng and night (SW) ed at night (NW) ning later damp, wet and stormy

h showers - Very wet evening and night (SW) morning and day very wet and stormy night d t d m n ay hr ni age igh - stor ain an ght. T done t (W S m d r i E yn sn ees nD NW igh ow. to ubl ) tw A rn in i v o a t e u n h r t d ra yw of Li in a et a roo verp n n t o d sn d st abo ol. o o u C w r t a (SW) my 10pm lmed

le w a d id

39


1823 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

2 3 5 9 12 12 1 2 3 3 4 6 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11 3 13 29 3 31 1 12 3 6 27 14 6 7 13 1 1 2 2 3 6 2 3

1823 1824 1824 1824 1824 1824 1824 1824 1824 1824 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

S a W S w S s F V C V c C S C r R s R s m B 3 B W w v b w ( w s a M B o B a C F n S S ( s c B u

n n e t e h l a e l e l l t l a a t a t o l a l e e e l e N e n n o l v r n l i i t h W t l l n

o d t o t o e i r o r e o o o t i o i o r o m o t t r o t N t o d s o e i d o n g o o ) o o o t

wr ni rmy an wer et r, y u y a u r u h n r n r n w w y w W w t w s de s re dy my dy er i my i my in in (W in ea an w in an ) an i we ly in

a g s , d y a b t d t r , , n n g g N g r d e g d

pidly ht (S tormy and stor and nd sn ut mo or w or e h an h st t be t be c a W , ly s t ( s m i m v a d a o h f h f l n S w t a N t y t y e z z r e o e o o d W e o n W o

m W) a sl my ha ow st

elting. Floods stormy and wet evening t ni ight nig zy. (SW ly c h r i a e n n a e a ) n l n l i p y t m gh s ht A ) lo s e g d t wi howe (SW very th showers of sleet (SW NW) rs (WNW) ) wet and stormy night - rain,

uded very stormy night (SE) s S h h z h z how tor sh t( eso ed N d b N n a W n r s E s u W d r S i e ) and a breeze. wet and t slight rain in the ) stormy from midnight until k with a stormy night (W0 W) ght (WNW) day. Floods clouded and e m o N r y w W s me w s( wi ers ) tor di et SSE) th some rain (W) of hail and sleet. my night (E WNW) stant thunder (SW) evening and night.

1824 1824 1824 1824 1824 1825 1825 1825 1825 1825 1825 1825 1825 1833 1833 1836 1836

12 12 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 12 1 1

22 25 29 30 31 1 17 24 26 2 28 1 17 3 30 13 20

, wit hab morn ning e and very e and my (N morn re da morn re da uded hazy ) t, da stor rmy a d sto ) rmy m m m i e c y o g d l

ome ze. wi ni bre w t wi bre E i g cl y ight i g cl y ight n ght wet m m f r

t g e t e

ou ( ou , (W a d ( d o

and a breeze. wet and

and day er mi y bef

orning showery blowing. clear evening y g W t d dam , ha NW) ormy -s e e y e r p (W) zy with a breeze very stormy at night (W) tormy at night (W) stor ght rain sto , bu my haz (W rmy tv with e. v WSW and ery s er ) w st howers (W) y stormy night, et night (WNW) ormy and wet at

d stor n the t at n cloud g and st m la d, ut (W a y, an orn rge wi mo SW nd wi

ver rnin ht ( -s oude

rca ght a ude eb ht rmy wer r u w i m d i l

d the ing quan th a stly ) wet, th ha

nw th tit bre ove

tn li of ze cast

with rain and snow (WSW) il. stormy and wet towards morning r n e h nin dn ra t( g i i S blowing and hazy day wet and ght (SW) n very wet evening and stormy SE)

y and ed ev ng, w near

we eni ith mi

t mo ng a som dnig

Severe gale Gale of wind Gale and rain Gale

40


1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8

3 3 3 3

6 6 6 6

1 1 2 9 2 11 1 2 2 3 4 9 11 12 1 1 2 2 3 3 7 9 10 11 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 6 8 9 11 12 12 1 1 3 3 3 3

21 26 29 2 17 22 20 15 16 4 14 21 26 1 6 1 7 1 1 3 1 2 7 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 6 5 1 7 9 1 2 6 9 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 0 0 8 4 3 0 1 2 5 0 3 -7 0 5 8

T G G R

r a a a

e l l i

mendous gale and rain e and rain e n all day and gale

1837 1837 1838 1838 1838 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

A tempest, much rain but it cannot find its way into the gauge Stormy a tremendous gale Gale of wind and thaw G M e a a R a a a a b a S H G G 0 a G S S g S t v a A a a G A A A T b a a a a h g c ale axim vapo fie tre aini gal fur t h t h o r l l 0 g l f u r r m n e i r m a c e g om t ti e nd m fr ous en g ch g n al f f N N e o g o u o E m n a u c m g pe o le s h E al rature 15 degrees Celsius but is this f the snow. Gale and snow g a S e ale from the NE nd gale E and rain al t ra t en ra e h i h i i e n e n n in n m n g , i u i a m t g s g n u h h t h d c en t ha t ga hm ight ve followed. Gale le then rain ore rain must have fallen

u n a a a . a t t a t r e

rem ard mu ard wi dg eo eo 060 ale e o o e o m y u a a i e a a a

dou ale mo ale the ea win win one W a a r a u o s f l l e l s n

sg in re in ev nd d d in

the other. Gale in night

r r l r e r f g g v al g h h he as s f f f ea al an

ng g ng g inc ng g endo str riou le o le olen and le rd g rd g glob e and t u i i v e r r e e y n o c c h (G rem o i r r g u e e a e e

e fr e asin e gal g ga gale wind

om SW g e le which continued most of the day

t gale from SE rain ale ale e ha som ga sg ga ga il, ner mbe l a l l o o s e f wi f wi bee wat n n n e d in the night d torn with the gale from W from its r lost, mended on the 11th

5 7 8 9 0

e le e e gale al comment on page - for all the times I r such furious weather)

41


1841 1841 1842 1842

4 6 1 1

22 19 11 25

Gale Gale from SSE A A A T 2 2 2 S s t v 2 a a a a a a a h H H a G G F S h S h ale earf d itio h Bar 0 51m 1 17m 2 00m u sho h wn b o the iolent 3h 30m heavy heavy gale gale fearf sever heavy ard ga ard ga ar g al al re tr ea tr ea d a e e s o v o v g le o o h ng in ng in g f d e h h h n o o u n o f l a m B e a es y Ba ga ga exc gal no ter r2 2 2 and fa twa end r2 le le epti e. te e was 8.23 8.18 8.15 the llen rd a ing 8.16 onal fury nt a 3 4 6 w t nd NW 1 itled 'Gale of January 2 t Attached Thermometer 4 4 4 ind which was at first E ree but at 20h 51m was S recommenced though perh . Attached Thermometer 4 5th 1842' 0 0 0 E E a 1 . . . S 8 8 8

l e a

n y w l

as veered ps less

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 3 4 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 6 1 1 3 1 1 3

0 1 2 2 2

2 6 2 2 2 8 1 1 3 9 8 5 6 7 1 2 1 2

6 6 8 2 4 0

of wind ul gale and rain e gale gale le le

ale f wi f wi gale gal g ga gal g, w nd nd e le e at 12 hole gale

0 0 0 0 1 2 2

1 4 4 1

1844 1844 1844 1845 1845 1845 1846 1846 1846 1846 1846 1846 1847 1847

24 8 12 10 25 30 24 30 2 15 11 13 14 24

Gale in the night a gale at noon raining - a gale at midnight t W W a t a a r r a a a h i i t e gal nd 11 nd at 6pm e r n n a t r ec in 2p Wby g d g u a o d b a o e g l f o ea n m N sed suddenly ight 10 from SW, at 3pm WbyS 10, at 4pm W 10, 9 at 8 ale in night, my wind gauge and round wn down about 2 am. a gale in night the own off d and rain in the night ale but short during the night

3 8 10 1 1

he h t ai ou h s t

gale avy emen gau d ga rd g orm emen

egan le us g blo e bl e win us g

A heavy gale in the night a heavy gale

42


1848 1848 1848 1850 1851 1851 1852 1853 1855 1858 1859 1859 1860 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 12 12 11 1 3 12 4 12 4 3 3 12 2 2 3 3 3 12 1 1 7 1 4 7 10 11 12 4 4 9 12 4 10 11 12

22 15 18 23 16 25 29 6 21 5 11 12 29 1 2 5 7 1 1 4 0 7 1

a gale in the night a very heavy gale during day vane of anemometer broken by the gale a terrible gale at 3pm above 12 tremendous gale. gale continued It blew 10 during the day violent storm all day Storm during night Bar heaving hail falling. Very violent gale during the night (from hourly) veering much: a hard gale a very heavy gale Force up to 11 and squally a heavy gale since morning A h a A a r f ea v h h ai r v e a e n e y r r a . sh g y d vy A gal ales heav gale gal gal e y gale . Barometer heaving e e

1862 1862 1862 1863 1863 1864 1864 1864 1865 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

16 27 24 23 5 31 22 29 30 15 16 25 6 29 26 3 14

a gale A heavy gale blowing a gale singularly stormy forms a very heavy gale a f h h spo or 6 eavy eavy ti ho ga an n u l d tensely bright and big, haze a furious gale rs from 8am to 2pm. Aurora at night. e beating rain. Storm

violent storm - at 11.30 barometer 28.530 s s g a tormy tormy ale i fear sho sho n ni ful w w g g e e h a r r t l s all day s all day and beginning at 7am e

1867 1867 1868 1870

a heavy gale a very heavy gale heavy gale barometer heaving blowing a furious gale stormy

43


1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8

7 7 7 7

1 1 1 1

1 2 2 9 10 10 7 3 3 3 4 11 10

15 3 5 30 22 31 29 8 6 25 15 26 1

v s s s

e t t t

r o o o

y r r r

stormy my my my

1872 1872 1873 1875 1876 1877 1877 1881 1882

very stormy very stormy. Thunder at 7 o'clock stormy stormy stormy showers all day. Snow early Downpour and storm all day blustery. Storm and rain all day heavy gale and heaving gusts and showers heavy gale throughout the day wind blew and rainfall from SSE, several trees were blown down in the observatory grounds wind 48 miles at 5 pm. S M.J. S a S V V n t t e e ow 5 or ry ry and pm. my n sto sto B i r r s a g m m leet. Heavy gale from SW, velocity 67 mph rometer read 27.768 at 6pm ht y y

1884 1884 1884 1884 1885 1885 1886 1886 1886 1886 1888 1888 1888 1889 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 2 10 10 2 9 3 3 4 12 10 11 11 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 10

26 21 25 30 21 30 9 30 7 8 26 10 16 7 5 1 1 1 2 4 8 9 5

Very stormy day Wind S, Force 6* from 3 to 5am V S 9 V G 2 e t p e r 7 r o m r e . y stormy day rmy afternoon, 45 mph at 3.30pm. Splendid aurora y stormy day at storm. Uncorrected 10.35 27.540 39.8, 12.35 238 39.7, 2.35 27.394 39.7

Very stormy am Very stormy morning Wind 60 mph between 8 and 9am Great storm night and early morning G G G G S G V V S a r r r t a e e t l e e e o l r r r e a a a r e y y o t t t m du g g g y r a a a m i l l l o n e e e r gn in ni ni nin ig t gh gh g. h h t t t an e af 17t 18t Very d t h h e s e r 1 1 t a n 8 9 o r o t t r ly morning. Very stormy day on h h my day

31 25 26 5

f s s ng

rom torm torm gal

midnight until 9am y evening y morning e

44


1891 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

10 12 2 9 10 2 2 7 11 12 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 12 11 11 10 2 3 12 1 3 1 2 12 9 11 10 12 2 2 12 4 4 10

13 10 1 15 26 8 10 21 18 7 10 1 2 7 1 2 1 2 3 0 1 3 1 2

S M V V S S V V V S V

t a e e t t e e e t e

r x r r r r l r r o r

o i y y o o o y y r y

ng mum st st ng ng ci s s my s

ga v or or ga ga

l e m m l l

e l y y e e

. Barometer incorrect at 4pm 27.920. ocity of wind 46 mph, 6-7pm morning , evening and night

ty of wind 39 miles at midnight 7th-8th tormy morning tormy, wind 35 mph 10am tormy night

1894 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Wind 39 mph 4-5am W W W W W W G m i i i i i i r p n n n n n n e h d d d d d d a 0 9 0 0 0 5 th at 4 3 4 4 4 4 m m m m m m ur 1a p p p p p p r m h h h h h h i 0 0 8 i 2 1 ca a n p n 5am 3am m the afternoon m 2am e early morning. Velocity of wind 48

1895 1895 1896 1897 1897 1898 1899 1899 1900 1900 1900 1901 1901 1902 1902 1903 1908 1908 1909 1909 1909

6 10 8 20 2 27 12 28 19 23 20 8 12 15 16 27 22 28 3 22 7

Very stormy night and early morning Very stormy evening Very stormy morning. Stormy day Stormy evening Stormy until 3.30pm Stormy morning Stormy morning Very stormy and squally afternoon Stormy morning Very stormy day Great storm (maximum velocity 53 miles 8pm) Very stormy morning Very stormy day Very stormy morning Very stormy night (15-16) Great storm early morning Stormy day Snow and sleet from 10am, gale in evening, wind 40 mph Very stormy night and morning Very stormy day Stormy and squally

45


1909 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

10 1 2 2 10 11 2 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

14 9 19 20 31 6 1 2 1 1 3 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 9 1 7 5 1 1 2 6 3 8 9 0 4 8 7 0 6 3 9 4

Stormy day, showers S S S V S O S S S S S S S O F S V S O H F V O S S V F O V S F V F R S F R O S O F t t t e q v q t t t t t t v i h e t v e i e v q t e i v e t i e i a t i a v t v i o o o r u e u o o o o o o e n o r o e a n r e u o r n e r o n r n i o n i e o e n r r r y a r a r r r r r r r e w y r r v e y r a r y e r y r e y e n r e n r r r e my da my an my an stor lly a c l m m m m m m a l y y y y y y st, ya an an an ,s ,d mo y d d m n n d d d h a r s h m m v ,s sh sh y ds sto ds sh sh sq owe mp nin ome squalls owery owery tormy r t o o u r m o w w a y y r e e l m r r l y y y y

0 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 2 2

g, rain pm y t r l s m o m l t y s evening rmy y 2pm , mild tormy v z e m w e t e z r y e w ning le pm y stormy and rainy night rs showers and stormy pm rmy evening 5 u o r p a r m m lly 1-4pm my y squ ee sq in tor nin ally pm vening ually from 5pm my evening g

cast , rat ers a stor my, o cast, y sho a s a l y s a a m t s y , t m s

torm er s sto y ti erca stor wers, o y f d m y v s

1 1 1 2 3 11 11 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 2 2 2 2 2

1 8 9 3

c l m c

st orm ta an so orm ,o t,

rmy e ; dri ter v stor e sho ;af ercas tormy y h r a h m h r r o t o o , o m n e , o m m r w y d r

10 2 3 6 7 8 1 5 1 2 1 2 3

f my a s b f my a a ca my ca d

in a m, to ut ro n n s , s a a , d t

e da nd s sto rmy rat m 1p t t s e s s s o o t e h t

sto ers 3sq st sto

0 1 2 2

6 7 2 9 0

nd s s , sl t, y,

wer ya in my and wers rmy

y nd t an r , ev

h d a s e

1916 1916 1916 1917

19 23 29 24

Stormy and squally Overcast, stormy evening Overcast, stormy Wet stormy day, overcast

46


1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

10 11 11 12 12 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2

6 2 7 7 17 1 4 5 1 1 1 2

F C e O r F a C D C W S V G S F F W O f V W F V W G G F G G S C S O n G S o H V W

i l v v a i n o u l e t i a t i i h v l e e i e e a a i a a t o t v i a q f e e e a a l a t

n e e e i n d l l e t o o l o n n o e y r t n r t l l n l l o l o e g l

e a n r n e

day, stormy, few hail showers ring after stormy night, changeable and squally ing cast, blustering some rain, violent storm and

morning, windy, cloudy - afternoon, evening wet stormy d clear morning, wet and stormy evening and night l af arin and rmy lent e bl rmy e e l r i y e y a e e e e e r d r r h e , e c n a bu c g as g we nd af we nd ea a r l a ter g, v sto and gal owin and t o a t w t s e r w e g w t r m e , , e l a l n s m o e m S orm yw y t an ov ta af fte ld sq qua sto ya n, rno ya qua ull ay. mi ine rni y night et and stormy early morning d squalls afternoon to dark ercast, threatening ll day t r a u l r l w o f l er g y. al ls my l et n. te ly o a , r . g al V ls a da a S rn , ale during night e iolent rain squalls . Fine afternoon. Gale at night l y n t o s l day d o o h stormy night rmy night n owery, morning . i h m m g t o e ht s rn te fly howe ing, r 11 ing spurts of drizzle rs strong breeze h 29.3923 corrected

2 2 2 2 2

0 3 4 6

8 26 27 31 1 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 3 8 0 4 0 7 1 5 6 0

dul ld, le a rai ind and stor terno t aft stor rly. r e o r w l e w l e y z i y t . y n .

1 1 3 3 12 1 1 4 12 2 2 2 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

e b b e my

D d g, F mo

m G ld b ng

rni le, sl igh Ba

ng n ig t ro

1922 1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1923 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4

15 18 15 25 5 6 9 7 4 1 2 2 2 1 3 6 7 9

stor m and cast t , squ lly ain y ra wet and a a dy a my

my and wet rain early. Bright morning morning, Very wet afternoon. Cold stormy ally showers

ua r av ry t l l o l o e e u e r

showers afternoon. Wild stormy night. Gusts in and storm early. Wet morning - wild and stormy night stormy a a e a i i a i w n n t n e e en e t a i a a r n r f l g l t y afternoon. Gale and rain night y. Bright morning ernoon and night

G G C G S

nd r nd r thr nd r and

1925

Gale and rain. Gale and rain all day. Lightning at night

47


1925 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 8 10 11 11 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 1 1 2 8 1 2 2 3 4 9 0 2 4

G a V G W G G B G

a l i a i a a r a

l l o l n l l i l

ea da len ea da ea ea ght ea

n y t n n n n

d ra . Li gal d so d ra d ra d ra day. nd ra

i g e m i i i

n. htn an er n. na nn Str in

V i d a G f o o

iole ng a rai in e ale tern on. ng g

n t n a e o L a

th ni af rly arl on. ess le

a g t , y

il ht ern fi .S Squ win and

and sleet showers. Gale o n h a d r o e o l na mo wer ly aft ain n r s e e a d ni ning for veni rnoo t ni ght e n n g n g , h oon later wet t

1926 1926 1927 1927 1928 1928 1928 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8

26 5 27 28 1 6 10 1 2 2 3 8 1 2 1 5 1 0

Gale. Wild wet afternoon. Driving drizzle night Gale early. Heavy squalls. Barometer 7h 28.280 inches Snow showers afternoon. Gale at night Violent gale. Rain squalls. Violent gale. Much damage. Sunshine ball disintegrated by lightning Gale and rain afternoon Gale and rain early. Squally Gale early. Rain squalls G G S G G S V g S R D w G W W a G G G G G S G V C B V s G G H W W a a t a a t i a t a r a a e e f a a a a a u a e o r i q a a i i i l l o l l o o l o i y r l t t t l l l l l n l r l i o u l l g l l e e r e e r l e r n and and an and all an nt at ,r ear s a d d o f n i n n dri rai ra rai day ra now igh in y. m . o o y B m m o a y y d a rometer 28.22 (uncorrected) midnight . Gale and rain. Heavy squalls erating at night nd rain. Strong wind, dry 21h i r r r u f e . n l l a a o e y y t l r l V ra l , a n d morning . Clearing 11h e l e a i i d s n t o n v n i n . i ing rain f t i F a u s t e n i l c l b ern rno at erc ls hl eet low oo on n e af ig a in n. Hail showers at night i h t h l g g a e t l . h i r n t l n i n V s o n i e t o g g r orm 9.5h (line squall?). n. Snow lying. Fierce ht y warm. Gale all day.

m m e m

d d s n a l

1928 1928 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8

11 15 7 20 22 23 25 1 2 2 5 6 1 1 2 2 2 1 5

na af Ra n. squ t. M and Gale

1928 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0

m, ee an an ern eo e e e e n e y d g l a e e h d d a m a a y. . w , ht en ll a b w s s

tor rly st st on, wi r ni r r al ol d. nd nt ga al w d a a n i , l l

r r m nd a g a a e e y i l l i h i i

1 3 0 4 5

d d d d G Vi il wi u t s l l i q q l o n u u

n t n n m nt Ga . l e d

.F ea ea ode sq le Gal 13h and ay t. D y. R al

oon er lent gale and rain night all night. Gale and heavy rain on hills h gale early. Gale forenoon. eavy gale forenoon

1 1 3 12

5 7 28 27

igh ng. dr ly. ls

C ry G ai l

ou w le a ay

ds arm 11 nd .H

48


1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 2 2 2 2

2 3 12 1 1 1 1 1 12 12 12 12 1 3 1 1 1 5 5 12 12 12 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 1 1

1 9

3 4

S W G G G G G s

t e a a a a a q

o t l l l l l u

r , e e e e e a

my c a a . . b ll

o n n D R l s

a l d d r a o .

nd da ra ra ivi in win Ve

w n i i n s g r

e d n n g q . y

t. s e a d ua G w

t a f r l u e

G o r t i l s t

a r l e z s t

l m y r z . y n

e y . n l

10h avy squalls . Cold clear night ty ld. Wild gale all day. Hail

He oon e Gus , co ight

1932 1932 1932 1932 1932 1933 1933 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934 1934 1935 1935 1935 1935 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5

15 2 16 17 31 2 22 6 7 17 6 7 8 25 28 11 16 19 27 18 2 3 12 26 28 5 6 9 10 27 6 7 10

Gale and rain afternoon. Warm Wet and windy, gale early. Bright evening Gale and rain early Gale and rain. Very wet day. Gale forenoon Very wet and stormy afternoon Gale and rain. Wild gale and rain all day High wind or gale all day. Very dry air Overcast dull. Windy, mild. Gale from 5-7h Fine. Overcast. Strong breeze blowing. Gale early. Heavy rain 11h O C C S S p R S G S B R H m G S S F S S S m V S d V V S S S C v o l t o e a t a t r a e o a t t i q t t o e t r e e t t t l e l o o m r i o l o i i a r l o o n u o o r r o i r r o o o o r d u r e i n r e r g n v n e r r e a r r n y r z y y r r r u ca w dy my h od in my m h i y i b y t n st d et d nig dur eavy s. S g mo and lo a e g ra g nd e m fa s n d g w n v 6 i i d e n u a h i l y t n s to st w ng w ni 8h a l . . g q r m b G t ua my of et . e n . n o r a h l r i l e l w d ea ning ght e an nig s du et n ay. rly. n r i r o i y h h i n n c r n i e a m . 1 d h r i S S 4h f t. in gh om Du to ie F g t e ll n h u r 9 d t l l rm 1 rc ai da y 8 e r y . Mi h. H squ ly b . On l a a r e d il s lls ight or how aft mo two er 1 erno rnin bri 7h. on. g ght

squalls. Wet, stormy night morning h. Dull and wet afternoon, clearing 14h. l morning. Gale 4-5h y. Fine, fairly bright s a o g aft in 8 bser . St e v o r 9 a r noon h tion. Warmer my and wet early.

Rai t mo g. F Ove d st

g at ng a nig st d y ea q a r o

1935 1935 1936 1936 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6 6

11 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

n a my my , ll my my in

hea arly orni irly

vy ra . Ver ng. S brig

ns he owe tm

uall vy r at rnin

ight. Rain 0-5h. Fine morning uring night. Squalls. Heavy rain. Cloudy e e r . a e . e n rnoo t al vati Sto ll n t ea Squ t ea oon. n l o r i r a r and evening. Stormy night night and early morning. Dull n m g l l l V y h y l y e t . s . r wil .C Ov mo Du ys d l e r l t o r n l o n u c i i d a n m rm g y s g o y ht d t . rn . u m D i V l o u n e l r l g r mor ing ov Wi wi n . e n n in B rc dy dy g reezy ast night. Cold

we my zle we st my my my dy

t aft and w obse t day ormy and w night and w after

n l . y

49


1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1936 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1937 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

4 5 7 9 9 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

23 14 23 7 11 24 13 15 16 17 19 20 2 11 15 20 21 22 24 4 15 16 25 20 23 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 2 4 5 8

S M a T s R W C R V B a B W S H o S D 2 V 2 O n F D w R e B H V V V 1 F a D e C h V D D D S V O S V O D V

t o f w h a i l a e e t r i t e b t u 2 e h

o s t o o i n o i r c i n o a s o l h r ,

rmy, tly erno or wer n ea dy n udy n an y we omin nigh ght dy l rmy vy r erva rmy l da and y st 4-5

c o t 1 r i d d t g t f a a a t e y

c l n h 4 l g a

o o . r . y h y w a w r e d n o e 3 m

. o t n i i v . 2 or h,

ld udy Ra ee 5h. .S t. .B ind nd ind War eno r. wi ob n. nin Bec -24 ya 10-

an a in br S to Ra ec o st y. me on Ve ld se Du g. om h ll 11

d we fter eve ight qual rmy inin omin bser ormy Sto r. G , be ry s all rvat ll d Win ing h

td 9h nin pe ls. mor g gr vat da rmy ale com tor ni ion ay. dy ver

a . g r

y. s . io St nin

o R d o g

D m a s r .

ull e br ther aft my n Wet

nig igh st ern igh st

h t o o t o

t intervals rmy night on. Very heavy rmy afternoon.

athe ion y , ve 18ing my n ght. . Sq Som nigh y st

r stormy in the evening. r 2 o i y 0 v g B ua e t or wet afternoon. Raining h e h r l s r t e l m c . e y a as G zy . rt t 12h ale 1 morn Gale show . 9 i a e n t r Rain 21h g. F mor s mi 17.5h. ine, cold ning d-day.

my late evening. Gale 21-

night. Windy, wild morning. Gale 1-

verc ight ine, sto ull, et e ain veni righ eavy ery ery ery 5h. airl fter ull veni loud eavy ery ull ull u t e v t e v r e l o r e o r e i r l r y r r y r v y

ast, showery day. Rather stormy at times. Cloudy m rm w ve 12 ng t r st du we Cl y no mo ng y 1 we da da o y i n . u a o l t o b o r . m 9 t y y stly overcast, breezy day. Dull gloomy night ndy ing. 20h. Clo ntil in 1 rmy l, s , st udy righ n. F ning Bre orni -20h and . Ra . Ra da S S ud 1 8h mo to or la t in . ez ng . s in in y q q y 3 . r r m t d e R y . D t . Com ualls ualls nigh h. Du Very ning. my mo y nas er. F ay. S nigh ain 1 nigh Brig rizzl ormy eveni 19.5h t n w l e w c e w o e e l a e o r e mencing to rain 15h. Stormy and . Sto t. Ga ll af stor Heav rning ty fo ine n tormy t, mi 3h. W t ht af e nig all d ng. S . Sto n n r h i d l t S rl w on rl g y y . q y i r l t m y . r i m e e y y, 1 rn n ra Dr no ht or y a r , . r y o o e l 7 o i i i o w o g n v n e 1 n h t 8 , t 8 in . afternoon and h becoming windy. h. Dull g rain. Gale 9-10h Rain clearing off

e g f st et t h a t r e t y o m

enoon and part of fternoon. Rather stormy on. R tormy ull w nigh et ni ain evening et night t ght

no s D my w r r r l n n y s

1938

29

d my s ca my s ca in s

ay e to st a to st g to

. Ver arly. rmy a day. nd ra rmy a day. rain rmy a

ys Fi nd Du in nd Be obs nd

rmy . Wi t ea nig rly. t ea ming vati t ea

ht m m V ua

ing ing. Dull. Squalls stormy early

ndy. Very stormy night.

y. Windy morning

50


1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1939 1939 1940 1940 1940 1940 1941 1941 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 12 3 7 9 10 12 12 1 2 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 28 3 16 18 19 7 8 27 16 22 3 4 7 31 15 2 7 17 5 6 16 19 26 2 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 2 2 2 3 5 3 7 8 9 0 2 4 6

S F S D Q S B S S o S B B f O O D f N t S W V F D r S

t a t u u t r t t b t r r o v v u o a i t i e i u a t

o i o l i o e o o s o i i r e e l r s m o n r n l i o

r r r l t r e r r e r g g c r r l c t e r d y e l n r

my an ly st my mo day. e sto my, s zy da my my, r rvati my. B ht pe ht an e. St cast cast , win e at y, wi s. St my, w y. Co stor morn day. late my, w

d wet ormy rning Quit rmy m ome r y. Br a o r r d o n d d t l o e l m i i n i i n . g o w rm ig ay y im d, rm t d y ng Co

d . e o a i

ear ay. Ov st rni in ght

ly S er or ng ea p

. e c m . r e

Thu vera ast, y at Clo ly. riod

nde ls sq ni udy Dri sa

r h u g . v f

s o a h

t w l t C in te

orm 5h. Windy. ers. Breezy night ly observation old wind g drizzle observation rnoon. Dull night.

ym Wi ht ds. arm yd ht. day es st yn mor

orni ndy peri Som int ay. Win some . St

ng. Dull and drizzle at o e e B d d w r r y s or s h v i . h m at st als. ght i Cool owers y nig o W n e . h rmy indy terv r Sto t. W

. Estimated gale als and showers. rmy, dull night ind blowing gale

ormy wet day. Wind at gale force at ight ning. Smart showers observation.

and wet early. Wind at gale force 1-3h.

mmencing drizzle 21h. Stormy night. Heavy r et day. Gale during day. Wild night

Showers. Windy day. Stormy night. Drizzle Showery day. Stormy periods. Bright intervals. Cloudy night S n S s S C D S O C S S O O D S O S n M W D W t i h t t l u n v l h t v v u t v t i o i u i o g o o o e l o e o o o e e l o e o g s l l n r h w r r a l w r u w r r r l r r r h t d l d m t e m m r i c d e m c c y : r y y i d day bre y da lat ear ng rizz g ea st s day y si ove st d st w ainy dam st d wet . e y e l Bright periods: occasional rain: cloudy zy : clear windy night, observation. Very r y. Thunderstorm 2.20h GMT. Breezy morning:

ling morning: stormy r t : n r u e ly orm br ce cas ll ts sto p mo amp ove f y i 1 t s t r r s r or n gh 6h m to or my ni to ca e i t . o r m noo ght pe St rni my ym mor ng rmy st m o g y o rm a , rm n. Cloudy to overcast day. r o n m o n i r g o r i o m , r n n ds, yo co nin ing g clouds 400ft at 15.5h GMT vercast night ld g

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

n a y r y a a r my ca my t ly s w y

morning orning. Wild stormy day and y f r y da ter ain ni y, c y gh wet dark windy night lear night. night t

overc tormy et day dull d

ast mor st ay,

st nin orm st

51


1941 1941 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1942 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1943 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

12 12 1 5 9 9 12 12 1 2 2 4 4 5 9 9 10 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2

10 11 15 23 3 4 9 10 11 5 8 25 26 8 4 5 5 6 16 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 5 2 2 1 1 2 4 7 2 1 3 1 8 0 1 2 3 7 8 0 4 7 8 0 7

Overcast day, stormy night Mostly dull day, cloudy stormy night C h C c W S H n W S m O s O D C W a S S S C r I G V O d S V c R N s S S W W W M C S c F s F W C r s C o a l l a t i i i t o v l v u l i t t h t o a n a e v r t e l a i t t t i i i a l t l i t a i l a t l l i o e r o g g l o d e i e l o l o o o n i t l r e i o r o i g o o o n l l i o o o n o i l o i o o d l u a m r h h d r e r g r l u d o r w r t n e e y r z r y u n h r r r d d d n u r u e r r d u n r u , windy day; cold stormy night heavy rain and dy rin su my wi t. st m r c h c d b m e m i r c z m d y t m m m y y a a t a o y s s y r y n a m f w a l y s y y y y s s l d m d y y y y t my t s dy y my dy n g n c n A o ig s ny oo d: ur rm ht, lig st ls in ora yn h a a n o a r y t h s t r n e s ig h o u t t l m n r e h o y y y m e t rm 1 d m it n a y 8 a o t 2 n rainy morning. Stormy rainy day, h y r e 0 d , cool breezy night ning nt rain: very gusty. Stormy h morning

nig te r st d rai st m verc ove torm erva nig y day uous t ob itte orce ild st w e. V nig torm nig sto af ra ni rai tor tor co /o ra ,e of co oc tor ea sto ra to h r t i g n m m l v i v a n l m r r i

t and morning with continuous slight in y with rain and drizzle. Stormy night with rning: st nig cast s day: ion t. Fre u i v r n n a a ny t ti in stormy rainy afternoon until 20h. ht tormy night. Cloudy stormy morning Sunny intervals: Heavy showers. Gale sh morning with bright periods: periods; showers. Fresh night o 17h. Stormy day and night. Slight on . Overcast day and night. Windy. ht n to ni rn i r n i s g m g n tormy ht an y rai cool g. Af o u c w n r t m r e a i i n o m d s n g i w mor d mo ny d ove tern n i d u m g t e l o h r l r n r a r o i n y c o ng ing an ast nq l e o n wi dn wi uie t i t t h g h . rain and ht rain Night

.S ra ser nt s i e h y t m e n h y y y d e n e i t o y l m n o t l r t . y r y t

ormy d st y wi and rain Col . Mo noon nig and day. nigh day win cas mo ing mo nue dy rai ;1 da ni erc

nig ormy ld s mor y mo d r , h s ni c t. cl St ta and

tormy ng st ontin Over oudy ormy nd mo nigh ay: ter g th g, ln t: igh Wil dn and sto

rni yw mo td dy ht ng. ith

s at m ni

ight drizzle rain from 5pm rning g

Occasional rain showers of rain

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2

r y n r i u y y y v

dy d t af rnin 16h rnin d al nigh ny n 3h. y an ght ast

overcast stormy night noon. Rainy stormy night e s i 7 t d i gal torm ght. h st and sto ght morn rmy r e yn Fa orm mo rmy i i y r ght rm wi nin squ

orning. Calm th rain g alls

ing ainy day and night

52


1944 1944 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

12 12 1 2 2 2 2 5 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 6 1 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 11 12 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

14 17 17 6 8 24 25 1 1 1 2 4 0 3 2

Overcast stormy night; squalls with rain rain to 1.20; cloudy. Stormy night and morning C w r s C o n s r C S O s c b s s s s s s S s s d b s s s O s S m W S s M S S S S s s S S S c S S t l i a t l b i q i l t v t l r t t t t q t t t t a r t t t v t t o i h t a t t t t t t t t t l t t h o t i o o s g u s o o e o o e o o o o u o o o o y e o o o e o o r l o o i o o o o o o o o o e o o r u h n r u e h a i u r r r u e r r r r a r r r r e r r r r r r n d w r n r r r r r r r r r a r r o dy i y my dy rv t ll ng dy my ca my dy zy my my my m l m m m m s z m m m c m m i e m l m m m m m m m m m r m m u y l y y y y t y y y y a y y n s r y y y y y y y y y y ea nte sto ni sq ati wit yd to ea da st ra r r r g u o h a l m m h a n y i y t l : in tten day and ly d termittent breeze. stormy squally t rain morning ay and night. Showery. Force 8 at d n o o n t h u i r w u e t r g c e e r i h e r d m a ng early hours. Rain 3h-5.15h t frequent squalls often ys to itt nd to n en mo r i t r my morning ght rain 0235 stormy ning with gale later

gale y and gale rly. s y cont with i iny ni

f h i n g

1 16 17 18 4 8 1 2 1 2 7 1 2 1 5

change squally, stormy night . stormy day y stormy. stormy early later night day or l e n . st w n g to s m b n n d m m a a i G a i s r 2 o r i i a o y t r g a w r g n m 2 r i g g y r e l h l i m h o y . n g h h r stormy squally day and night y t and morning e during morning: stormy day nd n t, w m 30 in ht t t y da ight win lyin orni , 3. g sun and and y, rain 12.30 to 15.00; d g n 3 reac 1.5 g. Ra 0 Sto h i i r i n n m ng che fr yn gale force, breezy s om 2.30 ight. Bright fresh

0 2

9 0 3

1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7

14 2 5 6 7 21 2 2 1 2 2 1 13 16 2 3 4 1 7

ny day. Stormy. Slight showers morning. Brief sunny intervals morning

ning

morning morning, rain during night day, showers 19h, 21h, few bright periods a g i a u i h g y t ny mo t ht an , int the rning, cloudy day from 1h: d morning. rain until 9h, mild ermittent heavy showers day

1948 1948 1948

yr ni yn yd gho

53


1948 1948 1948 1948

1 1 1 2

26 30 31 1

1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1948 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1949 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950

2 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 10 11 11 12 12 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 1 1 2 2 2 2

2 3 7 8 9 31 1 8 20 3 20 1 2 2 18 25 4 12 21 19 25 6 29 1 3 15 16

D s S S S w F s W s S R s M s S F S r S c M S r M B s S c R O S S o O M 5 S M M S d S S R S 1 M i R R t O

u t t t t i r q i t t a t a t t r t a t l a u a a r t t l a v t t b v a . h a a t a l t a t 8 a n a a h v

l o o o o n e u l o o i o i o o e o i o o i n i i i o o e i e o o s e i 3 o i i o y i o i o h i i i r e

l r r r r d s a d r r n r n r r s r n r u n n n n g r r a n r r r e r n 0 w n n r g r n r n e n n o r

m m m m y h l m m

r y y y y l n y y 0 y y y y

m l m m h my 2 my dy ly y 1 ly ht my my r c m m r c l h e l l m a f a y y v a y r y y y n

ai d n n n mi wi s, ig m n hf o n n st n 3h n m c mo 7h c a n w ni

n u i i i l n

h i it 4 r vc it it oy it it oi lr rn -. lr ns i ht em gt . a iy ru o t od h e e g i , a a h g r r t h 4 r n o n s u

y r g g g d d r t l g h o e g g r g 8 g r e n 2 e d g t h

i h h h y a , d h , m r h h m h h h n a i 0 a

m n t t t m i

orn gn an ,s ,s orn mor nf win mor ,h dis 1h ast ,g ,w ni an ,r ng st ga 30h st unn

i i d h l i n r d n a t t a i g d

ng, ght mo owe igh ng ing om 8ing il ant oo day le nd ht mo

very mild, rain, rning, mild, shower 6h rs 2.30h 4h-7h, windy morning t showers 23h, , stormy afternoon and night, 20h 9, rain 21h-22h, 1. t bs w fo 8an rn 3 h e i r 9 d i 0 u r t c , , n v h e fr der ati dr e s o i s t n z h o . z c rm m le lo 0 il t udy morning drizzle .30h, d hroughout,

sunny warm morning morning rain from 7h ng, continuous

ain 0.30h-3.00h. showers 5h, 6h o n ; o y rmy de st rmy be ni arl orm ni com g y y g i ht, showers 6h afternoon, ht, showers 6h ng cloudy at 16h,

orning, cloudy afternoon, 45 t in 2 mor ghou o 1 n t obs .30ing, , ra erv 5h, ra in at s in 10 ion tor fr h-1 , m o 1 stormy y m 3h h, 14.30h to

rom st, ra th ati st, cl s0 cl cl ni dn a i m r

ormy, rain 19h-20h y night, stormy morning with rain from 2. s , a t 22 a , u t d 3 g r 3 t s n . n v n 0 o t d 3 d e t h, stormy morning rmy night ormy morning, gale force during 0h m ry il , st orni sto 14. o n r 3 rmy cloudy morning g my 0h, bright period 15h, rain

ht r my n fro my, 19h ly c arly to cea ugho cast

in ght 6h ain

lo n 9h se ut ,

udy igh an d2 ni sto

to party cloudy, wind gale force from 5h, stormy night h, stormy, wind reaching gale force ht my, mild

54


1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0

2 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 12

17 8 29 28 29 9 13 15 9 11 25 3 4 5 6 12 13 14 16 17 25 27 8 18 19 30 1 9 10

1950 1950 1950 1950 1950

O O S S S R S D S s D I m S s m S S O R P D i C D t S r C C g R S i S R H S S S S S s O R R c M I s O S C w S

v v t u t a h u l t u n a u t o h l v a a u n l u h t a l l a a u n l a e t t t t t u v a a o a n u v t l i t

e e o n o i o l i o l t i n o r o i e t r l t e l r o i o e l i n

y f ih i ay om om om om om ny ec i i l i t n e o o t o n e n r r u h r l r y c m d

r r r n r n w l g r l e n n r n w g r h t l e a l o r n u a e n n a g n v r r r r r n r n n d

c c m y m e h m r l y m i e h c e l r r u m d r

ast, ast y ni per y ra 6h-7 r 22 and t in y mo stor mitt y cl per y ni ng rs, t in ast r st y cl and mitt and morn ghou y da 16.3 y to nig forc 11-1 per tern t ra cont sho y mo y, r y ni y du y da per ast, 22h12h,

u g i i . h s t r m e o i g t t w o e s e

s n h o n 3 , t e n y n u o h

h t t d y 0

o i , s

h 2 or rm in d t dy ds t r r t m r o t a g a a , m , d n u r i n t n m h y

wer l1 sh ,s mor ,s 3.3 my itt g, ay sli ,v ,s and

s 9 o h n t 0 f e c w g e l

h w o i o h r n o i h r i m s n z o y t

3 , e w n r , o t n t t y g o t t z u

h, s r er g my o m r ti h r s ht rn

rai torm 4.30 s, h v e a n s a t e a i u l i o s in r r n o i n r h g

n y a

from 7h, gale during night day and night 5h il, stormy , o l a i m s n , n t 6 tor ing st fr erm h, m , o o i s y r m t t cl my 3 te or earing from 13h .30h nt drizzle my

cast ly m ear us r ght fro my ower , sl

r y i n

s, stormy throughout ight intermittent rain

u e i r a t n p in t y 0h p ht e 8h io oo in in we rn ai gh ll y io s 3h s

ing itt dr th sun rmy rai rtly , cl nd n 18.3 rtly dul ainl sto s, s 4 o s n

or r le gh mo ob ear clou oudy e i r n a n ig 0h c l y rm ho , r n l 4 m n q

my ain an out rni ser ly dy aft

and rain 2h-6h, stormy d showers. heavy 19h. ng, stormy slight rain early vation, very slight night, dull stormy morning ernoon to clear night. Stormy

ht with intermittent drizzle, l m t y w o n i h o d u o o h , e 6 m y g udy rnin roug mai rs, a g h n w t , o l i obs win ut y ga nd g st t ds n al sl r ow o o , a e i a e ervation, very stormy d rising at observation le force throughout ale force, subsiding y bservation. Stormy tormy throughout 9h

. u , g a a da wit ds tor ,s ome

20h sf su ,s t1 nd ya hs

.3 4 p ht wi rni ni all

0h, .15h erio rai th g ng, ght, y sh

rm o s t

ght rain 22h and 10h in 17.50h-19h rs of sleet and rain,

my evening light shower 4.30h, stormy sunshine afternoon, stormy, rather

1951 1951 1951 1951 1951

2 4 7 8 8

4 12 5 16 18

y ov mitt mor ast, y at y wi rain my wi

erca ent ning rai obs th s fro th r

st, rain from 6.30h, stormy snow from 23.30h to 8.30h, fresh stormy n e u m a an rva nsh 18 in d t i h u intermittent rain from 14h. ion ne - becoming overcast and stormy ntil 17h, clearing from then

55


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 6

0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2

25 9 26 27 4 5 6 9 27 14 15 1 1 2 8 1 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 6 1 6 7 3 8 6 7 9 1

S F S d s O R r S R S O S S s S O m m O S a S R W S S S S O o M S S S M S S O O C o M S r R O n O O O R

t r h u t v a a t a t v t u n t v a a v t n u a i t t t t v b a o t t o t l v v l v o t a a v i v v v a

o e o l o e i i o i o e o n o o e i i e o d n i n o o o o e s i m o o s o i e e o e s r i i e g e e e i

r s r l r r n n r n r r r n w r r n n r r

my m h st t su and my w cast , ga , ga my n (ce my d ast yn pe St y. ast yc yc ast y, riz pe fro ris y. y. y. yg ast vat yo ai d . c a r st st . st c g nt nt st s s s e t t t a

ornin ormy nny p stor ith c and le ni le ni ight ased ay wi i r o S . l l , o z r m i S R a , i v n a R l n a . . S . l a i i , . . . s d g i r n y t d y w t od od t vr l id 0 n lg a h o m o S u u s e e o 2 g i

g m e m o s g g w 2 t

, o r y n t h h i 3 h

in rni iod ge tin orm t, t, th h) in

te ng n ne uo y ea ea ra ag te

rmittent rain from 7h o r u w r r i a r o a s i l l n i m n, lly ra th ym ym be na itt stormy throughout i i o o t t e n n r r w t n n e o nt f e i i e b r r n n n s h om mit g g 0h erv eav morning observation tent slight drizzle -2h, 4h-6h and 9h ation, stormy y rain

1952 1952 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2

1952 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2

8 9 9 10 10 11 12 2 3 4 7 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1952 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

10 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 5 1 9 0 6 7 0 5 6 2 4 4

c m y . m c l l c m d ny n d rm rm rm rm rc er nl e r r t r g r r u r t o n n r h r r r n m m l m h c c d c l n

. Sto , squ s mor . (1 i ormy. y. st y. st ormy cast s . m h

rmy night ally ning. Slight showers rain, hail and nc S or or da da h n m m y y ) o y y . . w . . B ( p s Ra wit r 4 a h i h ig i ss ow n i h n i e u n t c n r n t h g s t e mor es) ve 7h il rmi ning ry slight drizzle 15h ttent slight rain

morning. Stormy. Showers afternoon. 30h idnight. Rather stormy t rain 0h and 4.30h 21h-23.45h orce. Rain ceased 23.30h d: gale force, rain starting at st. Slight rain. Stormy rmy night ight hail and rain showers h ther stormy 23.39h. Stormy. Gale force Rain 21h-0h Slight rain until 0h or f al or d t a S o 8 i l m r e m s r h n i y ni om 1 sub y torm ght 8.30h sided. Mainly cloudy y wind gale force during

ain le f win on erca y a o d i t o l l l 5h w in ud w n St st or st ud e. 2 3 ra

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2

r y y y y t a a y a y g u u ca t ca ca ca c

. Sto ith l 5h-6 y. Ra arm until ormy. ormy. my ormy y, st Rain 3h. G h. St in an S 0h R .

R R G ed

ain. ain ale. 21h

my . Gale at night 5h-8h ght rain early morning. Stormy

1954 1954

12 13

Stormy, threatening rain at observation Stormy, threatening rain at observation

56


1954 1954 1954 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 6 6 8 10 10 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

15 16 19 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 4 5 0 3 3 6

4 6 8 2

1954 1954 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4

13 11 20 30 2 4 8 9 18 1 14 22 5 2 13 28 29 2 2 1 2 1 6 2 1 0 9 1 9 3

1954 1954 1954 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

12 12 12 3 5 9 10 11 12 12 12 1 2 3 3 5 6 7 8 9

L S O f O O S S S S o t O R O S D S f O 1 S S L R S S n l S S M S S S S s S 1 S S S H C O S S O S C O G 1 S a

i t v r v v t l t t v u v a v l u u r v 8 t t i a t q i i l t o t o t t h t 7 t h o a l v q t v t l v a h t f

g o e o e e o i o o e r e i e i l n o e h o o t i o u g t e o d o m o o o o h o o m i o e u o e o o e l

h r r m r r r g r r r n r n r g l n m r . r r t n r a h t e r e r e r r w r r w e l u r a r r r u r e

t sho my ni cast. 9h cast. cast. my ni ht ra my ni my ni cast; ing t cast, thro cast, ht sh stor y per 16h cast Wind my ni my, s le su unti my. S lly f t and le su t mor my. R rate my r my my er my . a . . s , R in H g f w I 2 av ow pe

wer. Gale all day ght. Squalls Gale. Rain. Continuous or intermittent rain ale. ale. g t. R i 23h g t. R g t. R now o slee storm ughout rain ower 1 my mor iod no wi g gh un ns l li re m ns ni ai ga ai e ea us ro in n h y e r h v w y h t e t a t n h 0 g q o h n n l n a v t m d h l , y i h h u r i g G G h n h h s O R i 1 i i l , h 1 i n t o i y a a g n i S r 5 n . e r n . S l i s . S o l n S n e 0 h v a n h n n i 1 erca in f 0hand 1-6 unt zzar h-18 slig torm eate h, s g wi Ove rmit ce d 1hPle torm e n to howe Sho torm w 12 3h. ight to 5 f h in st. rom 7h 6h h il dw h ht y nin how th rca t u 4 a y r w y h e r h s Stormy 0h . Stormy night 7h ind gale force from 11h rain or sleet from 6h g e d s at o r at rizzl t, st b o e o ser bse at rmy vat rva ob an i t s d on. ion. erva dri St S ti zz o t o l rmy ormy n e rain

a a a b t y . t . n o

in ef ra da ne. .G tr ent nin ne. .S unt e at rly. y ra s ga 16. rea r n h 1 d m d o 8 s it 5 we h . m t s s h s o d y o t h

nt ing an ant nig

drizzle. Heavy rain from day d 5h-8h ht, threatening rain ain from 6.30h sts reaching gale force orning and evening. followed by rain. Stormy t rain from 6h h

0h. R s. Gu ers m day -15h Sligh and 9

1955 1955 1955 1955 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

i l 3 c

rmy h-8h orce. Light intermittent rain or g force 7 afternoon. Rain until

my. ers he sh dy c l m c m d c a l y a y y a f s y . s

te a s r io s e e i t n r t w ow o w

tent rain from 3.30h h. Wind gale force rs. Stormy. Short sunny periods. Showers. wind gale force . r . o s i 2 t c l d S n h e l l . r o y g to un 6. B mi ud s al rm ti 3 r t y h e y l 0h-9 ief tent per ower for day ear h st d io s ce w ly orm 13.30h. rizzle ds. Stormy . ith squally showers morning. Rain until

t. t O t da .S st orc

or s ca h it er cl in

ra m1 In rt qua . Win udy. 10pm

1956

27

ormy morning with squally showers. Sunny periods ternoon

57


1956

9

28

1956 1956 1956 1956

11 11 12 12

8 25 5 12

1956 1956 1956 1956 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1957 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7

12 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 8 11 11 11 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

14 15 28 30 4 5 8 28 31 4 5 7 23 24 1 5 18 7 8 1 1 1 2 0 1 9 0

T G a W S S r O M M R 6 S 1 R m f v S s C n A n W A A a C t C I d S W W c S 6 H S C R f O A w S 2 V S O S

h a f i t t a v a o a h q 8 a o o a t h o i l i i l l b l h l n a t h h l t h e t l a o v l i t 1 e t v t

u l t n o o i e i d t . u h i r r r r o n g m g l m m o o r o t y r o o o o a o o i r e m t o h r o e o

n e e d r r n r n e h a . n n c i o w t h o h d o o u u o u e o l l u r v r u n c r o h r . y r r r

de f rn f my my u ca ly ra er Sl ll S f in e. ab ng er in t. st t , s s t d u d r n e e d m

r r o o

t m n c i a ni s, v t a ih ys lig rom gs Sq le wi s. uou Fl co

s o o r n d t t o e c g

or e . e gh y, l s er ga lm t ho ht 6 to ua st nd Ha s oo nt

m 23h-23.15h. Showers 2.30h and 4.15h. arly in morning Stormy morning and 8 we t. R win 19.3 torm cast le t ear rain wers sle h to rmy lly ormy . fr il 1 rain ding inuo d u u u n a o o d l a a d 0 y h l . e n s e 7 , u y u u y y keni in f gal h day day roug y ni or d Bri t an obse ight howe nigh quen .40h hea wide s ra wit s ra s ra per ove ng slightly rom 6.45 e force until 18.30h. Continuous i t u t z t s va wi rs tw tg w h g r g d r w i o h i h t h t . z h continuous rain or drizzle a few brief cloudy periods. G e e w o ale blowing from at least ri f n. fr ods rom Ga equ .G 18 le ent ale until about .30h blowing from early gusts of gale

l p no ti th

ith clear cloudy periods usts of gale force. Squally

vy 21h-2.30h, until 5h. Stormy spread in from 23h. heavy 1h-4h. Stormy h i i i r fr o u ds as eque r dr ntil fro t da nt izz 15 m1 y. g l h 7 M u e . h o sts of gale force. Moderate gale until . Showers 20h derate gale or gale

sto t co t co 17h y to ghou y to mitt gg ga ga yt yn a l l o i

rmy ntin ntin clo mai t ove ent le m e at e su ove ght. r w v . e e 2 m o n f .

n n o c

rcast. Stormy. Mild rain until 14h. Wind force 9 parts of os o bs rc A 3 s c h r m o g G h r u t i t b i a l h . a n y u a u o n o s d s m o e i t o f r n . s da vat gt St tc ain nny Sq 0h. y i o o o .I on st rmy nti . e l t 3 r l o ntermittent rain. rong gale at about midnight . Rain from 2.30 nuous rain from 4h. Heavy 0 i y r h-6h. Light shower 7.30h. ods showers. Gale my with gusts of gale

y showe my. Sho dy to o from 3 e early cast. S st cont gusts my nigh Squall stormy my. Con cast. l my nigh

2 r r 0 o tr iu o t ys mo tin igh tw

.R Su st. 8.3 ing ev sr le sts wer ing us rai th i

1 p ua S

enin ain forc of s . Ga rain n 18 nter

g. Slight rain at observation from 23h-8h. Stormy night e force 8 or more. Rain until le f hmi for rom 19h. tten ce. 0.3 Ga tr Rain from 4.30h 0h to observation le most of day ain

1958 1958

8 19

Rain 12.30h-17h. Stormy Stormy night. Snow depth 4 inches

58


1958 1958 1958 1958 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8

1 2 3 5 9 9 9 12 12 1 2 2 3 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 11 11 11 11 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

28 11 15 23 2 2 2 1 4 5 8 9

1958 1959 1959 1959 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9

20 1 20 25 3 6 6 7 14 15 26 27 2 9 1 1 1 7 1 2 8 3 4 9 7 9

O I V a A G O I V S R S 8 p S m S F r O a F S s S S S f W G n G G S S G S s S g S S S S s ( S G b S S s s w G

v n a t l u v n a h a t . r q o t r a v f r t t t t t o i a e a a t t a t t t a t t t t t o t a e t t t t i u

erca term riab lea most sts erca term riab ower in 2 ormy 30h. essu uall rnin o e i e t e o o r o o r n l a l l o o l o o o l o r o o o c r l g o o r o n s r s n r e s r r o r r c d e r e e r r e r r r e r o r r r c o e i r r o r d t m h . c r h m m n m m e

s i l s

o s i l s hn S re y showe g e t t o i w w n n f s r . n n M i i i i t o o e t t i G m i B g t

t t e t c f t t e

. Wi tent sky . Sn onti For mor tent sky unti 2.30 ight qual

nd r . ow nu ce ni r . l h. w ly

a F . o n a S 0 i

for in res Wi us 8 g. in. how .30 Sto th str

ce 8 or 9 until at least 2h. h. Some light passing rain until 2h nd force 8 and 9 rain from 2.30h-8.30h. Stormy. Ma S er h. rm fr on inly torm s. S Sto y esh g br overcast afternoon. y tormy rmy gale blowing. rain from 1heeze. Moderate gale. Very low

rs. fresh or strong gale until early 9 aft d; su est w near o t s c G W t t a i f m e t r a i in s s ea le nd g h o s ernoo nny p ind m gale o f i f g gal wer ga ng orc ale e s l t e n eriods. Very slight passing orning 7-9 to gale. Wind gale force for . Ga e o fo wit forc ce le most of day rce 7 or 8 during day h gusts of force 9 or 10 e am declining afternoon

1959 1959 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0

m m m m m m n m m m a n

y, w S as no w y. y g y y 4 5 th ga mo mo y y. fr y y; y, mo y g y y y s g f n y y g y

orce t win ong w Wind d o t n g g o d h d h h bec era gu in t. t. 5 af hou og fn fa t em arl t ef ef fd t z t e t l o t o y e h t

t7 r ug lt so so n gh al oe n gh ri al so nigh bree nigh gal nigh onal to m om a ng t earl gal fres nigh

er t le gh te

noon he n mos t rnoo

, reaching gale force later ight. Gusts of force 9 and 10 t of day n

ost of night y morning sunny periods orce from early morning gale to near ay

2 3 1 2 13 23 12 1 2 10 11

e, reaching gale force during afternoon forc . Gal y 9) derat lea subs . Gus forc bree . Nea e morning wind gale force e force. Wind force 8 e s i t e z r gale t 6h. de at s of g at ob e gale u G n a s n a o l e t l o e r il em n fo vat afternoon ost of morning rce ion near gale -

, i

1960 1960 1960 1960 1960 1960

r ni m m, n m

force strong or near gale S

s of gale force, cool stormy day. Wind force 6 or

59


1960 1960 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 1 1 1

11 11 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 7 9 10 12 12 1 1 1 2 2 6 6 6 9 9 11 12 12 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 8 9 11

14 30 4 2 2 1 2 2 6 8 8 5 7

1961 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1

29 6 26 12 20 6 8 4 16 23 8 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 5 1 1 5 7 2 6 8 3 4 9 0 5

1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

7 W s a S S w S S S s S 8 W G S W S W S s d W 1 S W W W S W S S W s s s w W N f g g s S S S s n W s W n w V f

i t f t q i t t t u S i a t i t i t t e i 1 u i i i t i t t t t t i i e r a a t t t t t e i t i e i e o

n o t o u n r r o b W s n l r n o n r r c n ) b n n n o n o o W r r r n n a e l l r o o r r a n o n a n r r

d r e r a d o o r s

m r m l

n n m i w ub d e on d rm d on on re d P si d d d r d r r i o o o d d r s e e o r r o o r d r d r d y c

r y n y l g g g y d i s u s g f y m g g a r r d g r g

is n oo , y al S o n in nd id p om w or , ai o o si is ob ed al is al n or n n f b t o al al al or ec ub t n n w o al ea

i i n W s e S r i g i t e c s n r r n i a e i e i c i i o r o r e e e

ng. ght an br how fo Ew ne ght mo for ng og tim bre e7 out ly ne ne gm ng bly lat fo ng. fo g e g g r e

d e e r i a . r c l a e e h f a a o f e r r

Coo and ev eze rs ce nd, rg St nin e7 ate le s. ze to erl orc rg rg rni rom 12. af ce Str ce

ls mo eni ,f aft at re ale ron g wi af for Str rea 8u yf e7 ale ale ng ea Co ter (8 ong

t r n o e t a

ce 0 me hi w g to t t c o c n o h e e n h t r

o n g r r i c E

rmy. Stormy. Wind force 7 or 6 ing. Wind force 6 or 7 declining h s n i 6 or . Wi aro g ga nd d gale n u l e 7 d n e c f at do fo lin orc t s c n i e e g w mes rva du ea ind g i i l a o n y G le force n g night. morning ale

b r i e

t r r .

gusts of gale force. Wind 7 to rnoon to 5h g i i c gale ng gale force l late evening e 6 or 7 from early morning.

force wind all night force wind during night, r n n t l s o o o y morning (Wind force 9 to 10 to iderable structural damage. on 9) r near gale force

1962 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

16 6 1 5 7 8 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 4

my f my my nd ng ng ng g g g h b s n m m n n g y y g g g n my 7 g g s e

ht 7 ht ht ce ez ga ne fo fo to str omin sidi o i i i r e r

,g to .S ,r 7, er le ar rce rce ga ong gf ng

us 8 w ea r ea fo ga a a le t or du o e r h a f o

ts of gale force i c e c r l f l n h a h c e t l s d i c i e e vee ng g hing ng g win forc rnoo nigh bsid ear 9 la g ni win nt g le a for forc rnin rin ale ga ale ds ew n t ing gal te ght d u l c e g gt fo le fo at ind o r f r t c o c i d W e r e m u force 7 or 8 ce at times es from 14h ring night

u on ce rin rce que ga ing le mo rce

late afternoon e force wind. afternoon

7 4 5 0 6 6 2

gal ght. ght nd r nea mos gal

ef Fr nea eac rg to ef

sts o l day e9d wind and

f gale force ecreasing morning during night early afternoon

to ale ale qual

8 force SW wind force at times ly. Gusts of gale force. Wind at times gale

60


1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9

6 6 6 6

3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3

1 2 2 2

1 2 2 2 2

7 3 4 5

W S S G S f S G S S d W s S W g W S S S S W g W f S f g S w s w s w c S s S S s w e s s S S S s s s S W S

i t t a t o t a t t e i t t i a i t t t t i a i o W r a t i t i t i o t t t t t i v t t t t t t t t t i t

n o r l o r o l o o c n o o n l n o o o r n l n r e l o n o n o t l o o o o o n e o r o o o o o o o n o

d r o e r c r e r r r d r r d e d r r r o d e d c w s e r d r d r h d r r r r r d n r o r r r r r r r d r

near gale my ng breeze all day reaching gale force evening force subsiding early morning my. e7 my n fro my n my n ease for my n my n 8s for 7t my n my n my ng i f i e in hf my r my i my f m m m m m a y y y y y b n y g y y y y y y y r y w o i m i i d c i i u c o i i ind ccas ght, ear ght ght, am e7 ght ght bsid e wi 8 ght ght. for ion fo ly c a r m e l c o 7 with gusts of gale force. Wind ly 8 e 6 or 7 rning

1964 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3 17 18 19 7 8 1 7 1 2 6 8 1

gale force from early morning gale to 8 ing late afternoon nd Gusts of gale force. Wind gale force s g r g to af eas af t ee n to in o z i r g f t i t nigh ernoo ng ev ernoo t n e n i d d . c b ni t ng m es G e e n o asing morning coming strong to near g strong to near gale oming gale force ng d flooding evening of gale force

5 5 5 7 7 9 12 12 12 1 3 6 8 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

0 4 4 2

1965 1965 1965 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5

14 25 15 5 31 1 17 23 29 3 9 1 5 6 7 2 5 25 2 2 2 2 4 2 1 6 4 1 1 6 7 7 7 2 0 2 5

gal ncre orce ncre

e mo asin dec asin

1965 1965 1965 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

11 12 12 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 8 9 10 10 11

d forc strong orce w night ising morni ncreas night resh-s

e7 br ind .S dur ng ing

8 e even ght an my. Wi night

bec orni prea usts

during night; Stormy day

trong becoming gale force late afternoon

nd stormy; stormy squally morning . Dull stormy day night. Gusts of gale force g strong to near gale force afternoon and . Wi ar g win , re n a d a d be le f rea chin c o c g omin rce hing gal g force 6-7 wind gale force e force

ecomin ig m night n to ne m night m night m m day m night m night m night ising m morni

with gusts of gale force early morning force 6 or 7 stormy ng

61


1966 1966 1966 1966 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9

11 11 12 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 5 1 1 1 1

16 30 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 6 2 6 4 5 2 1 2 2 2 8 1 1 4 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 5 7 0 4 7 8

W S s S t S S S S D S s S S S t S S S W S S S S S S W S S S S W S W S w w S S a S s s S W W S

i t t t i t t t t u t t t t t i t t t i t t t t t t i t t t t i t i t i i t t n t t o t i i t

n r o o m o o o o l o o o o o m o o o n o o o o o o n r o o o n o n o n n o o d o o m o n n o

d o r r e r r r r l r r r r r e r r r d r r r r r r d o r r r d r d r d d r

with ng wi my ni my ni duri my ni my my my a my my my my my s) my my my b my my my my my my r ng my my my g my b my b r my y v y y h y r b y

n g g n g

g d h h g h

us a t t m t

ts of gale force. Cold ll day reaching gale force wind gale force wind becoming gale for orning with gale force wind. Stormy day

night stormy. Wind 6 or 7 nd stormy. Gusts of gale force . Gale force morning . Wind force 6 or 7 . Strong wind all day night and morning (reaching gale force at , force 6 or 7 during night ecoming 7 to 8 day night and morning night. Stormy day night d is g , n n al n ec t ec ea n d en n n at n is ec n a i a g i i e i o h o c i u i i i i i o i y n l u g g g e s h h f gh m r m h g l n g g d g n m g i o i i h l g h h u h g i h (g e f ts t t or t n u n n t g g g g ale veni orce of forc ng b win gale e at ecomi d mos forc times) ng gale force t of night and morning e

6

1 0 5 5 4 5 0 8 2 7 2 1 8

0 0 0 2

1 1 1 2 4 6 9 12 1 2 9 9 11 1 2 8 9 10 11 12 11 3 10 11

ce after midnight with gusts of gale force g ho f g a u o a le force early am t rce 7 to 8 evening le force. Wind force 7 to 8

1970 1970 1970 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 0 0 0 0

31 1 16 9 31 3 6 20 3 29 9

rm e rm rm ew rm d d rm

day, wind reaching gale force afternoon t t r t t w in b to ng t h i g e ough th w mor comi gale gale win ind ning ng f for forc d declining reaching gale force decreasing orce 7 to 8 ce late afternoon and evening e from early morning

1971 1972 1972 1972

Stormy with gusts of gale force winds increase gale force wind strong gale force at times gale force winds evening

62


1973 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

27 2 3 5 8 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 9 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

Wind gale force W W W W W W W W W w w w w w g w c w w g d w c g g w w e ( w g w g w g g k g g g g g s w g c g g g i i i i i i i i i i i i i i a i o i i a u i o a a i i v g i a i a i a a i a a a a a t i a l a a a n n n n n n n n n n n n n n l n n n n l r n n l l n n e a n l n l n l l l l l l l l r n l e l l l d d d d d d d d d d d d d d e d t d d e i d t e e d d n l d e d e d e e l e e e e e o d e a e e e g n g r r r f r r i b b r r f r in r g f ng r in f f s g in e m f s f s f f ed f f f f f ng g w ri f f f a e a e e e r e e n e e e e o e u e a o l a l a a a e a a c c c a a r a o a l r d ea uo or o t a g f a o g o s o o ) o o o o o e r e c c c s c c r o o c c c c u c e c a c u c f g f i i i e i i a i i i i o a o n n n n n n s n n n n w n g n o w a n g w r l r g g g i g g e g g g g i g a g r i b g a i ce d e to ce d gal gal str ng t gal gal d to gal gal gal gal nds gal les gal ce a nds atin gal les nds ur g ur e e on o e e g e e e e e a e t d g e d d i a i f f g g f f a f f f f n l n o o n f n ce ce al ae o ce o ce l o ce o ce o ce o ce r i r m n r r n n c m c e g l c g g e e e s g e g r r g l r r e r r r r ight orce ight at dur e fo forc all day t i r e imes ng night ce in night from early evening

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

0 1 7 2 4 7 0 4 5 8 7 9 0 3

1974 1974 1974 1975 1975 1975 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

12 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 9 10 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 9 1 1 1 1 1 1

27 28 29 6 12 13 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 9 5 6 2 2 0 0 8 9 0 0 6 4 2 2 9 2 0

h h h h h h e m m h h e hi s hi f e y hi s e

during afternoon at times early evening to storm at times rin ale ti rin ht eni eni ht ht gn fo mes gn gal ng ng and ight rce around night ight e force winds at observation

fo tt fo ti uri ea fo uri uri

du sg at du nig y ev e ev nig nig

rce winds night rong to gale late evening le force at times during night gale force o i r a r t r r n c l c r c c l e e e o e e st y st win for win ng t win r r d c d o d o o s e s ng) ng b dur eve dur gale s dur d u i n i u t n i n f in ri g g ng g or g ng night ale force at times day night ce afternoon night

1976 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

rce wind evening storm force at times (24 r r r r r t l n g r r r e e e e e i i i i i gl fr si ev n ei ei ei w w w w w a o n e w w w n n n n n e c g i n n n d d d d d e h n d d d s at s nig s s s force at t t g aft s dur s eve s times ht

0 0 1 1

7 8

c c c c c o ae id n oc oc oc

winds imes er gale force winds afternoon ing night ning

1977 1977

18 20

winds gale force gales evening

63


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

1 3 3 3 3 4 8 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1 1

2 8 1 1 3 1 2 3 6 1 1 1 1 3 9 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 1 2 3 5 6

1 0 5 1 4 0 0 1 2 4

1977 1977 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

12 12 1 1 1 1 2 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

g a g s g g f g g s f F s a g w s f o g g g g c s g g w g f o f o g g a g g f s f f g f w o g g d g g g g s

a f a t a a o a a u o o h f a i u o v a a a a l t a a i a o v o v a a n a a o u o o a o i v a a a a a a a t

l t l r l l r l l n r r o t l n n r e l l l l o r l l n l r e r e l l d l l r n r r l r n e l l y l l l l r

e e e o e e c e e n c c w e e d n c r e e e e u o e e d e c r c r e e e e c n c c e c d r e e e e e e o

t rn f ng f f e f f y e e er rn f r y e c s s d n s s e c e c s

o stro oon ga orce w gale orce w orce w 8 wind orce w orce w period 8 wind 8 wind y day oon orce w ising or w t t ft rc rc da wi ur ls rc rc w t d t rc or n i d o e e e y n i o e e i d u d e n i n a b r n d y s n w w s ds ng 8 w d y i y w n

n l i f i i s i i s s s s

g e n o n n

ale orc d st rew d ev d a l e h g

g f s c s s

e r i e

wi w on nd ni

n i g s n

ds with rain nds at times gale winds g

nds nds ea af ni tro

r t g n

fter y af rnoo t gal

noon overcast evening ternoon gale force winds n e force winds some sunshine

inds afternoon from 15h gale force evening gg s wi erv oon ind ind unn ga ni ale force winds afternoon th gale force winds ation/ winds abating during day s s y l g aft per e fo ht a e i r n r o c d noon ds gale winds e at times at observation

8 9 1 6 9 4 5 7

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

1978 1978 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

12 12 2 3 3 3 3 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7 11 2 6 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 4 9 1 1 1 1 7 2 4 8 9 0 7 5 0

m 8 as a a fo fo y g d a fo fo 8 as 8 as fo m

at ind nsn a wi r ng a ind iga o i s l s s i s n

times s ight nd reaching force 8 night overcast at observation/ s gales all day nd afternoon ervation ter orc ti ti du so igh ef n e m m r oo w es es in n inds afternoon g night

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

gal sa fo e8 yd e8 e8 fo e8 s8 cas fo sl

es at ftern rce w wind ay ga wind wind rce w wind duri t day rce w ater e n e e l

obs on nds af ef at at nds al gn gal inds and te a 0. en ni r b 0 i g

t winds 8 during day orce winds

at observation/ strong gales during n a 0 n h oon ting afternoon h g t stormy day

2 3 6 7

s lat s mor s aft forc ng ga

af ing r0 ev es

64


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3 3 6 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 2 2 2

1 1 1 2 1 6 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 4 6 8 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 1

8 9 9 0 1 1 7 0 4 1 2 4 7 7 8 4 8 0 8 3 9 6 8 0 1 9

g g g g f f g g f g g g g f g g g g g g g g g s g ( g g s o s g s s g f n n g g s g s g s g g o g s w g g g g

a a a a o o a a o a a a a o a a a a a a a a a t a f a a o b t a t t a o e e a a t a o a t a a v a t i a a a a

l l l l r r l l r l l l l r l l l l l l l l l r l o l l m s r l r r l r a a l l r l m l r l l e l r n l l l l

e e e e c c e e c e e e e c e e e e e e e e e o e r e e e e o e o o e c r r e e o e e e o e e r e o d e e e e

s s s s e e

e r l r w w f rc f rc e w st f rc f rc s at e8w forc s mor s dur forc s dur forc forc s at s aft ng to forc ce 8 forc s all driz rvati n s n n s e s s n s n s s c s n s s s s s gt ev gt gt du 8 gal gal du du gt for sle af gg d as a g g d d b u t t t a u u e o e o o r w e e r r o c e t a

e d a d 8 8 o o 8 a o o

v u l u

nin ing da ing ind ind ew ew ind obs ew ew o i e n i e i e e t e e w e z o

g ni yr ni sd sa ind ind se erv ind ind rv e nd a ni nd ni nd nd s on e nd s nd s du g a g u f s s v a s s a a s n g s g s s f s 2 s o r h i h r t t n t i e 0 0 en ti a evening n r 0 0 i o f g n . . n n t night oon and evening 00h 00h and at observation g er 00.00h strong gales morning

0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

bse nds wi ing ng wi ng wi wi ime rno gal wi ind wi day le n a n a a g d i i g g a w d n s

tion/ strong gales at times rly morning d at observation ht at times ht also

or o 7t m me in

c v h o

e wi erca nig rnin show g nig

n s h g e h

ds t gales at observation t) rs also t with gales, gales at

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 6 9 9 9 9 10

2 3 1 8

g ni g g in in w w in in g e t er le n a i g

le fo g le wi le fo nigh s at nds m nds g nigh nigh le fo inds uring oon a duri e e l o n s s e r n n 0

rce winds afternoon n r t o o a t t r ds d ce w and bser rnin les gal clo ce w uri ind at vat g ng night s observation ion

es all day udy gales at observation inds

night gales nd evening ng night

1 2 8 2 4 8 0

ri g t o le ri ri fo

g l m a f ng ng re

ight at observation gales during day c i i 0 w e g g . inds afternoon at times ht ht 00h

65


1982 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2

16 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 7 6 2 6 8 1 2 5

1982 1982 1983 1983 1983 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

12 12 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 9 9 9 9 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 2

19 20 3 5 23 2 3 5 6 2 2 2 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 5 6 7 8 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 2

g s g g g g g s o g t f g g g s t g s g g g g S s S g g c g g g w g g f f s w v v f f F g g w s w g g

a t a a a a a t v a i o a a a t i a t a a a a t t t a a l a a a i a a o o t i e e o o o a a i t i a a

l r l l l l l r e l m r l l l r m l r l l l l o o o l l e l l l n l l r r r n r r r r r l l t r n l l

e o e e e e e o r e e c e e e o e e o e e e e r r r e e a e e e d e e c c o d y y c c c e e h o d e e

s n s s s

d s n t c s . s e 8 winds s/ strong g sd fo ng s fo ng sa sd sd sd my my my sd sd re s, sn sn sg sd s e e n s e e e s s n s s s /s 9 9 g 9 st st 8 8 8 b a ga g r d d

du gg du du at for al gg ast af

r a r r

i l i i t ce l al g te

n e n n i

g s g g m w da es al r

n a n n es in y a es 00

i l i i

g l g g

ht and at observation/ overcast day and evening ht ht

s at times times at observation strong to gales winds 00h overcast day strong winds gales at ales during day

uring night rce winds winds afternoon and evening gale force at r g t u u u d d w u u v g i i a u ce ale ti rin rin rin uri ay ind rin rin eni ale ght ght le rin a s m g g g n 8 g g n s tt ea es ni ni ni gn to i r s g g g i m l h h h h g 9 e y o t t t h s during night evening wery evening gales during day t force short sunny periods

9 3 5 6 8 3 1 1 3 4 6 1

night night strong to gale force at times g erno s mo at o at ht e i n e t s d d 0 h w i a h h s s 0 o i n l t t during night h w n g e ers ds m nig bef d o h o uring night rning and afternoon t re 23.59h o r b t n ning servation imes n t i g g day ernoo ng ni nigh abati oon we

aft gale and force g nig gal 0w wi orc af ate ind mes win win 00. ws ce dur gg nig nig

0 1 1 1

3 8 6 7 0

tro t to gal to orm ron at to to efo nd le gal eac uri uri

ng o1 10 ef 10 yl gw ti 9 9 re sno for es hin ng ng

s duri nds af ds dur durin ernoon aftern

n ght t ng evening t evening

1985 1985 1985

6 8 10

21 31 10

gales gales, strong gale force winds gales 23.00h

66


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 2 2 2

11 2 3 20 1 1 2 2 2 9 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 4 0 7 6 0 1 2 2 4 5

g m s g s s s g g w g g g g g g g g

a i t a t t t a a i a a a a a a a a

l l r l r r r l l n l l l l l l l l

e d o e o o o e e d e e e e e e e e

sd fr ng sd n n n s s s s s s s s s s

u e g u

r s a r

i h l i

ng t es ng g e e r l n n b n n d i a s s a w y g g s g g a n

ni os du ni le d d in in g n d er n n y g

g t r g

h r i h

t ong winds , gale force before 00.00h ng night and at observation t r n n r c g g i ew ni ni ng i g g n n h h i ds during day t t and at observation ght

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

g to g gal g gal and force most duri duri at o duri duri mideven

fo uri uri du ds ale igh ay vat igh igh onw

force gales evening t gales at observation ion/gales during day t t ards

1987 1987 1987 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

3 11 12 1 1 2 2 3 7 10 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 9 11 12 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

27 12 28 1 1 1 9 2 2 7 2 9 4 5

overcast day strong to gale force winds gales strong to gale winds afternoon g s r s s g g s o g s s g g s s g g g g g g g e g g g g g b g a t a t u a a t b a t t a a t t a a a a a a a v a a a a a e a l r i r n l l r s l r r l l r r l l l l l l l e l l l l l f l e o n o n e e o e e o o e e o o e e e e e e e n e e e e e o e s du ng t dur ng g y da s du s du n r s n n s s n n s s s r o i a y r r in g ng le g in in g ni ales nig s al ale g ni g ni gh w ht l fo gh gh t in g da rc t t ds during night and at observation ales y e winds

1989 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

27 6 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 4 2 4 0 4

g ga vati all g ga g ga bef dur g to g to dur dur dur

les on/ da les les ore ing ga ga ing ing ing o i 3 t e i n i i . i r n 0 o r n i n n 5 n

during night gale force winds mild at gales to late afternoon y abating evening a 2 n le le n n n fter 3.59 ight for for ight ight ight noon and evening h ce winds afternoon ce winds and at observation

16 17 30 1 4 5 13 20 21 22

1990

s bef s dur s 18. to s ing s aft s dur s eve s dur s dur re 23 s dur

e 23.59h g night h rm force winds afternoon strong gales g n g g 9 g 00 o g n n h n .00h overcast day gale force winds vercast morning gale at observation ight ight stormy to mid-afternoon gales ight and at observation

67


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

6 7 5 6 8 9

s g s g g s g g g g g s o s s g s g s

t a t a a o a a a a a t b t u a t a t

o l r l l m l l l l l r s r n l r l r

r e o e e e e e e e e o e o n e o e o

m s n s s s s s s s n r n y

sd du gt du du sno d d d d a u u u u t t t t a r t r g

u r o r r w r r r r

rin ing ga ing ing an i i i i o o n n n n b g n g g g g g g s a a a n a w s

gn ni les ni ni dg n n n n er le e e a e n a i i i i v s

igh ght du ght ght ale g g g g a h h h h t w

t some snow gales ring night , with strong gales s during night

1 2 5 6 7 18 1 1 2 1 1 3 9 2 3 7 1

3 6 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 1 1 2 8 11 1 3 4 5 12 12 1 1 2 3 3 1 3 10 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

go va i go dy fo c ng o fo c ng a

t t t gale to storm winds at observation t ion inds after 00.00h overcast gales at d e e e 0 s during night rnoon night afternoon rcast afternoon 0.01h

l l ee gl ei le

s win s aft r mid forc ds ov fter

1991 1991 1991 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4

12 22 31 1 2 22 4 23 1 3 5 1 8 1 2 2 3 1 1 6 0 8 0 5 6 2 3

strong to gale force winds at observation strong winds gale force at times gales before 23.59h g g g s o 3 o g G v w g g g g g a a a t v 7 v a a e i a a a a a l l l r e e l l r n l l l l l e e e o r i r e e y d e e e e e s s s n c duri duri duri g to ast m st 3 in du on ov i i i i i n n n n n n n n g i s 7 g r g e g g g g g g g g a l n n n le d t 0 i g i i i i i i i ight ight ight force winds evening morning, gale o a gh n nd gh g g g g g h h h h h b t t i s t t t t t t se o 3 gh , rvation/ remaining 37 to 16.00h bservation 7 t easing 23.30h 37

n gu cast dur 37 str 37 d d d d d u u u u u r r r r r

a 5 n in w rn n n n n n

1995 1995 1995 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 6 6 6 6 6

17 17 24 3 1 2 2 5 6 1 3 7 9

37 gale during night 37 g g g g G G a a a a a a l l l l l l e e e e e e d d d d d d u u u u u u r r r r r r i i i i i i n n n n n n g g g g g g n n n n n n i i i i i i g g g g g g h h h h h h t t t t t t

1997 1997

2 11

20 17

Gale during night 30 to 37

68


1997 1998 1998 1998 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

12 2 11 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

24 16 9 26 25 3 8 20 23 30 31

Gale 37, 20.00h cloudy 37 Gale 37 during night gale early morning hours strong gale afternoon and evening g g s g g o l c r w r n a a t a a v a a a a a i l l r l l e t l i r i g e e o e e r e m n m n h winds early morning ng winds, gales and rain in early hours s in evening s ca m in b er . t s o g e , N m t mo rnin dow fore som ear ilde rning g. ra n ear obse e tha gale r , i l r w t n y v / o mi a e at w g l n v i i a d d e o n l w g ni n, d e indy/ ale m ng, c over build late o l c i m w s o a n o i t u s g r nd o dy t l ni sp fa ni mor ate ng e f g n e t h i m ea d e t n o r r , g r l inc noo mi ,b nin ya r n l r g f eas , d eez an ter ing ier, d noon,

2000 2000

11 12

69


Appendix 2 Annual Gales from Weather Diary at Armagh Observatory 1796-2002. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Weather Diary 31 23 12 20 18 11 10 11 7 8 18 4 10 9 14 19 18 17 8 17 18 19 16 16 8 17 23 6 18 2 8inc 3 nd 3 nd 3 nd 3 nd 3 nd 3 nd 3 nd 2 0 0 6 2 8 11 Hourly
1

70


Appendix 2 Continued. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 Weather Diary 16 8 11 9 3 3 6 2 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 6 3 2 3 1 4 2 1 0 1 4 2 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 1 3 nd Hourly
1

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

71


Appendix 2 Continued. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Weather Diary 4 2 4 0 3 1 5 6 3 5 8 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 5 8 7 8 6 7 3 1 5 7 10 5 4 4 5 7 2 2 16 10 Hourly
1

72


Appendix 2 Continued. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 Weather Diary 4 3 9 2 7 10 20 13 24 2 4 15 6 19 13 13 11 11 20 8 35 14 16 19 24 8 18 19 11 19 16 15 12 16 14 11 22 18 8 5 7 1 3 1 23 10 Hourly
1

9 17 14 13 10 10 9 7 10 5 5 3 4 4 4 1 3 2 24 10

73


Appendix 2 Continued. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 N 1 2 3 ot M i n 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Weather Diary 13 17 18 18 12 17 36 18 17 7 14 3 7 11 16 15 5 6 5 3 6 3 3 5 0 3 2 Hourly 14 17 18 19 13 18 36 20 17 8 14 4 7 11 16 15 5 6 5 3 6 3 3 5
1

e o n d

s st hourly data has yet to be looked at c = data missing incomplete year = no data available

74


Appendix 3 Monthly Distribution of Gales from Weather Diary at Armagh Observatory 1796-2000. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 1796 7 2 2 2 6 1 4 1797 12 1 2 0 0 0 0 1798 4 2 0 1 0 0 0 1799 1 4 1 0 1 1 0 1800 4 0 2 6 1 1 0 1801 5 3 0 0 1 0 0 1802 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1803 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1804 1 3 0 0 0 0 2 1805 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1806 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 1807 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1808 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1809 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1810 1 3 3 1 0 0 0 1811 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 1812 4 4 4 1 0 0 0 1813 2 7 3 0 1 1 0 1814 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1815 1 2 5 0 0 1 0 1816 3 4 4 0 1 0 0 1817 2 6 2 0 0 0 0 1818 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 1819 5 3 2 0 0 0 0 1820 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1821 1 0 2 1 2 0 0 1822 0 5 4 1 3 0 0 1823 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1824 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1825 4 2 2 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1 0 0 0 1834 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1836 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 1837 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 0 0 1 0 6 31 0 2 2 0 4 23 0 0 0 3 2 12 1 3 5 3 0 20 0 3 1 0 0 18 0 0 0 2 0 11 0 0 1 0 4 10 0 0 3 0 3 11 0 0 1 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 1 3 7 18 1 0 2 0 1 4 0 0 3 4 1 10 0 0 0 1 4 9 0 0 1 3 2 14 0 0 3 2 4 19 0 0 5 1 0 19 0 0 0 3 0 17 1 0 1 1 4 8 0 1 4 1 3 18 0 0 1 3 2 18 2 1 2 3 1 19 0 0 2 0 2 16 0 1 1 1 3 16 1 0 3 0 0 8 0 3 2 3 3 17 0 1 2 5 2 23 0 1 0 0 2 6 0 3 0 4 5 18 8

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 6 2

75


Appendix 3 Continued. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 1838 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1839 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1840 6 2 0 2 0 1 0 1841 2 0 4 1 0 1 0 1842 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1843 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1844 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1845 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1846 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1847 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1848 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1849 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1850 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1851 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1852 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1853 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1854 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1855 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1856 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1857 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1858 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1859 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1861 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 1862 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1863 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1864 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1865 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1866 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1867 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1868 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1869 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1870 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1871 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1872 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1873 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1874 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1876 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1877 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1878 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1879 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 0 1 0 1 1 8 0 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 1 2 16 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 1 1 3 11 0 0 4 1 2 9 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

76


Appendix 3 Continued. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 1881 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1882 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1883 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1884 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1885 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1886 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1887 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1888 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1889 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1890 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1891 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1892 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1893 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1894 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 1895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1897 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1898 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1899 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1900 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1901 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1903 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1904 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1906 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1908 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1909 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1910 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1911 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 1912 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1913 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1915 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1916 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1917 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1918 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1919 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1920 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 1921 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1922 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1923 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 2 0 1 6 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 1 0 5 0 0 1 2 1 8 0 0 1 2 3 7 0 0 0 3 0 8 0 0 0 1 5 6 0 0 1 1 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 6 0 1 0 0 5 7 0 0 2 2 1 10 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 4

77


Appendix 3 Continued. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 1924 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1925 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 1926 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1927 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1928 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 1929 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1930 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 1931 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1932 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1933 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1934 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 1935 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 1936 5 3 0 1 1 0 1 1937 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 1938 8 2 4 0 0 3 0 1939 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1940 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1941 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1942 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1943 1 2 0 2 1 0 0 1944 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1945 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 1946 4 5 1 0 0 1 0 1947 1 1 0 6 0 0 0 1948 5 6 1 2 0 0 0 1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950 2 5 0 2 0 2 3 1951 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1952 4 0 4 0 0 1 0 1953 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1954 7 4 2 0 1 2 0 1955 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1956 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1957 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 1958 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 1959 1 2 1 1 0 2 0 1960 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 1961 4 2 1 1 2 0 1 1962 3 2 0 0 0 3 0 1963 0 2 6 1 0 0 0 1964 2 0 3 0 3 0 2 1965 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1966 4 5 1 1 2 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 16 0 0 0 2 8 10 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 4 9 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 8 0 0 1 5 0 10 0 2 1 0 6 20 0 0 0 0 2 13 0 2 4 0 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 2 4 1 0 3 5 2 15 0 2 0 0 2 6 0 2 7 2 2 19 0 0 3 3 4 13 0 3 0 0 4 13 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 0 1 1 11 0 0 1 2 2 19 0 1 2 3 2 8 3 11 1 3 3 35 3 0 3 3 2 14 1 2 2 1 1 16 0 5 5 2 3 19 1 0 2 3 5 27 0 1 1 1 3 8 1 2 0 2 6 18 2 0 0 3 6 19 0 3 0 0 2 11 2 0 3 4 3 19 0 0 0 6 3 16 0 1 1 0 2 15 0 2 0 1 2 13 1 1 0 2 3 16 0 1 0 0 3 14 1 0 1 4 2 11 1 1 2 3 2 22

78


Appendix 3 Continued. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 1967 0 6 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 18 1968 3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 8 1969 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 5 1970 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 7 1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1972 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1974 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 7 23 1975 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 1 10 1976 6 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 13 1977 3 0 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 5 2 17 1978 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 6 18 1979 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 7 18 1980 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 2 3 12 1981 4 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 17 1982 4 8 5 0 2 1 0 0 4 4 5 3 36 1983 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 2 19 1984 6 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 17 1985 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 7 1986 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 4 5 14 1987 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1988 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 7 1989 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 11 1990 3 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 16 1991 6 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 1 2 15 1992 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 5 1993 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 1994 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1995 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1996 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 6 1997 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1998 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Total 312 223 154 62 45 38 23 31 98 157 193 282 1618

79


Appendix 4 Seasonal Distribution of Gales from Weather Diary at Armagh Observatory 1796-2000. Year Winter 1796 1797 19 1798 10 1799 7 1800 4 1801 8 1802 3 1803 7 1804 7 1805 5 1806 8 1807 7 1808 3 1809 5 1810 8 1811 11 1812 12 1813 9 1814 1 1815 7 1816 10 1817 10 1818 10 1819 10 1820 5 1821 1 1822 8 1823 3 1824 4 1825 11 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1 1835 0 1836 5 1837 1 Spring Su 10 2 1 2 9 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 5 4 0 5 5 2 3 2 2 5 8 2 3 mmer Autumn 5 1 0 4 0 3 2 11 1 4 0 2 0 1 0 3 2 1 0 0 1 4 1 2 0 7 0 1 0 4 0 5 0 6 1 3 1 2 1 6 0 4 2 6 0 2 0 3 1 3 0 8 0 8 0 1 1 7

1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1

80


Appendix 4 Continued. Year Winter 1838 3 1839 5 1840 9 1841 4 1842 3 1843 4 1844 3 1845 2 1846 2 1847 2 1848 0 1849 2 1850 0 1851 1 1852 0 1853 1 1854 0 1855 0 1856 1 1857 0 1858 0 1859 0 1860 0 1861 3 1862 3 1863 1 1864 0 1865 0 1866 1 1867 1 1868 0 1869 0 1870 0 1871 4 1872 0 1873 0 1874 0 1875 0 1876 0 1877 0 1878 0 1879 0 1880 0 Spring Su 2 2 2 5 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 mmer Autumn 0 2 1 3 2 2 1 0 1 2 1 5 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

81


Appendix 4 Continued. Year Winter 1881 0 1882 0 1883 0 1884 2 1885 1 1886 0 1887 1 1888 0 1889 0 1890 5 1891 1 1892 2 1893 2 1894 7 1895 1 1896 0 1897 1 1898 0 1899 2 1900 2 1901 1 1902 0 1903 2 1904 0 1905 0 1906 0 1907 0 1908 1 1909 1 1910 3 1911 2 1912 2 1913 7 1914 0 1915 8 1916 5 1917 0 1918 0 1919 3 1920 9 1921 3 1922 1 1923 4 Spring Su 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 mmer Autumn 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0

82


Appendix 4 Continued. Year Winter 1924 1 1925 14 1926 1 1927 2 1928 11 1929 1 1930 10 1931 2 1932 6 1933 5 1934 3 1935 7 1936 8 1937 17 1938 12 1939 1 1940 0 1941 4 1942 3 1943 5 1944 5 1945 9 1946 13 1947 2 1948 12 1949 2 1950 9 1951 4 1952 6 1953 2 1954 14 1955 5 1956 5 1957 14 1958 10 1959 5 1960 5 1961 9 1962 7 1963 4 1964 5 1965 4 1966 11 Spring Su 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 4 1 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 6 3 0 2 1 4 2 3 2 3 0 2 2 4 4 0 7 6 1 4 mmer Autumn 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 3 0 0 3 6 1 0 0 2 2 8 0 2 0 11 0 6 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 3 0 6 8 15 4 6 2 5 1 12 3 5 0 3 3 4 2 3 0 3 4 7 1 6 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 5 1 6

83


Appendix 4 Continued. Year Winter 1967 8 1968 5 1969 3 1970 2 1971 1 1972 0 1973 0 1974 9 1975 12 1976 7 1977 3 1978 7 1979 7 1980 7 1981 8 1982 15 1983 10 1984 12 1985 0 1986 5 1987 5 1988 5 1989 4 1990 13 1991 10 1992 5 1993 1 1994 5 1995 1 1996 0 1997 1 1998 2 1999 1 2000 4 Spring Su 8 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 5 0 5 2 3 7 2 3 0 2 1 1 4 0 1 0 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 mmer Autumn 0 3 1 1 0 3 1 3 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 7 1 3 0 5 1 6 0 7 0 5 2 5 0 6 1 13 0 8 0 4 2 2 1 4 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

84


Appendix 5 Daily Days With Gale - Instrumental/Observational Data At Particular Times (Once or Twice Daily) By Component at Armagh Observatory 1844-2002 Y a ( g 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 e ) e a 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ar Mo Compo arly v le = f 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 n n e o t e r r h n s c Day t 1: 1 ion of e 8 bu 8 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 8 9 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 9 0 8 9 1 1 5 6 2 3 3 3 0 T 84 t t 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 i 4 h o 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 me D Janu e Bea nly 2 S W W N W S W W N N S W W S N S W S S S S E S N S N E S S E S S S S S S W W S S N W N N S S i a u 4 r r f m e y o p ct 1 rt h) ion Strength to 1860 March 3 land scale where . 9 9 9 8 8 8 1 9 9 9 1 9 1 8 8 8 9 1 1 8 8 9 8 1 1 8 1 9 8 8

byE byN SW W E E byW W E W S S E E E S E N E N b b W S W W WbyW byW W W S W b byW E byN yN byW byN W W byS E E byE E yN yE E

0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

0 1

0 0 1 1

0 0 0

2 6 2

2 5 0 1 6 7 7 9 3 3 4 4 5 6

WbyN E WbyS

10 8 9 8 8 8 9 9 10 9 8 8 8 8 9 9

85


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 4 5 5 6 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 6 7 1 2 2 2 3 6 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 9

6

7 7 2 2 7 7 2 2 3 4 7 7 8 9 9 8 5 0 0 4 0 2 5 7 9 9 1

2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1

2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

S S S S S S S N N S S W S S S S S S S W W S S W S S S N N S W S S W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S S S S E S

WbyS SW W W b N W b b W

y E b y y b

W yW W S yW

SE SW W W byS WbyW SW byS W W byW WbyW W WbyW WbyW byN W W E E W W W W b S W W S W E E S byS b b b h y y y a E S S lfS

9 8 8 1 1 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 1 1 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 1 9 9 8 9 9 8 1 8 8

0 0

0 0

0

0

2 4 8 9 0 1 2 3 3 5 5 1 1 0 1 2

byS yE E W byS E

SW

8 8 8 8 10 8 9 9 8 9 9 8 9 10 8 9 8 9 8 8 8

86


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 8 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 6 7 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 3 6 1 1 2 6 7 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 7 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 6 7

0 1 1 8 9 9 2 6 0 1 1 2 1 1

6 9 0

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1

0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 0

S S S S S S S S S S S N N N S S S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S W W W W S S S W W S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S

WbyS E SW WbyS W byW W EbyE W W WbyW byW b b E b y y b y E E yE E

9 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 9 8 8 8 8 8 10 9 8 8 8 1 9 1 9 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 8 8 1 8 8 9 8 9 8 8 1 1 1 9 1

4 2 3 4 5 9 0

E E byE EbyS SE byE E SE byN byS W byS WbyS WbyS byW W byN W SE EbyS W SW halfW

0 1

5 5 6 6 7 7 4 4 5 1 5 2 2 0 1 2 6

0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

87


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 7 7 7 7 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

8 9 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 6 7 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 0 0 1 2 4

0 2 2 3 5 6 6 7

2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2

2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 2

W S S S S N S S S N S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S S S S W S S S S N W S E N S S S S S S S S S S W S S S S E S

SW WhalfW byE W WbyW byW SW W W S b b B b

E y y y y

E E E E

SW b S b b W W W S S yW W yW yN

9 9 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 9 10 9 8 9 8 10 8 10 9 9 8 8 8 1 1 9 9 1 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 8 1 8 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 9 9 1 8 8 9 8 9

0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 3 1 2 4 6 7 8 6 2 2 8 9 2 6 6 8 8 6 9 9 0 5 8 0 2 3 3 4 5

0 0 0

W W

byE W WbyS byE

W SW W WbyS WbyS byE W W W WbyS

0

0 0 0 0

SE E SE WbyW

88


1848 1848 1848 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

12 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

17 17 26 9 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 7 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 6 3 7 8 8 1 2 2 2 6 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 2 3 3 4 4 9 9 4 8 8 2 7 7 1

10 22 22 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

SSE SbyE SW S S S S S S W S S S S S S S S W W S S S S N N N S S S S S S S S S E E S S S S S S S S S W S N N SW WbyS W WbyW S S W W W W W W S S b b W W b E E E b S S S W W byW byW byS b b W W y y b b y yS yS N E yW yS W

9 10 8 8 1 8 8 1 1 8 1 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 1 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 1 8 8 1 8 9 8 9 9 0 0 0 0 and 11

1

2 1 5 2 0 1 2 6 6 7 8 9 0 2 4 7 3 4 5 8 6

yE E W W

byW byW

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 0

byE W b S b b yW W yW yW

0 0

byW WbyW

1850 1850 1850

8 10 27

22 22 22

SSE SEbyS SbyhalfW

8 8 11

89


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 6 6 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 5 8 1 2 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 6 1 3 2 3 4 6 1 2 1 2 3 5 9 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 1 1

7 9 0 0 2 0 5 7 8 8 1

8 2

2 3 4 4 2 9 0 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 9 9 2 2 9 2 9 9 9 9 9 2 9 9 9 9 2 2 9 2 9 2 9 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 9

2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S W S S S S W S W S S S S S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S

WbyW W WbyW E byE E S W S W W b W W W b S W E b S b S W W byS yW byW byS y W h b y E y E W alfW yS E E

EbyS S W W W W E byS byS byS

WhalfS byW b E S b W S S W h h W b W S b b S W W y b W y b E W b a a b y 3 W y y E h h W yE W yS yS lfW lfE yS W /4 E W W alfS alfW

8 1 9 9 1 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 1 8 9 8 8 1 1 8 1 8 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 9 8 8 8 1 1 8 8 9 1 1

1 0

and 9 .25

1

0 0 0 0 2 2+ 0 2 1

0 2 4 5 6 6 8 8 9 9 7 7 8

0 0.5

7 8

0 0

90


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 8 8 2 1 1 7 7 1 1 1 7 8 9 1 1 2 2 6 6 7 8 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 7 7 9 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 1 1 2 7 1 1 2 2 2 3

8 0 6 8 3 0 8

7 9 0

2 9 2 9 9 9 9 9 2 9 2 2 9 2 9 9 2 9 9 2 9 2 2 9 9 9 2 2 9 2 2 9 2 9 2 2 9 2 9 2 9 9 9 9 9 2 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 2 9

1 1

1 1 1 1 1

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N S S S S S W S S S S S S S N W W S S S W S E S S E N E S S S S S S S

W h h E h S S S W W b S b

a a h a

l l a l

f f l f

W W fE E

EbyS1/2E WbyW W halfS yW W yW

byW b W b b W E b y b y y W yW W W

9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 12 9 8 8 8 9 1 8 9 1 9 9 8 1 9 8 9 9 1 8 9 8 9 8 8 9 1 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 9 0 1

1 1 1

2 8 0 1 1 2 3 6 1

byS yW

2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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91


1852 1852 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

12 12 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 1

31 31 3 4 7 1 1 2 9 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 7 1 2 2 2 7 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4

9 21 2 9 2 9 2 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 2 9 9 2 2 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 9 2 9 9 2 2 2 9 9 2 2 9 9 9 2 9 9 2 2 1 1 1

SSW SWhalfW S S S S S N S N S S S W S S E S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S W W S S S S S S W S S S W S S S N W W S h S W W S N alfE W byS W WhalfN

9 8.5 12+ 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 9 8 8.5 8 9 8 1 9 1 8 9 8 1 9 1 9 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 1 1 1 8 9 1 1 8 8 8 1

1 9 6 6 1 1 5 8 1 2 6 0 2 3 5 3 7 9 9 0 1 1 3 4 5 7 8 0 1 7 1 4 7 0 1 3 3 5 2 7 7 3 9

EbyE E W S b W S byW W yW halfW E

0 0 0 0 1 1 1

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byE byW SE WbyW S S S S W S S W h W S W W W W W W S S b S b W S E E E W W halfS W W byS alfS W byS byW byS byS W E yE W yS E

1 1 1

1 0

1 1

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92


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

5 1 1 2 2 2 5 6 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 7 1 5 9 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 5 6 7 9 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 9 2

4 9 2 4 5

9 21 21 9 21 9 9 2 9 2 9 9 2 2 9 2 9 9 9 9 9 2 9 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 9 9 2 2 9 2 2 2 9 2 9 9 2 9 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

S S W S S S S S E S S S S N W W S N S S N S S S S S S S S S S S S E S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N W S S

SW W byS W halfE W b W N b W S N S b b E b W N E E b S y b E y b E E W y y b y b E b b y W W yS W yS

8 8 9 9 8+ 8.5 9 8 8 1 1 1 9 9 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 1 9 1 1 9 9 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 1 8 8 8 1 1 8

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0 1 0

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?

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4 5 6 1 0 1 1 2 7

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9

1 2 3 23 1 9

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93


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 4 8 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 9 9 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1

0 1 2 0 2 4 7 1 7 9

4 6 7 7 8 0 1 4

9 2 9 2 2 9 9 2 9 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 9 9 2 9 9 2 2 2 2 9 2 9 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 2 2 9 2 2 9 2 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 2 2 9 9 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S S S S S S S E S S W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N S S S S S S S E S E S S N N E N S E S E S E E E S

byW byW byW W SW E S S b b W b S b S S b W W b h E E b W W W b b E W S b W W y y b yS E E yS

yW W yW W W yW yW alfW yW byS byW yE yE W

1 8 9 8 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 8 9 9 8 8 9 9 1 8 1 1 8 8 1 1 8 8 8 8 1 8 1 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 1 9 9 1 8 8 8 1 9 1 8 9 8 8

0

0

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94


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

4 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 3 3 7 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 9 1 1 6 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 6 2 2 2 7 3 5 8 9 1 3 5 1

5 7 8 4 6

0 1 1 5 6 7 1 1 2 6 6 7 8 0 0 1 9 1 0 6 1 1 2 5 6 6 0 4 7 8 1

9 2 9 9 2 2 9 2 9 2 2 2 2 9 2 9 9 2 9 2 9 9 2 2 9 9 2 2 9 9 2 9 9 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

S N S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S S S N S S S S S N E E S S S S W S S S S

b S S W W W b b S S b

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8 8 8 1 8 8 9 8 9 9 9 8 1 8 9 9 8 1 1 8 9 8 1 9 9 1 1 8 8 8 8 9 1 8 1 1 8 9 9 8 1 1 1 8 8 8 9 1 8 9 1 6 1 8 9 9

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1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 7 9 9 9 9 10 11 11

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0 0 0

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95


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

18 3 4 5 5 8 23 30 1 2 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2

1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

S S S S S S E S S S S S W W S W S S S S S W S S S

S b W W W E S W W W b S b S W S

W yW byS byS E byS yW W yN W W

8 9 9 10+ 8 9 9 8 8 1 9 1 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 1 8 1 1 8 0 1

5 1 1 0 8 3 5 5 1 8 9 0 3

SW byW S S W W S E W byW byW W

0 1 1

b) Component 2: 1860 March 26 to 1882 December 31 (miles travelled in 12 hours 300 miles and above). 1860 1860 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 26 2 2 4 6 2 3 6 6 2 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 4 5 0 10 10 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 SW ShalfW S S W S E S S W S S S S S S S S W S S S S W byS SW SE W W SW byE W SE W W W b W W b h b y yS alfS yS S 300.1 308 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 0 1 1 0 6 0 9 3 0 2 0 0 3 7 3 1 4 5 7 5 6 0 6 7 2 0 1 7 7 2 6 9 2 3 9 9 6 3 8 6 2 0 .5 .5

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

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1862

16

22

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317

96


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 2 7 1 2 7 7 2 4 6 2 2 8 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 1 6 2 5 2 2 3 1 1

8 2 3 7 7 8 8 0 1 1 9 3 4 3 7 5 6 8 9 9 5 7 0 0 2 2 3 3 6 6 9 9 0 2 6 6 0 1 9 1 8

2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1

2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0

S S S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S S S W S S S S W W W W S S S W W S S S S S W S S S W W S S S S S S S W W S S S

byE SW h S W W b b b b S W W W W E b b W W alfW E b y y y yS S W E

yW W

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3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 0 4 4 1 6 0 9 0 3 2 2 0 4 4 0 0 2 1 6 3 2 2 6 2 2 3 3 5 0 2 3 4 5 2 3 2 7 4 0 5 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 6 0 4 7 0 8

0 4 3 7 1 9 0 7 6 9 8 1 4 8 6 2 5 6 2 9 4 0 2 6 6 8 5 9 8 3 0 7 2 8 7 3 6 8 8 1 0 1 5 2 1 4 5 6 1 9 2 2 7 9 5 1

. . . . .

3 0 7 4 4

.2 .5 .2 .2 .5 .5 .5 .9

.5 .5 .8 .5 .2 .3 .5

0 0 1 2

byW

97


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 5 6 7 7 8 11 16 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 9 2 3 1 9 1 1 1 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 8 1 1 4 5 6 2 5 2 1 1 7 7 1 1 1 7 2 3 3 4 4 5 3 4 4 9 9 0 1 1 9 9 0 1 1 4 5 9 0 1

2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2

2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 9 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 2

S S S S S W W W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S E E S S S S S S S S S S N W S W W W W W S S S S W W S S

W W W W W byN SW SW S W W W W W W W W W W E W E byS byW byW byW

3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3

7 8 2 1 8 9 7 0 4 3 0 4 0 0 4 2 2 0 7 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 5 1 1 0 0 4 6 8 1 6 4 4 7 2 5 0 1 0 3 6 0 9 5 1 1 4 0 2

3 6 4 9 3 8 9 9 0 7 6.4 2 6 2 5 0 5 0 0 0 6 1 0 8 0 1 7 5 2 5 6 3 5 1 2 6 9 5 5 0 2 3 4 5 7 6 5 0 6 8 4 1 6 6

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 9 11 11 12 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 1

halfE

WbyS W

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byW byw byW E byW WbyS W b S S b b S S E S W

4 5

yS W W yS yS W W byS W byS

3 3 6 6 8 8

1 2 2 2

halfN SW W

98


1866 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

12 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 12 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

26 1 1 2 9 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 5 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 4 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 7 1 1 2 0 4 6 3 0 9 5 6 4 4 6 7 8 8 4 0 1 1 6 0 2 3 3 6 0 2 9 0

22 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 2

WbyS S N W W W W S W S S S S S S S S S S S W S S W S W S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S S W SW E SW halfN byN EbyE SW W W W b W W W S W S W b b W b W W W W S W E S h W S b h b ySE byW W W yW yS yS

311 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 1 5 2 0 0 6 6 7 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 3 8 4 3 9 9 1 8 2 4 2 8 0 4 3 0 3 4 3 1 4 0 1 9 0 2 4 5 3 1 8 3 6 0 5 9 3 0 3 5 4 1 6 7 0 7 5 5 2 1 5 1 1 3 7 4 5 6 0 1 2 4 3 1 9 9 2 0 1 6 6 5 5 1 1 6 5 5 1 2 7 9 9 2 7 2 4 3 8 9 1

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

byW W E alfE b W y a y yS W lfW E

0 0 4 4 0 9 9 0 0 3 7 5

halfS E h W W E S W W S alfW halfS W byS byW W

99


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2

2 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 6 1 1 2 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 6 7 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 9 2 6 6 2 6

7 0 3 3 9 0 0 0 4 4 8 2 8 6 6

1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1

0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 0

W N S W S S S S S N N S S S W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N S S S W

byN W W SW SW W E EbyE NE E SW SW E byW WbyS SW S b S S E yE W W

3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3

0 3 4 2 4 9 3 6 2 4 0 0 0 3 2 0 9 6 0 0 1 2 2 5 3 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 8 1 2 0 3 7 0 5 1 1 2 0 6 2 0 1 0 1 2 6 0 0

5 7 0 8 5 3 0 7 1 0 2 6 5 8 1 4 7 4 6 8 0 3 3 1 6 1 6 3 2 2 3 1 5 7 8 5 6 8 4 3 2 8 6 0 8 0 4 2 6 1 0 4 6 0

1 2 2 2 2 3 5 9 10 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 1 1 1

0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

1 2 1 8 8 9 0 0 1 8 8 0 1

WbyS EbyE byE byE byE E byS WbyW

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7 8 0 0 1

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100


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

1 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 3 3 3 6 6 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 5 8 1 1 1 2 2 3 2

3 4 7 0

2 3 8 8 8 9 6 1 9 0 0

2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1

2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 2 0

S S S S S S S S S S S S S S E E W W W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S S S W S W S S S S S S S S S S S W S

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3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3

0 5 1 1 3 2 8 6 6 0 1 2 4 7 1 2 0 3 7 2 7 0 9 5 0 4 1 1 4 6 1 2 1 6 5 6 0 5 8 0 0 5 5 6 5 2 0 0 0 3 1 4 2 6 3

8 7 1 7 0 2 2 7 4 0 0 9 9 0 2 5 3 6 9 7 4 5 9 6 6 6 3 4 5 4 7 7 4 0 2 2 0 4 0 4 0 9 5 1 3 0 2 0 0 1 6 9 4 0 6

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 10

5 8 1 1 4 5 5 6 6 8 7 7

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SE byS W byW SE E S S b b E E S W W S S E

3 1

5 5 9 0 7 6

W W y y b b W

W E yS yS

byW W W

101


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1

1 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 3 4 1 2 2 7 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 2 6 1 3 3 7 1 4 4 5 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 4 1 9 2 3 4 3 6 8 3 0 5 5 6 4 1 4 1 0 3 1 1 7

1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

0 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2

S S W S S S S S S W W S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S S W S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S S

E W SW WbyW byw W W W byS SE SE W S b W E E E W W W W W byN E WbyS E E W W W S b W b W y b b yS N yS yS

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

0 8 0 7 5 4 2 0 2 0 8 1 7 9 1 4 2 0 5 3 0 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 3 3 2 2 0 3 8 4 3 2 8 3 2 8 1 2 6 0 6 1 7 1 7 5

1 2 0 2 7 5 0 5 7 3 8 2 4 1 4 5 5 1 8 1 5 6 5 2 0 5 8 7 4 4 0 2 3 2 4 4 6 2 9 6 7 0 8 0 4 1 6 3 4 2 1 9

1 1 1 3 3 3 11 12 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1

byE byS byS

0 1 1 2 2

1 3 4 12 12 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 12 12 12 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4

8 0 6 7 7 8 0 3 4 5 8 8

b b b E y

yS yS yS W

WbyW W b W W S W S W S y b b E b E W W yS yW yS

SW

102


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3

1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 7 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 6 2

1 6 6 8 8 3 6 6 9 0 1 2 2 4 6 7 0 4

1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1

0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0

S S S S S S S E S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W S S W S S S

W W S S W S E S b b W W W W S W W b W

byW byS W W E byS E yW yW

3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3

1 5 5 6 6 5 1 1 4 4 0 7 2 0 9 2 6 5 3 9 6 8 4 5 4 2 5 5 0

2 0 8 2 1 9 7 6 4 4 5 3 8 5 9 7 9 5 9 5 8 5 2 6 1 9 9 1 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

byW byS W byW yE byW

6 14 15 13 7 8 9

byS SW byS WbyS WbyS W

Component 3: 1883 January 1 to December 31. 1883 No gales recorded Component 4: 1884 January 1 to 1919 December 31 (modified Beaufort scale using knots where a gale = force 6 or 34 knots. 1884 1884 1884 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 11 12 12 1 1 2 2 3 12 12 1 4 5 11 5 7 31 1 2 8 2 1 3 2 8 1 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 21 9 9 9 21 9 SW SSW SSE S S S S S S S S W W S W S S E E W W 6* 6* 6* 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 7 7 * * * * * * * * * * *

3 2 17 3

SW SSW SW S

103


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8

1 1 1 2 2 11 1 11 11 11 5 1 1 1 1 3 11 1 9 1 1 1 1 1

3 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 9 1 2

7 9 3 6 5 6 2 6

9 9 9 9 9 9 21 9 9 9 9

S S S S S S S S S S

W SW SW W W W W W

6 6 6 7 7 6 7 8 6 6

* * * * * * * * * *

1889 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

SSE S S S S S S S S S S S W S SE SE W E E W S E E S S S W W W W

6* 6 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * *

7 8 5 4 4 1 8 0 8

21 21 21 9 9 9 9 9 2 9 2 2 2

0 1 2 2 2

1 1 1 1

1892 1892 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2 11 2 7 12 12 2 2 3 1 1 1 1

1 28 10 21 8 15 6 7 1 1 1 2 2

9 21 9 9 9 9 9 9 21 21 9 21 9 21 21 21 21 21 9 21 9 9

SSW SW W S S S S S S S S S W NW SW W SW W W S S S S N

7* 6* 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 * * * * * * * * * * *

2 2 2 2

0 2 3 1 2

W W W W W

1895 1895 1896 1896 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7

11 11 8 10 2 2 2 2 12

5 10 29 8 2 2 2 2 7 0 5 5 6

SSW S S SSW W S S S S W W SW SW

6* 6* 6* 6* 6 6 6 6 6 * * * * *

104


1897 1897 1897 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0

12 12 12 1 1 4 4 11 12 12 1 1 2 3 11 12 12 1 1 12 12 12 1 1 2 11 12 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 8 1 2 5 12 12 4 4 12 12 1 2

26 29 30 1 1 8 1 2 1 2 1 1 9 2 7 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 9 0 7 2 9 8 1 6 9 6 0 1 0

9 9 9 9 9 21 9 9 21 9 9 2 2 2 9 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

S SSW SSW S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S E W W E W W W W W W W W E E

6* 6* 6* 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 8 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

9 9 21 21 21 9 21 9 21 9 9 9 9 9 9 21 9 21 9 9 9 21 21 21 21 21 9 21 9

SW SW SW W W

1901 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

13 1 1 2 2 2 3 6 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 3 9 6 7 5 5 0 0 9 6 0 0 8 3 6 9 2 3 8 1

SE SW S SSE SW S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S W W W SW E W W SW SW SE W W SE SE SE E

6* 6 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

1906 1908

14 22

SSW SW

6* 6*

105


1908 1910 1911 1911 1911 1912 1915 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

12 1 2 4 11 11 2 1 3 11 11 12 1 2 2 2 2 2 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

28 9 28 19 5 26 3 2 6 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 5 6 9 1 3 3 2 7 1 3 4 7 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 8 1 1 6 4 0 6 0 6 8 1 6 2 2

21 9 9 9 9 9 21 21 21 9 21 9 2 9 9 9 2 9 9 9 2 2 9 2 2 9 9 9 2 9 2 9 2 2 9 9 2 9 2 9 9 2 9 2 9 2 9 9 9 2 1

SSE SSW SSW SSE SW S S ESE E WSW SSW N S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S N S S N N S S S SE SE W W SW SW SW W SW SE SE SE W SE W SW SW SW SW SW W W W W W SW W E

6*-7* 6* 6* 6* 5*-6* 6* 6* 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *-7* *-6* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 6 7 6 7 * * * *

1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1

3 0 1 0 0 7 9 6 6 3 0 6 7 0 1 7 8 2 4

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 12 12

-7*

1

-6* -6* -8*

106


1919 1919

12 12

18 18

9 21

SW W

5*-6* 5*-6*

Component 5: 1920 January 1 to 1958 December 31 (standard Beaufort scale where a gale = force 8 or 39 mph). 1920 1920 1920 1921 1921 1922 1923 1923 1924 1924 1924 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 3 12 2 2 12 12 12 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 12 11 12 12 1 1 1 1 12 12 1 6 12 25 27 31 21 15 25 5 7 4 26 29 1 2 2 13 22 24 27 28 6 1 2 2 2 5 1 3 5 21 9 21 21 9 9 21 9 9 21 21 9 9 21 21 21 9 21.30 9.30 9 9 9 9 2 . . . . 1 3 3 3 3 . 0 0 0 0 30 S SE SW SW S SW S S SE S SSW S S SW S SE ESE S S W S S S SSW S SW E S WSW S S S SSW SE W S 8 10 7-8 8 8-9 9 7-8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9

1927 1927 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8

1929 1929 1929 1930 1932 1932 1933 1936 1936 1937 1938 1940

11 11 24 7 13 14 2 17 19 24 27 16

9.30 21.30 21.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9.30 9 21 9 9 9

107


1941 1941 1942 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3

11 11 12 2 4 9 10 11 2 11 12 1 1 3 4 4 2 2 12 2 4 9 9 9 2 4 4 1 1 1 1

22 26 15 5 25 4 5 4 24 17 1 2 8 25 5 23 1 8 19 1 8 1 1 1 4 3 1 4 1 2 2 7 6 6 7

9 21 9 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

SE SSW S'E W S S W S S ' S W W SE W

8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8

1944 1945 1946 1946 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 7 7 7

21 21 21 21 2 9 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

SW SSW WNW W S ESE S SW W SSW W W SW WSW S S SW E s S S S S S S S S W 'S w W E W SE W SW W NW

1948 1948 1949 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

21 21 21 21 10 9 21 9 1 2 1 2 2 2 9 0 1 0 1 1 1

2 4 6 7

1 1 2 2

1 10 10 11 4 9 10 11 11 1 11 12

14 28 28 6 11 2 26 1 6 15 29 1

21 9 21 21 9 9 21 21 21 21 21 21

S SW S NW SW W E SSW

1954 1954 1954

108


1954 1955 1955 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

12 11 12 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 9 1 1 1 1

22 2 28 1 2 8 1 1 1 3 5 2 7 2 3 1 1 8 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 8 2 4 4

21 9 9 21 9 9 9 9 21 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

W SE WSW W S S W S S S E W S S S S S W S S S E S S S S SW SW SW W S S S S S S S S W E W W W W E W

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1 2 2 2

4 7 1 8 9 5 7 0 7 4 8 9 1

0 0 1 2

1 1 1 2 3 9 9 12 12

SE SE W SE SE SE

Component 6: 1959 January 1 to 1999 December 31 (standard Beaufort scale where a gale = 37 knots which is the mid-point of Beaufort Force 8 when using knots). 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 8 8 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 2 8 2 4 4 6 7 7 9 2 9 2 2 9 2 2 9 9 9 9 9 21 9 21 9 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 6 8 0 4 4 4 3 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

0 0 0 1 2

1960 1960 1960 1961 1962 1962 1962 1963 1963

4 6 11 1 9 9 12 2 12

2 12 2 27 29 30 15 6 24

14 23 25 20 16 18 29 11 18

37 37 37 37 37 37 44 37 37

109


1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

4 4 4 4 4 4 4

3 3 5 9 10 12 12 1 2 9 11 1 1 11 12 12 12 1 1 1 3 10 1 1 11 11 12 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

1 1 7 2 6 8 1

7 9 4 1

9 9 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1

1 9 2 1 1 2 1

4 3 8 8 3 8

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

7 7 7 7 7 7 7

1965 1967 1969 1970 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 4 4 4 4 4

13 28 28 3 3 1 1 1 2 0 4 7 8

21 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

27 18 20 20 1 1 2 2 2 8 4 3 5 3

44 37 37 37 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7

1975 1976 1976 1977 1977 1977 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

30 29 30 21 10 30 3 29 14 15 7 27 25 3 4 17 1 10 14 31 3 1 2 1 2 7 0 3 6

23 14 14 18 14 16 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 9 4 3 8 4 3 3 3 8 5 6 3 6 5 7 9 5 6 4

37 37 37 37 37 37 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 7 7

1 1 11 12 12 1 2

1982 1982

29 3

27 14

37 37

110


1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 5 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1 2

4 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2

2 3 1 6 7 6 2 0

9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2

6 8 0 4 0 4 4 0 6 3

3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

7 4 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

1983 1983 1984 1984 1985 1985 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8

2 10 11 11 8 12 1 3 5 11 11 11 1 1 2 2 7 11 12 2 2 2 2 12 12 1 1 1 1 3 11 2 11 1 3

1 18 27 30 31 3 1 2 2 9 1 2 4 0 7 0 2

27 23 20 14 18 23 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 7 7 3 8 0 8 8 8 8 3 3

37 37 37 37 37 44 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 7 2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 4 4

12 19 1 9 25 2 24 4 5 2 2 2 2

1989 1989 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

20 18 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 8 8 3 3 8 8 8 8 6 0 8

37 37 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 4 3 3 4 4 7 7 7 4 7 2 7 4 7 7

2 7 6 8

1 5 7 18 19 12 22 23 16 30

1992 1992 1993 1993

18 20 23 18

37 37 37 37

111


Appendix 6 Annual Gales from Instrumental/Observational Record at Armagh Observatory 1844-2002. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 Instrumental/ Hourly Observational 24 37 36 43 34 42 36 30 34 19 36 18 18 28 46 38 2 17 3 18 3 26 3 27 3 13 3 12 3 16 3 9 3 25 3 15 3 8 3 17 3 18 3 14 3 0 15 3 0 16 3 0 8 3 0 12 3 0 4 3 0 8 3 1 12 3 1 15 3 0 7 0 18 3 7
1

112


Appendix 6 Continued. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 Instrumental/ Hourly Observational 4 6 4 1 6 7 2 4 7 2 2 7 7 7 5 1 4 8 5 4 1 0 2 0 1 3 1 0 0 1 0 5 24 14 3 2 1 2 3 5
1

113


Appendix 6 Continued. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Instrumental/ Hourly Observational 0 2 5 3 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 5 2 1 4 7 3 4 4 2 9 5 17 8 14 9 13 6 10 3 10 1 9 3 7 2 10 7 5 1 5 0 3 1
1

114


Appendix 6 Continued. Year 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 N 1 2 3 ot M A s 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 Instrumental/ Hourly Observational 4 0 4 1 4 1 1 0 3 0 2 0 24 5 10 1 14 2 17 3 18 5 19 5 13 4 18 5 36 12 20 2 17 2 8 2 14 6 4 0 7 5 11 2 16 6 15 6 5 2 6 2 5 0 3 0 6 0 3 0 3 0 5 0 0 2 2
1

es ost hourly data has yet to be looked at mixture of components 1 and 2 see above ee component 2 above

115


Appendix 7 Monthly Distribution Of Days With Gales from Instrumental/Observational Record at Armagh Observatory 1844-2000. Year 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 3 2 4 0 0 2 1 4 0 5 4 0 6 0 7 4 2 3 4 2 2 5 0 4 5 2 0 0 3 11 2 1 0 0 3 7 7 3 2 3 0 3 3 4 2 1 0 2 0 11 4 2 2 1 1 1 12 5 1 1 2 1 0 5 1 1 0 2 0 0 12 5 6 0 1 1 0 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 0 5 2 2 1 2 0 4 5 5 1 1 0 0 11 6 3 8 3 0 0 7 3 7 5 1 0 1 4 5 6 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 6 3 1 1 1 1 1 7 4 3 2 0 0 0 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 0 7 5 2 0 1 0 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 6 1 0 0 0 7 3 0 1 0 0 0 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 5 1 4 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 3 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Components 1 1 5 4 1 24 Component 1 1 1 6 3 7 37 0 0 6 6 0 36 1 3 4 10 9 43 2 0 1 4 7 34 3 1 6 2 5 42 0 3 3 6 12 36 0 0 2 0 6 30 0 0 0 5 7 34 0 3 4 3 0 19 0 0 1 2 8 36 0 0 2 0 5 18 1 1 1 0 3 18 0 0 1 0 11 28 0 0 3 1 11 46 0 4 1 3 6 38 0 0 2 0 0 17 Component 2 0 1 2 5 2 18 begins 2 0 2 1 7 26 1/10/1860 0 0 2 1 8 27 0 1 0 2 1 13 0 0 0 2 7 12 0 0 0 1 3 16 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 0 0 4 6 25 0 0 0 0 4 15 0 1 1 0 0 8 0 0 1 3 3 17 0 0 0 2 5 18 0 0 0 1 4 14 0 0 1 0 0 15 0 0 1 1 4 16 0 0 0 1 1 8 0 0 1 2 2 12 0 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 0 2 0 12 0 0 0 10 2 15 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 Component 3

116


Appendix 7 Continued. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 1884 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1885 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1886 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1887 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1888 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1889 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1890 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 1891 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1892 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1893 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1894 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1897 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1898 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1899 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1900 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1901 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1902 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1903 2 4 1 0 0 0 0 1904 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1905 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1906 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1908 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1910 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1911 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1912 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1913 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1914 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1915 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1916 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1917 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1918 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 1919 2 0 4 4 0 1 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Components 0 0 0 1 2 3 Component 4 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 0 1 1 1 3 7 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 4 7 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 7 0 0 0 1 2 7 0 0 0 1 2 7 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 1 1 7 4 5 24 0 0 0 0 3 14

117


Appendix 7 Continued. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 1920 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1921 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1922 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1923 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1924 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1925 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1926 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1927 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1928 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1929 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1930 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1931 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1932 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1933 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1934 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1935 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1936 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1937 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1938 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1939 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1940 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1941 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1942 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1943 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1944 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1945 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1946 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1947 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 1948 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1949 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1951 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 1952 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1953 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1954 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1955 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1956 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1957 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1958 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Components 0 0 0 0 0 3 Component 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 2 7 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 1 1 2 0 5 0 0 0 1 2 4 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 2 5 1 1 2 1 1 8 0 2 0 0 2 9

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Appendix 7 Continued. Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Components 1959 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 6 Component 6 1960 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 1961 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 1963 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1964 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 7 1965 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1967 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1974 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1976 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1977 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1978 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 5 1979 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 1980 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 4 1981 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 5 1982 1 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 12 1983 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1984 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1985 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1986 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 6 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1988 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 1989 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1990 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 1991 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 6 1992 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1993 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1996 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1998 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 257 173 118 74 32 22 14 17 34 81 142 245 1210

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Appendix 8 Seasonal Distribution Of Days With Gales from Instrumental/Observational Record at Armagh Observatory 1844-2000. Year Winter Spring Su 1844 4 1845 5 9 1846 18 9 1847 5 11 1848 23 3 1849 21 8 1850 12 3 1851 27 5 1852 23 4 1853 13 3 1854 17 7 1855 12 6 1856 10 5 1857 12 7 1858 28 14 1859 21 13 1860 15 6 mmer Autumn Components 4 10 Component 1 7 10 4 12 1 17 5 5 6 9 2 12 2 2 1 5 0 10 1 3 1 2 3 2 0 1 0 4 1 8 0 mmer Autumn Components Component 2 0 8 begins 4 3 1/10/1860 0 3 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 10 0 0

Year Winter Spring Su 1860 1861 5 3 1862 11 3 1863 18 5 1864 14 3 1865 3 1 1866 16 3 1867 4 6 1868 14 3 1869 17 0 1870 8 2 1871 3 7 1872 13 1 1873 13 1 1874 13 5 1875 9 1 1876 7 3 1877 6 2 1878 3 2 1879 3 4 1880 9 3 1881 2 1 1882 6 3

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Appendix 8 Continued. Year Winter Spring Summer Autumn Components 1883 0 0 0 Component 3 Year Winter Spring Su 1884 0 1885 6 1 1886 3 2 1887 5 0 1888 1 0 1889 0 1 1890 4 1 1891 1 0 1892 4 0 1893 1 0 1894 4 1 1895 4 0 1896 0 0 1897 3 0 1898 6 2 1899 5 1 1900 4 0 1901 4 0 1902 2 0 1903 7 1 1904 2 1 1905 2 2 1906 3 0 1907 0 0 1908 1 0 1909 1 0 1910 1 0 1911 1 1 1912 0 0 1913 0 0 1914 0 0 1915 1 0 1916 0 0 1917 1 1 1918 7 0 1919 7 8 mmer Autumn Components 0 1 Component 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 12 1 0

121


Appendix 8 Continued. Year Winter Spring Su 1920 0 1921 1 1 1922 0 0 1923 2 0 1924 0 0 1925 8 0 1926 0 0 1927 2 0 1928 3 0 1929 1 0 1930 3 0 1931 0 0 1932 2 0 1933 1 0 1934 0 0 1935 0 0 1936 0 0 1937 3 0 1938 0 0 1939 0 0 1940 0 0 1941 1 0 1942 0 0 1943 2 1 1944 0 0 1945 1 0 1946 0 0 1947 3 3 1948 2 0 1949 0 0 1950 2 1 1951 1 2 1952 3 0 1953 0 1 1954 1 0 1955 2 0 1956 1 1 1957 4 0 1958 5 1 mmer Autumn Components 0 0 Component 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 2 1 4 0 2

122


Appendix 8 Continued. Year Winter Spring Su 1959 1 1960 1 1 1961 1 0 1962 0 0 1963 2 0 1964 1 3 1965 3 0 1966 0 0 1967 1 0 1968 0 0 1969 0 0 1970 0 0 1971 0 0 1972 0 0 1973 0 0 1974 2 0 1975 2 0 1976 3 0 1977 1 1 1978 2 0 1979 2 0 1980 3 0 1981 5 0 1982 8 1 1983 2 0 1984 0 0 1985 0 0 1986 2 2 1987 0 0 1988 4 0 1989 0 0 1990 5 0 1991 6 1 1992 1 0 1993 1 1 1994 0 0 1995 0 0 1996 0 0 1997 0 0 1998 0 0 1999 0 0 2000 0 0 mmer Autumn Components 1 3 Component 6 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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