11. Use of arrays and array sections

An array is defined to have a shape given by its number of dimensions (called "rank") and the extent for each one of these. Two arrays agree if they have the same shape. Operations are normally done element for element. Please note that the rank of an array is the number of dimensions and has nothing to do with the mathematical rank of a matrix!

In the following simple example I show how you can assign matrices with simple statements like B = A, how you can use the intrinsic matrix multiplication MATMUL and the addition SUM and how you can use the array sections (in the example below I use array sections who are vectors).

PROGRAM ARRAY_EXAMPLE

       IMPLICIT NONE

       INTEGER                    :: I, J

       REAL, DIMENSION (4,4)      :: A, B, C, D, E

       DO I = 1, 4                ! calculate a test matrix

               DO J = 1, 4

                      A(I, J) = (I-1.2)**J

               END DO

       END DO



       B = A*A          ! element for element multiplication

       CALL PRINTF(A,4) ;  CALL PRINTF(B,4)

       C = MATMUL(A, B) ! internal matrix multiplication

       DO I = 1, 4      ! explicit matrix multiplication

               DO J = 1, 4

                       D(I, J) = SUM( A(I,:)*B(:,J)  )

               END DO

       END DO

       CALL PRINTF(C,4) ;  CALL PRINTF(D,4)

       E = C - D        ! comparison of the two methods

       CALL PRINTF(E,4)

CONTAINS

       SUBROUTINE PRINTF(A, N) ! print an array

       IMPLICIT NONE

       INTEGER                     :: N, I

       REAL, DIMENSION (N, N)      :: A

       DO I = 1, N

              WRITE(*,' (4E15.6)')  A(I,:)

       END DO

       WRITE(*,*)       ! write the blank line

       END SUBROUTINE PRINTF

END PROGRAM ARRAY_EXAMPLE

Fortran 90 has much larger possibilities than Fortran 77 to permit dynamic memory allocation, which in Fortran 77 only could be done when a sufficient storage area had been allocated in the calling program unit, and both the array name and the required dimension(s) have to be included as parameters in the call of the subprogram. This is the concept adjustable array. A very simple case is the one with the last dimension, which can be given simply with a *, assumed-size array.

Now we also have the possibilities allocatable array, automatic array, and assumed-shape array. Dynamic allocation using pointers is discussed in a section of the next chapter. An overview is given in Appendix 3 (section 10), and see also Appendix 9 (explanation of certain terms).

Exercise