Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://star.arm.ac.uk/FOI/A_Tour_of_Armagh_Observatory.pdf Дата изменения: Tue Dec 9 12:49:20 2014 Дата индексирования: Sun Apr 10 01:47:58 2016 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: galaxy cluster

b y mechanical flexure of the telescope and mounting, as w e ll as those caused by c hanges in temperatu r e. Th e third director, Romne y Ro b i nson later said that useful measurements could nevertheless be obtained b y appl y i ng cer t ain correction formulae of his to them. The telesco pe had be en damaged du ring manufactu re as a result of the sulphurous air of London condensing on it. The acid ca used pitting to occur in th e brass wo rk. Sometime in the middle of the 19th centur y, Dr Robins on painted the entire telescope and structur e to preve n t further d e teri oration of t he metal. This paint w a s rem o ved in the mid-1 980s, and the instrument cleaned and lacquered. No doubt Dr Troughton Equatorial Robinson's a c tion saved t h e Telescope telescope. In Ma y 183 8, Dr Robinson emplo y ed t h e telescope to calculate the longitude difference bet w e en Armag h and Dublin. To make this measurement, a signal had to be observed simultaneously at Armagh an d Dublin. Ho wever, there is no point on t he groun d visible from both cities, the highest mountain, namel y Slieve G u llion , is not high enough. So, D r Robinson arr anged fo r a p a rt y to t r avel to the summit of Slieve Gu llion, instructing his son to camp there fo r about 10 da y s and to fire a series of rockets at five -minute inte rvals each night commencing at 10pm. It is recorded that several inches of sno w fel l and a strong NW w i nd was blow ing. Dr Ro binson and his colleagues observed the ro cket flares at Armagh, while at Dunsink Ob servator y near Dublin, Dr W illiam Ro w a n Hamilton and his assistant made the complementar y observations. By this method, the y computed an accurate longitude differenc e, proving that Armagh is 50 cm further w e st of Dublin t han the previously accepte d value. Dr James and Mrs Hamilton had two daughters, Jane and Harriet, and t w o w a r d s, Catherine and Juliana Tisdall. The girls used to enter tain their bo yfriends in the Trought on d o me. The y called this part of the Observator y ` heaven ', beca u se ` it was a pleasant place where you on ly m e t those who m you loved and thos e who m you wi shed to m eet '. In Aleaxand er Hamilton's diar y for 17 98, we read that ` Lord Caulfield and Alexander Ham ilton (son of Dean Ha m ilton who built the Deanery), as they were lea v ing the Obs e rvatory afte r supper with the ladies, f ound the lodge gates locked and had to clim b t hem ­ Caulfie l d (fro m pr actice) got over without difficu lty but Ham ilt on found the first attem p t difficult and at the second at tem p t tore his breeches '. Posit i onal Astronomy The w o rk of the astrono mer at the t i me w hen t h e Observator y w a s built w a s t o calculate the positions of the stars for navigational p u rposes. This w a s done b y setting up a telescope in the north-south li ne and w h ich could be adj usted onl y in elevation. T he telescope

pointed south and the time recorded whe n a particular star crossed a w i re in the e y epiece. This gave the star's longitude, or r i ght ascension as astrono me rs refe r to it. The telescope w a s suppor t ed on an axi s w h ich w a s connected to a large circular scale marked out in degrees. The star's latitude (declination) was read fr om this circle. Dr Robinso n and his assistants m easured the positions of o v er 5,300 stars by this method bet w een 1828 and 185 4. The results w e r e published in 1859 in a catalogue commonl y refer r ed to as the ` A rm a gh Catalogue ' . During the c ourse of obs ervations one November night in 184 6, he noticed a ` deviation in az im u t h ' , as he termed it, w h ich he cor r e cted for. Dr Robinson w a s unsure w hat h ad caused it, he assumed it ma y have bee n the shock of an ea rthquak e or a violent storm off the coast of Engla nd. Three da y s later in the ne w s papers a n earthquake w a s rep o rted i n France and Scotland ! R obinson D o me When Dr Dre y er succeeded Dr Robinson a s Director, he w i shed to e r ect a m e m o ri al to his distinguished predecessor. He ultimately d e cided on a 10-inch refracting tele scope. ё100 w a s collected in a fu nd which he set up. Th is w a s sufficie n t to construct the building and the Gover n ment contrib u ted ё1000 to purchase the telescope. The refractor w a s made by the Dublin firm of Grub b and the first observations w e re mad e in 1885. Dr Dre y er used the t e lescope to confir m his galaxy observations for his ` N ew General Catalog ue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars ' ( N GC) . Most bright galaxies, star clusters, and the large lumi nous clouds of gas w h ich permeate the Milky Wa y gal axy, kno w n as nebulae, have NG C numbe rs. Astronome r s still today , world-w i de, refer to Dre y er's numberin g s y stem wh en describing these objects, even though it is now over 100 y ears old. In the earl y p a rt of the t w e n tieth centur y, the telescope w a s used by Mer v y n Ellison, w h o later became Dir e ctor of Dunsink Ob servator y , for double-star m easurements. Double stars are stars w h ich are in orbit around eac h other.

observations of the planets Jupiter and Saturn, and s o on. The BBC television programme, `The Sky at Night ' has been h o sted b y Patrick Moore since 1957. His studies of the Moon's surfa c e w e re of mu ch use to the American astronauts who landed on our n a tural satellite in the late 196 0s and earl y 1 970s. While much of the Obs e rvator y ' s obs ervations are no w mad e fr o m spacecraft, or fr om r e mot e mountain-t o p observatories around the w o rld, the Grubb telescope is still in occa sional use. During three p ublic view ing nights in Marc h 1997, for in stance, almost t w o hu ndred people w a tche d Comet Hale - B opp w i th it. C a lve r Te le scope The Calver tel e scope w a s or iginally made f o r an English astronomer C o lonel G.L. T upman b y Ge orge Calver in 1883. It eventually came into the possession of Revd William Elliso n w ho present ed it to the O b servator y in 1919. Around 1950 this tele scope w a s converted into a w i de -field 12/18-inch Schmidt camera. Durin g the course of the last fe w y e a r s the tel e scope has been converted back to its original design.

A Tour of Armagh Observatory
The A r magh Observator y w a s founded and endo wed b y Archbishop Richard Robinson, w h o w i shed to establish a University of Ulster in Armagh. Previous attempts had been made to set up a university b y A r chbishop Do w dall in 1558, Que en Elizabeth in 1583, and the Earl of T y rone in 159 9, but all w i thout success. It is believed that the Pu blic Librar y an d Observator y w e r e t w o stages in the develo p ment of the universit y , a nd Robinso n bequeathed ё 5000 for the w o rk to be continued. It w a s stipulated that the mone y sh ould be used w i thin 5 yea r s after his death, but political even ts in the interim period, including the 1798 reb e llion and the subsequent Act of Union, diverted the attention of government, and Robinso n 's plans w e re neve r re alised. Richard Robinson w a s born in 1708 into a high society Y o r kshir e family . He w a s ed ucated at Westminster School and Christ Chu r ch, Oxfo rd. In 1751/52 h e came to Ireland as Chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant of Dublin, the Duke of Richard Robinson Dorset. In 17 52, he w a s consecrated Anglican Bishop of Killa la and Achonry . He moved diocese, first to th e See of Ferns and Leighlin in 1759, and then to Kildare in 1 761, and w a s elevated to th e Archbishopric of Armagh in 1765. Know n as t he second founder of Armag h , Archbishop Robinson initiated man y bu ilding projects in the cit y , including the Palace (now t he Armagh City a nd District Council O ffices); the Pu blic Library ; the Military Barracks, and the Count y Infirma r y . He laid th e foundation sto ne of the ne w site of the R o y a l School, provided the site for the prison, and made the To wn Commons, a racecourse, into public w a lk-w a y s (no w the Mall). In 1789, at more than 80 year s of age, h e commenced the construction of Armagh Observator y. This w a s to b e his last completed building in Armagh. A r chitectur e and Groun d s Primate Robi nson built the Observat o r y f r om his personal finan ces. The Act of Parliament establishing the Observato r y `for eve r ' is dated 1791. The architec t

18-inch Calver Reflector c.2005

The Modern Observator y Dr Mart de Gr oot, an expe rt in stellar astroph y s ics, w a s Director from 1976 to 1994. He was followed in 1995 by Professor M a rk Baile y , w h ose principal research interests lie in solar sy stem astronom y and the d y namics of bodies such as comets an d asteroids. T here are no w some 20­25 astronomers stud y i ng a wide range of topics includin g the p h y sics of hot and cool stars, the Sun, the solar s y stem, and solar-s y s tem -- terr estrial relationships. The Obse rvator y is one of the UK an d Ireland's leading astronomical re search institutes. Basic operational costs are bor ne b y the D epartment of Culture, A r ts and Leisure , w h ile the Science and Technolog y Facilities Council supports indiv i dual res earc h p r oj e c ts . For f u rt h e r informa t ion, contact the Director, A r m agh O b servat ory , College Hill, Armagh, BT61 9DG, N o rthern Ir elan d, or visit th e Observator y website: http://star.a r m.ac.uk/ and http:// climate.arm.ac.uk/. John McFarlan d Armagh Obser v ator y College Hill, A r magh November 20 1 4

10-inch Grubb Refractor c.2005 B y measuring their separat i ons and orie ntation, their combined masses can be cal c ulated using Ne w t on's La w of Gravitation. So, w e can actually ` w eigh' stars here on Earth -- we can't touch them, but w e can weigh them ! During t he 1960s, Patrick Moore, the fir s t Director o f the Armagh Planetarium, us ed the instrument for making


w a s F r ancis Johnston, bor n in 1760 at Kilmore, Co. Armagh, son of an Arm agh builder. Archbishop Robinson trained him under hi s personal architect, Thomas Coole y of Dublin. Johnston succeeded Coole y at the latter's death in 178 4 and he became kno w n as the ` W ren o f Ireland ' b e cause he designed and renovated a n u mber of publ ic buildings a nd churches, among the m the interior of the A r chbishop's Chapel, beside the Pa lace, the to wer of the Arm agh Anglican Cathedral, an d the Armagh Courthouse. In Dublin, he modified the Parliament House, and designed the Gene ral Post Office, as well as the no w de molished Nelson's Pillar.

Armagh Observatory c.2005 The main block of the Observato r y was, for t w o hundred y e ars , the residenc e of the Ast r o nomer an d his family . Th e exterio r is a plain classica l design, w i t h several false w i ndo w s providing the requir ed s y mmetr y. The m a in f eature of John ston's w o rk was the interio r joiner y decor a t ion. The sou t h side of the residence is dominated b y t he telescope tower. To the eas t of the main building vario u s extensions w e re added a t different per iods. In order eastw a r ds, the y a r e: a tra n sit room, a meridian room , and a roun d telescope tower w i th a domed roof built in 1827. A square (Secto r) To wer a bove the eastern section of the transit room was added in 1841. When built, the transit and meridian rooms w e re t he main obse r ving rooms, w h ere the ast r onomers mea s ured the pos itions of the stars. The Sector To w e r w a s built b y Archbishop Beresford to h ouse some of the instruments from King George III's observatory a t Richmond, Surre y, which Queen Victoria presente d t o Armagh Ob servator y in 1840. On top of the square tower, ther e is a version of the world-fam ous Cup-anem ometer ( w ind gauge) w h ic h w a s invented at Armagh Ob servator y in th e 1840s b y its third Astronom er, R e vd D r R o mne y Robins on. The 182 7 dome housed in turn a r e flecting tele scope by Sir William Herschel, a Grubb 15-in ch reflect o r, and finally a 6- inch r e fractor by Rev d William E l l i son. It now contains the restored 1835 Grub b 15-inch reflector. A s t r onomic al C l ocks Around 1790, the Astronomer Ro y a l of E ngland, Nevil Maskely ne, was requested to appr oach a suitable person to make tw o clocks for the Obse rvator y. He

asked Thomas Earnshaw t o provide the clocks, but Earnsha w w a s reluctant since he had ne ver made one before. He was a watchma k er b y t r ade a nd he said tha t he did not know h o w man y w h e e ls w e re in a long case astronomical clock. However, he w a s eventuall y persuaded an d provided th e so-ca lled tran sit clock. He made it as airtight as possible b y appl y i n g screw s and w a xed cloth to its doors to pr event dust and insects from entering the mechanism. Romne y Robin s on believed it to be the most accurate clock in the w o rld running to an accurac y of ј second per da y. In the 18t h centur y , th e Board of Longitude offe red a prize to the person w h o could so lve the longitude at sea problem. Fo r ships crossing the oceans, it w a s essenti a l to kno w th eir positions accuratel y . Earnshaw wrote to Dr Hamilton of Armagh Observator y requesting re ferences for his clocks. Hamilton gladly supplied good testimonials and Earnsha w included these in his 1 808 publication ` A n Appeal to the Public ' . He eventually w on p a rt of the prize for his contribution to solving the longitude problem. Two fu r t her clocks at the Observator y, are those by Louis Recordon and John Shelton, both gifts b y Queen Victor ia from the Geo r ge III Collection. King Geor ge used the Shelton clock to time the Transit of Venus in 176 9. The Observator y also possesses the telescope used b y the King to observe the tr a n sit. Captain James Cook observed the event from Tahiti. This w a s an imp o rtant event w h ich en able d the size of the solar Earnshaw Transit Clock sy stem to be measured acc u ratel y f o r th e first time. Transits of Venus occur in pairs separa t ed b y 8 years at intervals of more than one hundred year s, for example 9 December 1874 and 6 December 18 82, and 8 Ju ne 2004 and 5/ 6 June 2012. D i rector s James A r c h ib ald Ha milt on ( 1790­1815 ) In 1790, Dr James Archibald Hamilton was appointed first Astronomer at the Observator y. He had a private observator y in Cooksto w n, C o . T y ron e in t he 1780s, a nd became know n to the Astronomer Ro y a l, Ne vil Maskely ne, t h rough his accurate observations of a transit of Mercur y in 1782 , which w e r e dee med superior to those made at Gr een w i ch. Hamilton was born near Athlone in 1748, the son of Col. Hamilton and Jane ( nИ e Givardot). H e entered The Ro y a l School, Armagh in 1754, and T r inity College Dublin in 1765. He w a s Re ctor of Kildress from 1776­ 1784, T r easur er and R e ctor of Cr eggan 1784­1790 , Prebenda r y of Mullaghbr ack, Archdeacon of R o ss 1790 ­1804, and D ean of Cloyne 1804­1815. He died at the Observator y o n 21 Novemb er 1815, and w a s b u ried at Mullaghbrack, Co. Armagh. William Da v e npor t (18 15­1 823) Dr William Davenport he ade d the O b serva t ory and was the incumbent of Clonfeacle from 1815 unt il his untimely

death in 1823 . Patrick Moo r e in his histor y of Armag h Observator y, relates th at Dr Davenp ort committe d suicide in the Observato r y `because his wife was an absolute fiend ' . Tho mas Ro m n e y R obin s on (1823­1 882) Dr Thom as Romne y R obinson w a s the son of artist Thomas Robinson and godson of the p o rtrait painter Romne y . In R obinson's 13th y e a r , a book of his poems w a s p ublished b y subscriptio n , the p r oceed s from w h ich enabled him to enter T r init y College Dublin. Robinson compiled his st ar catalogue `The Places of 5,345 stars... ' in 1859, the culmination of thirt y yea r s w o rk. It earned for him the Gold Medal of the Royal Society . Robi nson also invented the Cup - anemomete r , siting the instr u ment on the roof of the ma in building in 1846.

to Armagh h e w a s taken se riously ill and h ad to travel to his parents ho me in Oxte d and sadl y die d ther e at the age of 48. H i s w i fe, da ugh ter and son d i d, ho w e ver, come to the Observator y f o r about a ye ar and a half. Hardcastle was a great- g randson of Sir William Herschel. During the first World War, he calculated the tides for the troops which landed at Gallipol i. William Fre d e r ick A r chd a ll Ellison (1918 ­1936) Revd Ellison became w e ll know n as an amateur telescope maker, w r iting sev e ral articles and a book on the subject. He presen ted the Observato r y w i t h an 18inch Calver re flector w h ich w a s converted in 1950 to a 12/18-inch Schmidt camera. Ellison's son Merv y n used the 10-inch Grub b ref r act o r for double - star resea r ch . Merv y n b e came Director o f Dunsink Ob servator y fro m 1958­1963. E r i c M e r vyn L i n d s a y (1937 ­ 1974) Born in Porta d o w n in 1907, Eric Lindsay w a s educated at the Queen 's University of Belfast and at Harvard College Obse r v ator y in the late 1920s and earl y 1930s. At Harvard his thesis e x aminers included Ha rlo w Shaple y , C e cilia Pay ne-G a poschkin, Ernst ж p ik, and Bart Bok. Jointly w i t h Harvard, and Dunsink Observator y, Lindsa y w a s instrumental in setting up the ADH (Arm agh-Dunsink-H a rvard) tel e scope at Bloemfontein, South Africa, in 1950 w h ich for man y years provide d the Observ ator y w i th its observational material in the form of p h o tographic pl ates. While Harlo w Shaple y was on a visit to Armagh Observator y in 1959, Dr Lin d sa y w a s taken seriously ill, and for a period of thre e months o r so Shaple y w a s the Acting Director. Of Armagh Obser v ator y , Shaple y is rep o rted to have said: ` I t is the nicest little obse r vatory in the solar system !'

Robinson Cup-anemometer After Dr R obinson's fi rst w i fe died he married Luc y Edge w o rth, h a lf-sister of t he writer Mar i a Edgew o r th. Maria Edge worth w a s an occasional guest at the Observator y a nd w a s one o f Richard Lov ell Edgew o r th and his 4 spou ses 22 children. When Luc y died in 189 7 at the ag e o f 92 she w a s the last survivor of R. L. Edge w o rth's family -- she died 150 y e ars after he r father's birth. Another sister, Har r iet, r e sided at the Observator y from 1862 until 1882. John Lo uis E m il Dre y er (18 82­1916) Dr Dr e y e r w a s born in Co penhagen in 1852 and w a s educated at C openhagen Un iversity . He w a s the thir d son of Johan Christopher Fr ederik Dre y er, Lt.-General in the Danish Arm y . He ca me to w o rk at the Earl o f Rosse's obser vator y at Birr Castle, Co. Of faly in 1874. In 1878 he moved to Du nsink Observator y until his appointment at Armagh Obse rvator y. Dre y er co mpiled the `New Gene ral Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars ' ( t he NG C) a t A r m a gh Observator y in 1888. He also w r ote the standard historical a s tronom y te xtb ook: ` A History of the Planetary Th eories fro m Thales to Ke pler ' an d the biograph y `Tycho Brahe ' . He edited about 15 volumes of the w o rks of T y cho. D r D r e y e r resigne d in 1916 to continue this w o rk on T y cho at Oxford. Josep h A l fr ed Hardcas tle (1 917) Joseph Hardc a stle was app ointed in 191 7 but o n his w a y Ernst Jul i us жpik (Acting D i rector 1974­1 976) Ernst жpik wa s born in 1893 in Estonia. He w o rked fo r man y years a t the Tartu Observator y t h e r e. He w a s appointed R e search Associate at A r magh Observator y in 1948 and sta y ed until his retirement in 19 81 (age d 87) . Dr жpik under took man y fu ndamental investigations in various branc hes of astro n o m y , including the estimation of the distance of th e And r o m eda neb ula, stellar energ y production, co metar y and m e teor ast r ono m y , motions o f planetar y s y st em bodies, an d pr edicting th e existence of craters on Ma rs in the earl y 1950s. He won man y g o ld medals, among them the Le onard Med a l of the American Meteoritical S o ciety , the B r uce Gold Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, and th e Gold Medal of the Ro yal Astronomical Society . Troughton Dome One of the earliest scientific instruments w h ich the Observator y acquired w a s the Tr ought on equato r ial telescope. Manufactured b y the firm of John an d Edward T r oug hton in 1795, it has a 2ѕ-inch objective and is mounted in the English sty l e. It had a novel design in that it performed the functions of a transit instrument an d a quadr ant as w e ll as an equatorial. N o astronomer at the time had used an y t hing like it before. Due to its com p lexit y , it initially required thr ee months t o adjust the instrument fo r pro per use. B y 1797, Dr Hamilto n was worri ed about th e instrument's a ccuracy becau se of the errors introduced