Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://resurs.cpi.space.ru/files/Space_activity_at_the_beginning_of_XXI-st_Century.doc Дата изменения: Thu Aug 16 15:51:17 2012 Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 19:44:29 2012 Кодировка: koi8-r Поисковые слова: р п р п р п р п р п р п р п р п

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF AVIATION AND AEROSPACE SYSTEMS
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Space activity at the beginning of XXI-st Century
view from inside

G.M.Chernyavskiy
STC for Earth Space monitoring of FSUE , Russia

1. The systemic approach in astronautics

Everyone who has linked his life with astronautics and those who are
interested in the future of the inhabitancy medium and its expansion up to
cosmic scales, are troubled about the current state and development of
space activity in the World and in the Native Land of the first artificial
Earth satellite (AES). Outlining this picture, even in the sketch version,
is far from a trivial task. The angle of its consideration and estimation
is essential. Launching of the first AES was a leap in intellectualization
of collective human mind - the main power capable of preventing the
destruction of the Terrestrial Civilization. Today astronautics has
penetrated both into material and spiritual side of the Human life.

- I.Kant.

From ancient times the mysteries of space environment have attracted
Earthmen. In the thirties of the last century, owing to scientific
research, the ways of penetration into space became clearer.
The founder of the space flight theory using jet propulsion principles was
K.E.Tsiolkovskiy, whose genius was manifested in the system approach to the
problem. K.E.Tsiolkovskiy not only found the means for space flights, but
formulated the aims of these flights as well.
The last 50 years of space age have shown that realization of
K.E.Tsiolkovskiy's ideas about proliferation of terrestrial life forms
through the Universe is a matter of distant future. At the same time, the
target function was determined correctly. The space activity is developing
just along this trajectory.
While discussing current problems of astronautics, one should remember that
the space activity represents a super complex problem that demands huge
intellectual and material resources, concentrating efforts in various
fields of vital activity on the scales not commensurable with Terrestrial
ones.
The problem complexity stipulates the system approach, whose principles in
the astronautics were laid down by K.E.Tsiolkovskiy's works and implemented
at the first AES development.
Methodologically the system approach specificity lies in the fact that it
orients a man, who tries to learn about the objects and phenomena, to their
completeness and integrative properties in space and time. The system
approach (SA) is the expression of some specific measure of reality - its
system nature.
Deep understanding of properties of the material and spiritual world
stipulates progressive differentiation of the branches of knowledge.
Simultaneously, penetration into a partial subject, up to the micro- (nano-
) world, puts forward a systemic (integral) vision of the problem,
understanding of determinants of its aims and organization.
"I believe that learning the parts without knowing the whole is as
impossible, as learning the whole without knowing its parts" - Blaise
Pascal.
The system approach, together with the computer modeling methodology,
represents a unique means of forming the adequate information about space
activity.
The 50-year experience of practical astronautics testifies to the
efficiency of space activity explication by some system of actions directed
at producing and designated utilizing of some class of space-based complex
technogenic (man-made) systems, or (SS) under the accepted terminology.
SS represents an ordered-in-ratios set of space-based (as well as ground-
based) technological means (components) that interact in a certain way. The
integrative properties and functions of this set are directed at reaching
the aims related to space exploration.
The feature of space systems consists in the fact, that their basic part -
the spacecrafts (artificial Earth satellites, automatic interplanetary
stations (AIS), rovers, space vehicles), as well as the means of their
transportation - operate under non-trivial space environment conditions.
The basic system-forming component on the Earth is the complexes of
technological means of SS users. The ground-based means also provide
spacecraft control in flight, preparation and maintenance of transportation
means launching.
Today on the system approach basis the space activity covers the whole set
of actions directed at production, legal protection and using SS in the
target designation including: goal statement, the configuration outline,
development and production of subsystems and components, system operation.
All basic space projects, fulfilled during 50 years, implement complex
systems. They are: the first AES launch, the first manned space flight,
manned and automatic Moon missions, interplanetary flights of AIS. These
projects also include numerous SSs designed for utilizing space
environment.
Operational capability attributes of a complex system during its whole life
cycle are as follows: integrity (emergentness), purposefulness,
acceptability, continuity, dynamism, compatibility, and autonomy. The
presence of aim is an inherent property of any complex system. SS belongs
to the category of systems for which the aims are formulated by a higher-
level system that generates them.
"It is more important to know "what should be done" than to know "how to do
it" (N. Wiener). The more accurately the aims are formulated and
determined, the easier the means of their achievement can be chosen.
At motivation of space activity's aims the intrinsic mechanisms inherent in
Earthmen are of essential importance, which have been produced for
centuries due to natural and anthropogenic environment. These mechanisms
are: creativity, ambitions, competition, inquisitiveness (aspiration to