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EMCCD v. 1.2 (current)
. , . , . 31 2013 .

1

EMCCD , . , . [1]. , , , . . : . , . , , . , , .

2

( ), , , . 80 . : , , , , ( ) . . 1. . 2. - (EMCCD), DU-897ECS0-#BV, X-5947. , EM- , 10 MHz, . 11.57 e- /ADU (preAmp=2), 49.64 e- [1, 2]. 0.5 µs +0, . [1] CIC- . 1 300, . , . - 10 (BIAS) , . , . , .. . [1] , 2-3%. 1

. 1: , . . 1 -), 2 ( 3 , 4 ( dts ), 5 , 6

1, , ( ), .

. , . 1 100 . 2 40 . , "" ( ), , . 1, . . , fd = 1/pix , fc = D /F . pix , D ( ), F , . . 1, . 1. 1: 1 2. F , dla , dla , dla (. . 1), D , 2fc /fd ( = 532 ), , . 1 2 F , 118 57.7 1.7 0.7 D , D /F 1/69 1/71 18 7.8 dla , 25 1.0 dad , dds , 590 242 0.85 0.82 2fc /fd () , , . . 2

, 12 290 . . , VK1, ( = 633 ) . , .. . ( , , ). IG1, ( = 532 ) . 10 , ( ). 1.7 590 0.4%. , , DB1. <0.1 1.5 . SMD-, . = 660 , . . : -9, -11, -18 V. -18 VK1. IG1 V, ( = 1064 ) ( = 800 ).

. 2: VK1, 1.

3

,

IG1, -11, V. 3

. , 1 . 3, . , (), . . . , , . , . , fd > 2fc , () , . . 3, . . . S , . , . 3, S = 0.70. . 2 5%. . , , ( 15 ). " ", .. , . , , . 4. 2. 0.52. [1]. , ( ) 200000 e- , , 164000 e- . , , [3]. ( ), . , , , . , , , , , 200000 e- . , . 1, . 61 e- /ADU, 93.33 e- [2, 1], . VK1, U=1.98 I=4 ( 4 5 20 c), -18 -9 . 10 50, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 240, 280, 320, 360, 420 . . . 5 , . , 100000 e- . . , , , , . . 6, . . 6, . , 1% , , 94000 e- . , -, . , , 164000 e- . . 4

0.2 5 pixel number 10 15 20 pixel number 5 0.15 intensity 10 0.1 15 20 0

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0.05

5

10 15 pixel number

20

5

10 15 pixel number

20

0

0

5

10 15 pixel number

20

1 0.8 0.6 0 OTF 0.4 0.5 0.2 0 -0.5 0 frequency/fd 0.5

-0.5 frequency/fd frequency/fd -0.5 0 frequency/fd 0.5

-0.5

0

0.5

-1

-0.5 0 0.5 frequency/fd

1

. 3: : , . : . : ( ) ( ) . . : , ( ). : , . : ( ) ( ) . , D /.

0.01

0.02

5

5

0.008 normalised intensity 0.015

pixel number

10

pixel number

10

0.006

0.01

15

15

0.004

0.005 20 20 0.002

5

10 15 pixel number

20

5

10 15 pixel number

20

0

0

0

5

10 15 pixel number

20

. 4: : , . : , . : , , . .

5

1.5e+05
50 ms 100 ms 140 ms 180 ms 240 ms 320 ms 420 ms

1.5e+05

-

counts, e

50000

counts, e
50000

0 0

-

1e+05

1e+05

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

pixel number

pixel number

. 5: , (. ). . . , .
3e+06 2e+05 1.5e+05 2.5e+06

total flux, e
homogeneous pix #16 pix #17 pix #18

2e+06 1.5e+06 1e+06 5e+05 0 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 -0.005 -0.01 -0.015 0

flux, e

-

1e+05 50000 0 0.01

deviation

-

0.005 0 -0.005 -0.01 0 100

exposure, ms

200

300

400

deviation

100

exposure, ms

200

300

400

. 6: : . . ( . 5, ). [1]. : . . : . 8 в 8 . . : . . 6

2e+05

1.5e+05

flux, e

-

1e+05

50000

0 0

50

exposure, ms

100

150

200

. 7: , 2, IG1. , . +0, +3. 8в8 ( "windowing"), ( . . 3, ) 1 . . 6, . . 0.2% , .. 280000 e- . , , , . 2 IG1 3 . , , VK1 3-4%. -, ( ). , . 7, "" . , : +0, +3. , , , , . , . , , . 100 IG1 2. 9 , . 250 в 250 , . , . . 8, a b . 8, a b, : ( |f | < fc ) ( |f | > fc ). , , [4]. "tresholding", , .
1

7

a 8 -1 7.5 -0.5 frequency/fc 7 frequency/fc -0.5 -1

b 6.2 6.15 6.1 6.05 6 5.95 5.9

0

0

0.5

6.5

0.5

1 6 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 frequency/fc c 6.2 -1 6.15 6.1 6.05 6 5.95 5.9 1

1

-1

-0.5

0 0.5 frequency/fc d

1

x 10 2 1.5 1

4

-1

-0.5 frequency/fc

-0.5 frequency/fc 0.5 0 0 -0.5 0.5 -1

0

0.5

1

1

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 frequency/fc 1 -2

-1

-0.5

0 0.5 frequency/fc

1

. 8: a b: , . c: , . d: . . , , (BIAS). B (x), B (f ), S (x) S (f ). : P (f ) = , : P (f ) = B (f )B (f ) + B (f )S (f ) + B (f )S (f ) + S (f )S (f ) . (2) B (f ) + S (f ) B (f ) + S (f ) . (1)

, B (f ) ( , B (f ) ), : P (f ) B (f )B (f ) + S (f )S (f ) . (3)

, . , , , 8, c. . 8, d . , , , (3). , fy > fc . , , . , . , .. . , . 8

4

,

- . () 2. . 1) , . 2) , , . -, . dts , , dts = 29 . 40 , " " 4.6 / . 2.5 16.3 / ( , 0.7 ). IG1, V. . 1300 , 30 ( ). (seeing-limited) . 9, . 10 . 59 , 0.94 . = 0.98/r0 , 27 .
0.0003
cut azimuthally averaged Kolmogorov

50

0.00025

100

0.0002

pixel number

counts
50 100 150 200 pixel number 250 300 350

150

0.00015

200

0.0001
250

300

5e-05

350

0 -200

-100

0

100

200

pixel number

. 9: , .

. 10: ( ) . 9, , ( ). , .

D (x): T (f ) = exp - D (f ) , 2 (4)

T , , f . , . , , . . 11. , 9

50

40

structure function, RAD^2

observed expected Kolmogorov with r0=36µm 16 arctg(x/45)

30

20

10

0 0

50

100

distance, µm

150

200

250

300

. 11: , . 9 . 16arctg(x/45). r0 = 27 . D (x) = 6.88(x/r0 )5/3 , 2 В 3r0 . , . , . . 11. (4) , , . . 10. , , . , , . , , . , , , (). . 12, , . 6.5, 6.6, 6.10 [5] , , . r0 = 36 , . 12, . , . , , . : , . , .. , . , , 30 , 0.27D , .. . 152 , 1300 30 (non frame transfer), 120 . , . 12, . , , , 2 . 10

0 -1 -1 -2 -0.5 frequency/fc -3 -4 0 -5 -6 0.5 -7 -8 1 -9 -10 STF

10

0

10

-1

Kolmogorov with measured SF fast slow 30 ms

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

-5

10

-6

10

-7

-1

-0.5

0 frequency/fc

0.5

1

0

0.2

0.4

0.6 frequency/fc

0.8

1

. 12: : 600 ( ). : , . r0 = 40.9 . , , . 11. 30 10 , ( . ). 5-6 , . . , , , . . , , , , , .

5

,

- , DB1. 50. , , , . . 13 . , . 2. 10 в 10 . , . 2: , , . [] [] [] [] #1 (.) 7610 2610 2.92 7.74 ± 0.02 27.34 ± 0.02 3.23 8.34 ± 0.01 26.71 ± 0.01 c () #2 (.) 6929 2193 3.16 7.67 ± 0.03 27.32 ± 0.03 - 290 , 220 , 1300 . , . 0.2D . 14, , 11

1800 140 1600 160 1400 180 1200 200 pixel number 1000 220 800 240 600 260 400 280 200 300 120 140 160 180 200 220 pixel number 240 260 280

. 13: , . . 0.85fc , , . , [6] , . [7]: V (p, q , B , d; f ) = A 1 + B cos(2 (f · d)) - 1 , (5)

A , ( 1.5), d , , B , : 2 . (6) B= 1 + 2 nlinfit, -. 0.1fc < |f | < 0.85fc . , 2. . 14, . . , . . , .. , . . 2.

6

, : 1. . 2. , . : 12

measured pspec, radial pattern removed 2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 frequency/fc residual 1 1.5 -0.5 0 1.5 -1.5

weight 1.2 1 -1 0.8 -0.5 0.6 0 0.4 0.5 0.2 1 0 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 frequency/fc 1 1.5 -0.2

frequency/fc

1

frequency/fc

1 power spectrum, radial pattern removed -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 frequency/fc 1 1.5 -1 -0.5 0

2 measured model 1.5

0.5

frequency/fc

1

0.5

0

0

0.2

0.4 0.6 frequency/fc

0.8

1

. 14: , : 1) ; 2) , ; 3) ; 4) . 1. -2: -, . 2. -2: , . 3. -2: - . 4. . 5. .

[1] , ., " EMCCD URL:http://dragon.sai.msu.ru/safonov/CCD_rep ort.p df," (Oct. 2012). [2] Andor, " Andor iXon+897 X-5947 Performance sheet," [3] Howell, S. B., [Handbook of CCD Astronomy ] (Apr. 2000). [4] Go o dman, J. W., [Statistical Optics ] (1985). [5] Tokovinin, A. A., [Zvezdnye interferometry (Stel lar interferometers). ] (1988). [6] Tokovinin, A., Cantarutti, R., Tighe, R., Schurter, P., van der Bliek, N., Martinez, M., and Mondaca, E., " High-Resolution Imaging at the SOAR Telescop e," Publications of the ASP 122, 14831494 (Dec. 2010). 13

[7] Kuzmenkov, S. G., " Potential accuracy of sp eckle-interferometric measurements Angular diameters of stars," Astronomicheskii Zhurnal 62, 12011210 (Dec. 1985).

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