int x;
main()
{
for (x=3;x>0;x-)
{
printf("x=%d
n",x);
}
}
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This chapter will look at C's mechanisms for controlling looping and iteration. Even though some of these mechanisms may look familiar and indeed will operate in standard fashion most of the time. NOTE: some non-standard features are available.
The C for statement has the following form:
for (expression1; 2; expression3)
statement;
or {block of statements}
expression1 initialises; expression2 is the terminate test;
expression3 is the modifier (which may be more than just
simple increment);
NOTE: C basically treats for statements as while type loops
For example:
int x;
main()
{
for (x=3;x>0;x-)
{
printf("x=%d
n",x);
}
}
...outputs:
x=3
x=2
x=1
...to the screen
All the following are legal for statements in C. The practical application of such statements is not important here, we are just trying to illustrate peculiar features of C for that may be useful:-
for (x=0;((x>3) && (x<9)); x++)
for (x=0,y=4;((x>3) && (y<9)); x++,y+=2)
for (x=0,y=4,z=4000;z; z/=10)
The second example shows that multiple expressions can be separated a
,.
In the third example the loop will continue to iterate until z becomes 0;
The while statement is similar to those used in other languages although more can be done with the expression statement -- a standard feature of C.
The while has the form:
while (expression) statement
For example:
int x=3;
main()
{ while (x>0)
{ printf("x=%d
n",x);
x-;
}
}
...outputs:
x=3
x=2
x=1
...to the screen.
Because the while loop can accept expressions, not just conditions, the following are all legal:-
while (x-);
while (x=x+1);
while (x+=5);
Using this type of expression, only when the result of x-,
x=x+1, or x+=5, evaluates to 0 will the while condition fail
and the loop be exited.
We can go further still and perform complete operations within the while expression:
while (i++ < 10);
while ( (ch = getchar()) != `q')
putchar(ch);
The first example counts i up to 10.
The second example uses C standard library functions (See Chapter 18) getchar() - reads a character from the keyboard - and putchar() - writes a given char to screen. The while loop will proceed to read from the keyboard and echo characters to the screen until a 'q' character is read. NOTE: This type of operation is used a lot in C and not just with character reading!! (See Exercises).
C's do-while statement has the form:
do statement; while (expression);
It is similar to PASCAL's repeat ... until except do
while expression is true.
For example:
int x=3;
main()
{ do {
printf("x=%d
n",x-);
}
while (x>0);
}
..outputs:-
x=3
x=2
x=1
NOTE: The postfix x- operator which uses the current value of x while printing and then decrements x.
C provides two commands to control how we loop:
Consider the following example where we read in integer values and process them according to the following conditions. If the value we have read is negative, we wish to print an error message and abandon the loop. If the value read is great than 100, we wish to ignore it and continue to the next value in the data. If the value is zero, we wish to terminate the loop.
while (scanf( ``%d'', &value ) == 1 && value != 0) {
if (value < 0) {
printf(``Illegal value
n'');
break;
/* Abandon the loop */
}
if (value > 100) {
printf(``Invalid valuen'');
continue;
/* Skip to start loop again */
}
/* Process the value read */
/* guaranteed between 1 and 100 */
....;
....;
} /* end while value != 0 */
Exercise 12327
Write a program to read in 10 numbers and compute the average, maximum and minimum values.
Exercise 12328
Write a program to read in numbers until the number -999 is encountered. The sum of all number read until this point should be printed out.
Exercise 12329
Write a program which will read an integer value for a base, then read a positive integer written to that base and print its value.
Read the second integer a character at a time; skip over any leading non-valid (i.e. not a digit between zero and ``base-1'') characters, then read valid characters until an invalid one is encountered.
Input Output
========== ======
10 1234 1234
8 77 63 (the value of 77 in base 8, octal)
2 1111 15 (the value of 1111 in base 2, binary)
The base will be less than or equal to 10.
Exercise 12330
Read in three values representing respectively
a capital sum (integer number of pence),
a rate of interest in percent (float),
and a number of years (integer).
Compute the values of the capital sum with compound interest added over the given period of years. Each year's interest is calculated as
interest = capital * interest_rate / 100;
and is added to the capital sum by
capital += interest;
Print out money values as pounds (pence / 100.0) accurate to two decimal places.
Print out a floating value for the value with compound interest for each year up to the end of the period.
Print output year by year in a form such as:
Original sum 30000.00 at 12.5 percent for 20 years Year Interest Sum ----+-------+-------- 1 3750.00 33750.00 2 4218.75 37968.75 3 4746.09 42714.84 4 5339.35 48054.19 5 6006.77 54060.96 6 6757.62 60818.58 7 7602.32 68420.90 8 8552.61 76973.51 9 9621.68 86595.19 10 10824.39 97419.58
Exercise 12331
Read a positive integer value, and compute the following sequence: If the number is even, halve it; if it's odd, multiply by 3 and add 1. Repeat this process until the value is 1, printing out each value. Finally print out how many of these operations you performed.
Typical output might be:
Inital value is 9 Next value is 28 Next value is 14 Next value is 7 Next value is 22 Next value is 11 Next value is 34 Next value is 17 Next value is 52 Next value is 26 Next value is 13 Next value is 40 Next value is 20 Next value is 10 Next value is 5 Next value is 16 Next value is 8 Next value is 4 Next value is 2 Final value 1, number of steps 19If the input value is less than 1, print a message containing the word
Error
and perform an
exit( 0 );
Exercise 12332
Write a program to count the vowels and letters in free text given as standard input. Read text a character at a time until you encounter end-of-data.
Then print out the number of occurrences of each of the vowels a, e, i, o and u in the text, the total number of letters, and each of the vowels as an integer percentage of the letter total.
Suggested output format is:
Numbers of characters:
a 3 ; e 2 ; i 0 ; o 1 ; u 0 ; rest 17
Percentages of total:
a 13%; e 8%; i 0%; o 4%; u 0%; rest 73%
Read characters to end of data using a construct such as
char ch;
while(
( ch = getchar() ) >= 0
) {
/* ch is the next character */ ....
}
to read characters one at a time using getchar() until a negative value
is returned.
Exercise 12333
Read a file of English text, and print it out one word per line, all punctuation and non-alpha characters being omitted.
For end-of-data, the program loop should read until "getchar" delivers a value <= 0. When typing input, end the data by typing the end-of-file character, usually control-D. When reading from a file, "getchar" will deliver a negative value when it encounters the end of the file.
Typical output might be
Read a file of English text and print it out oneetc.