Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://hea.iki.rssi.ru/ru/PDF/dissertation_krivonos.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Mon Mar 23 21:52:36 2009 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Oct 1 23:10:32 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: ngc 4438

p p HH H H ­ H H H H HH.

01.03.02

-

..-.. ..

2007


p p p , p p . p p p p p H p . p .. p, .. , .. , .. .H. p p. , p p, p pp H, , p p pp pp pp, p H p H p p p p, , p.



1 p 1.1 -pp H 1.2 p . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 . . . 1.3 . . . . . . . . 1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 . . . 1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 13 13 15 15 17 20 21 22 23 31 31 37 39 43 44 46 46 50 51 52

2 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 p p . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 IBIS p . 2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 63 3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.2 p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.3.1 p 71 73 3.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 . . 73 3.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.3.5 p . . . . . 79


4

3.4 p pp . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 91 93





.

H p p p p p . pp p , p , p - . H p 1960 , p , , p pp pp p. p p , p p , p p pp p p p p, , p p p p. p, . p p p p p pp , p , . p p p , : p (2-6 , 1970-1973 .), Ariel-V (2-18 , 1974-1980 .), HEAO1 (2-10,13-180 , 1977-1979), ROSAT (0.1-2.4 , 1990-1999 .), RXTE (3-20 , 1996-2002 .) .p. , p p "" . , , , p p , . ,


6



, p . , p, p p p , p 20- . , pp p p p. -p, p , 0.5-10 , - . p , , . -p, p p . p p p HEAO-1 p 13-180 p A4 p . p p p , p pp H. : 1. . p p (p p, p p). p - p. 2. . p p, , p , p pp p. pp . 3. (). , p, () . , ­ .


p () p p p , pp


7 . pp 100 2 p. pp ("") 5 p. p p pp p. p pp > 5 - 10 , . , p . , , , . , , p 1043 p -1 . , . Hp , p p. p p , p p p , p p, p p - p . RXTE (p 3-20 ). , p p 3-20 p pp , p, , p pp . , . , RXTE, , . p . p ­ p 12-15 . H p (>20 ), p p, pp -. > 20 , . -


8



. p p 1000 /. H p p p p p , p p pp . p , pp - p p . p pp pp , p, p, p , , , p. p, , p, pp pp p, . p p pp , p p 20- . p 20- p. p p p ppp . p , , ppp , p ( ) . , , . H , p , p , p pp H. pp p pp IBIS p p ISGRI p p p.

p
() , p , , () . 2-10 , p . () p, p pp p XMM-Newton, -


9 p p p p . , p p p p p p . p p p p p . , , z = 0 ( ), . , , , , ROSAT, . IBIS , 20032006 . , , .

p
p (17-200 ) . p p 20- , p . p , p pp p p 20- . : 1. p pp p p p pp ; 2. p 20-200 ; 3. p , p p ( 1027 / ). p p , , p , , , pp pp .


10



p p p
p p p , p p p p, p p. p p p p -pp H. p p pp p p p p p. 1.2 p p p pp. p IBIS p p ISGRI. 1.3 p p . p 1.4. p p . IBIS, , p , pp p p pp , . , , 2.2. p 2.3 . 1) p p p p 17-60 ; 2) p 20-200 ; 3) 50 , ( - ); 4) , : 0.5 . 2.4 p, p . p pp pp p pp , . , p 17-60 p pp p p p p pp (4.9 ). p K-M. p p : p , p p, p - p 100 , . p


11 p p pp , . p p p - p p p p 50 . p p ( ), , . p, p p , . p p p p p . 3.1 p p p , p pp pp p. p p p. p ( 3.1) ppp L 10 42 - 1043 / p 50-70 . . 3.2 p . NH 1024 -2 . pp (L < 1043.6 p -1 ) . , (L < 1043.6 p -1 ) e , . , , p , a . 3.3 , , D < 70 , . p p, p p.


12



p,
1. , H. , HEAO-1. 2. , 17-60 . , 17-60 , . 3. 20-200 . 50- . , . 4. 17-60 H 10-11 //2 . , , , 1- . 5. H, 17-60 . , (NH > 1022 -2 ) (L < 1043.6 /) . 5-200 . 6. (D < 70 ). .


1 p
1.1 -pp H
p -pp H p p p p p. pp (ESA), () NASA. p p 2002 p p ­ p. pp H p p , p pp. pp pp p 1.1, p , . 1.1. IBIS pp p p 15 - 10 . pp p , p 3.2 p. 12 , pp 11.2 . pp pp , , 12- . p pp (, -

1.1. pp pp H
pp IBIS /ISGRI SPI JEM-X
a

p () 15 ­ 10 20 ­ 8 3 ­ 35

p

a

pp


p pp 4.8 @ 60 2.5 @ 1.33 1 @ 10

9 â 9 / 28 â 28 16 â 16 / 34 â 34 5 â 5 / 13 â 13

12 2.5 1



p / p


14

1. P

, ) 9 â 9 p, ­ 28 â 28 . pp p. (ISGRI ), 16384 - (Cd-Te) , ppp -. (PICsIt ) 4096 -(CsI) -. p p 17-200 , ­ 200 ­ 10 . -pp SPI p pp, IBIS, pp. 19 , 90 . SPI ­ p p . p JEM-X , p p p . , . JEM-X p "" p 3-35 . p p p , p p .

IBIS
.

OMC

JEM-X SPI

. 1.1 pp H. pp. , p -


§1.2 p

15

IBIS p ISGRI. pp p p (28 â 28 ) , p p. pp 12 , , 2 - 3 p .

1.2 p
p pp H p p pp, p p p .

1.2.1
. ­ 10 . , , , , , . , , ( , . NuSTAR (CalTech), HERO (MSFC) ..). . (. , SpaceLab2XRT, //, /, Bepp oSAX/WFC, RHESSI, SWIFT/BAT) - ( ). : - . . 1.2 : - , . , . , , , -


16

1. P

1

c

G
3
G

G
G

2

a

b

. 1.2 p p pp, p IBIS pp H. H p: (1) p (. . 1.1), (2) p p (c) (a) p (b), (3) p p. p p p H pp H (http://isdc.unige.ch).

. , . , (), , . , . - . , (l) (h)


§1.2 p
= ar ctan(l/h).

17

, , pp pp . IBIS p, pp p [73], p p p. , , p , ­ p.

1.2.2
2000 . ISGRI. CdTe . , "" , .. . , . , . - , , . , , , . , . , CdTe , " ", , , , . " " , , .. p p (, ) p, p p p, p p p-p p, p p p p p p . p, p


18

1. P

. p , (. .1.3, p). . , , 17-60 , IGSRI . , 1/3 ( 11.2 â 11.2 4 â 4 ). , [53]. f , , (+) : f=
M =1

D - B AL
M =0

D,

(1.1)

D , M = 1 0 , . B AL 1 ­ , : M =1 Db , (1.2) M =0 Db Db ­ ( ). (1.1) (1.2) f . [53], n â n . n â n . n â n , . n â n . , , 3 12 â 12 . , , , B AL =


§1.2 p

19

. . , , , . .

counts

Cd Te

W Pb

10

6

511 keV

10

5

10

2

10 keV

3

. 1.3 : p IBIS . p p pp . p: IBIS/ISGRI ( p [238]), , , . , ­ "" , . , , () , . , IBIS/ISGRI r = 1.25 . IBIS ("") (. . 1.3, ). , " " -


20

1. P

. (1.1) "", , . , . 1% , , .. IBIS/ISGRI 0.1%. , "" , , , . , H 28 â 28 4 . , , . ­ , . , . H EALPIX ( Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelization of a sphere, [60]). , , . H EALPIX ­ .

1.3
, , , (2002-2006 ). , , , H, -


§1.4

21

2002 2006. . 1.4. , , 33 1 . 5 , . 1.5. , 1 5 12 80% , .

. 1.4 , H IBIS 2002 2006 . . 10,150,800 â103 , 2 4 .

1.4
: (i) 2000 20-30 ; (ii) , ( 2 â 105 ) 4-5 ; (iii) , , 1 ( 33 ). 20 â 20 , ( H EALPIX ) . H . 1.5 (p) pp / pp p pp 20 â 20 . p , N (0, 1), , , .
, p p " "
1


22

1. P

. 1.5 : 5 . p: / 20 â 20 . . pp IBIS p p 106 . , , 1-2 p 5 . H ( 16 . ), 1282 , 6 . 1. ("p ") p p p , p p . p 100 . p , p p.

1.5
( = 1.25 ). , -


§1.6

23

. / . 68% = 5 - 6, = 10 > 20 2.1 , 1.5 , 0.8 .

1.6
400 , 5 17-60 . (213) , 87 , 74 , 21 . (136) . p 1.2: (1) ­ p . (2) ­ . , H , p p , H (IGR J...). (3,4) ­ p p p ( 2000 ). (5) ­ p p , p p pp. p p p, , . 1 1.43 â 10-11 //2 . (6) ­ p . LMXB HMXB ­ p , , CV ­ p, SNR/PWN ­ p (sup ernova remnant) (pulsar wind nebula), SGR ­ p ­ , Star ­ , SymbStar ­ , PSR ­ p p, RS CVn ­ p , AGN ­ p , Cluster ­ . (7) ­ . (8) ­ p (), p () p p pp.


24

1. P

1.2.
GR J00234+6141 TYCHO SNR V709 Cas IGR J00291+5934 87GB003300.9+593328 IGR J00370+6122 MRK 348 1WGA J0053.8-722 Gamma Cas SMC X-1 1A 0114+650 4U 0115+63 NGC 0526A IGR J01363+6610 RX J0137.7+5814 ESO 297- G 018 4U 0142+61 RJ 0146.9+6121 IGR J01528-0326 NGC 788 IGR J02095+5226 MRK 1040 IGR J02343+3229 NGC 1052 NGC 1068 4U 0241+61 IGR J02466-4222 IGR J02524-0829 NGC 1142 PERSEUS CLUSTERa 1H 0323+342 GK Per IGR J03334+3718 NGC 1365 V 0332+53 4U 0352+30 3C111 LEDA 168563 ESO 033-G002 IGR J05007-7047 V1062 Tau IRAS 05078+1626 4U 0513-40 AKN 120 IGR J05305-6559b LMC X-4 Crab TW Pic A 0535+262 LMC X-1 PSR 0540-69 BY Cam MCG 8-11-11 IRAS 05589+2828 ESO 005- G 004 MRK 3 4U 0614+091 IGR J06239-6052b MRK 6 IGR J07264-3553 EXO 0748-676 IGR J07563-4137 IGR J07597-3842 ESO 209-G012 IGR J08023-6954 PG 0804+761 Vela pulsar 4U 0836-429 FAIRALL 1146 IGR J08408-4503 S5 0836+71 Vela X-1 IGR J09026-4812 IRAS 09149-6206 X 0918-548 SWIFT J0920.8-0805 RA 5.723 6.334 7.205 7.254 8.977 9.286 12.181 13.526 14.176 19.299 19.516 19.625 20.951 24.060 24.443 24.639 26.630 26.744 28.208 30.277 32.392 37.063 38.599 40.267 40.687 41.262 41.644 43.115 43.804 49.973 51.140 52.777 53.362 53.428 53.751 58.849 64.581 73.044 74.001 75.203 75.617 77.705 78.534 79.026 82.636 83.210 83.632 83.689 84.735 84.912 85.005 85.713 88.801 90.601 92.575 93.908 94.282 95.936 103.048 111.595 117.146 119.055 119.934 120.496 120.762 122.952 128.835 129.354 129.621 130.218 130.340 135.531 135.648 139.043 140.102 140.213 Dec 61.700 64.150 59.300 59.563 59.827 61.386 31.947 -72.468 60.712 -73.449 65.289 63.746 -34.925 66.188 58.221 -40.020 61.738 61.351 -3.450 -6.819 52.458 31.316 32.475 -8.236 -0.010 62.464 -42.360 -8.486 -0.186 41.509 34.168 43.880 37.313 -36.170 53.172 31.036 38.013 49.531 -75.538 -70.775 24.732 16.513 -40.069 -0.140 -65.984 -66.367 22.016 -57.988 26.324 -69.748 -69.338 60.868 46.437 28.461 -86.554 71.036 9.139 -60.974 74.423 -35.900 -67.754 -41.638 -38.727 -49.734 -69.924 76.102 -45.182 -42.894 -35.983 -45.056 70.902 -40.555 -48.221 -62.330 -55.196 -8.086 , p 0.38 0.64 3.91 4.01 0.72 0.60 5.18 2.36 3.17 30.54 7.64 2.01 3.84 15.61 0.77 3.85 2.02 2.57 1.14 3.37 2.76 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± [50, 21] [12] [46] [49] NGC 262

0.10 CV 0.10 SNR 0.11 CV 0.11 LMXB 0.11 AGN 0.11 HMXB 0.58 AGN 0.38 HMXB 0.12 Star 0.36 HMXB 0.14 HMXB 0.14 HMXB 0.81 AGN 2.20R185 HMXB 0.20 0.80R374 AGN 0.19 AXP 0.20 HMXB 0.21 AGN 0.20 AGN 0.50 AGN AGN AGN

[63, 198]

MCG -01-05-047 LEDA 138501 1ES 0206+522 NGC 931 NGC 973 IRAS 02313+3217

[32]

3.39 ± 0.57 2.71 ± 0.44 1.48 1.32 3.32 2.16 2.20 3.22 2.49 1.91 1.82 1.37 2.30 135.14 36.69 5.47 3.09 1.36 1.18 3.67 4.14 3.39 5.86 1.72 15.95 1000.00 0.97 3.45 3.72 1.70 2.48 3.92 3.38 1.76 4.77 20.81 1.16 2.55 1.89 19.32 0.86 2.03 1.16 3.70 2.01 7.03 29.46 1.14 0.33 2.43 187.16 1.32 1.44 3.34 2.51 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

[32]

0.30 AGN 0.21 AGN 0.42 AGN 0.38 AGN? 0.47 AGN? 0.25 AGN 0.24 Cluster 0.33 AGN 0.27 CV 0.29 AGN 0.46 AGN 0.44 HMXB 0.62 HMXB 0.61 AGN 0.78 AGN 0.19 AGN 0.17 HMXB 0.62R102 CV 0.53 AGN 0.60 LMXB 2.46 AGN 0.34 0.17 HMXB 0.41 PSR 0.27 CV 0.42 HMXB 0.17 HMXB 0.17 PSR 0.51 CV 1.05 AGN 0.71 AGN 0.32 AGN 0.21 AGN 0.67 LMXB 0.22 0.21 AGN 0.42 AGN 0.35 LMXB 0.17 AGN 0.18 0.17 0.96 0.43 0.12 0.12 0.17 0.12 0.23 0.14 0.13 0.18 0.15 0.70 AGN AGN AGN PSR LMXB AGN HMXB AGN HMXB AGN LMXB AGN

MCG -07-06-018 MCG-02-08-014 NGC 1144

[214]

[31, 214] X Per 1RXS J045205.0+493248 IGR J05009-7044 [213]

[12]

LEDA 096373 IGR J07565-4139 2MASX J07561963-4137420 [22, 213] [48, 145] [193]

[61] [46] [22] MCG-01-24-012


§1.6
1.2 (p)
IGR J09251+5219 IGR J09446-2636c NGC 2992 MCG-5-23-16 IGR J09522-6231 NGC 3081 IGR J10095-4248 GRO J1008-57 IGR J10100-5655 IGR J10109-5746 NGC 3227 IGR J10252-6829 NGC 3281 3U 1022-55 IGR J10386-4947 IGR J10404-4625 Car IGR J11085-5100 Cen X-3 IGR J11215-5952 IGR J11305-6256 IGR J11321-5311 NGC 3783 IGR J11395-6520 IGR J11435-6109 A 1145.1-6141 4U 1145-619b IGR J12026-5349 NGC 4051 NGC 4138 NGC 4151 1ES 1210-646 IGR J12143+2933 NGC 4253 NGC 4258 PKS 1219+04 MRK 50 NGC 4388 NGC 4395 GX 301-2 XSS J12270-4859 3C273 IGR J12349-6434 NGC 4507 IGR J12391-1612 RA 141.274 146.124 146.431 146.916 148.025 149.859 152.449 152.447 152.529 152.753 155.876 156.287 157.935 159.401 159.676 160.124 161.189 167.144 170.306 170.429 172.779 173.047 174.739 174.858 176.031 176.870 177.000 180.686 180.781 182.352 182.634 183.269 183.597 184.592 184.747 185.588 185.860 186.444 186.462 186.651 186.978 187.271 188.724 188.908 189.792 Dec 52.331 -26.628 -14.335 -30.947 -62.523 -22.816 -42.800 -58.298 -56.914 -57.795 19.867 -68.460 -34.855 -56.801 -49.789 -46.391 -59.719 -51.014 -60.628 -59.869 -62.945 -53.200 -37.766 -65.406 -61.106 -61.956 -62.207 -53.823 44.525 43.672 39.408 -64.917 29.561 29.825 47.309 4.230 2.676 12.664 33.565 -62.772 -48.907 2.050 -64.565 -39.905 -16.186 -5.347 -57.841 -40.115 -59.090 -5.779 -69.296 27.938 -63.969 -63.836 16.361 53.798 -49.470 -40.423 11.619 -55.865 36.572 44.389 -43.019 -62.136 -63.392 -34.030 37.182 -34.288 4.528 30.395 -60.615 -30.309 -63.414 -45.382 -65.342 -3.220 -46.671 , p 4.09 ± 0.79 2.73 ± 0.52 3.55 6.82 0.82 3.23 1.50 4.11 1.20 1.01 6.32 3.14 2.70 4.11 1.03 1.47 0.68 0.19 52.23 1.09 3.45 22.36 8.58 10.68 0.88 22.91 3.57 1.70 2.11 1.67 33.11 0.66 0.67 1.07 1.33 0.91 0.91 12.50 1.08 122.97 1.39 9.66 3.56 7.64 2.10 4.09 0.89 1.24 2.36 1.05 2.60 1.58 1.64 1.01 0.86 2.19 13.92 1.94 2.44 1.29 0.84 1.51 39.19 5.28 2.30 1.22 0.57 2.53 3.45 1.22 4.16 11.28 0.89 4.11 13.11 9.32 0.91 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± AGN AGN Mrk 110 1RXS J094436.5-263353 6dF J0944370-263356 ESO 434-G040 [214] ESO 263-G013

25

0.27 AGN 0.59 AGN 0.15 0.39 AGN 0.27 AGN 0.12 HMXB 0.13 HMXB 0.13 SimbStar? 0.58 AGN 0.87 0.45 AGN 0.47R85 HMXB 0.17 AGN 0.24 AGN 0.12 Star 0.17 0.13 HMXB 0.13 HMXB 0.14 XRB 2.14 1.30 AGN 0.86R88 RS CVn? 0.15 HMXB 0.15 HMXB 0.15 HMXB 0.21 AGN 0.48 AGN 0.34 AGN 0.30 AGN 0.18 0.25 AGN 0.21 AGN 0.39 AGN 0.16 AGN 0.16 AGN 0.21 AGN 0.20 AGN 0.19 HMXB 0.33 CV 0.16 AGN 0.19 SimbStar? 0.34 AGN 0.43 AGN 0.18 0.22 0.28 0.21 0.19 0.24 0.15 0.20 0.19 0.22 0.46 0.25 0.24 0.29 0.21 0.19 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.37R92 0.27 0.26 0.26 1.03 0.21 0.17 0.36 0.15 0.91 0.18 0.46 0.19 AGN AGN AGN HMXB? AGN LMXB Cluster HMXB HMXB AGN AGN AGN AGN AGN AGN AGN AGN LMXB AGN RS CVn AGN AGN AGN AGN AGN CV AGN AGN AGN

2RXP J101103.0-574810

[110, 145] 23,67 [193]

SWIFT J1038.8-4942 LEDA 93974

[159] [22, 146] [193] [125, 162] [174, 146] [107]

HD 101379 [64, 87]

WKK0560

[193, 213]

WAS 49B

[144] RT Cru LEDA 170194 XSS 12389-1614 [39, 143] [193, 213]

NGC 4593 189.910 WKK 1263 190.356 PKS 1241-399 191.057 4U 1246-588 192.386 3C279 194.030 2S 1254-690 194.392 Coma 194.865 1RXP J130159.6-635806b 195.495 b PSR B1259-63 195.699 MRK 783 195.741 IGR J13038+5348 195.951 NGC 4945 196.364 ESO 323-G077 196.607 IGR J13091+1137 197.270 IGR J13109-5552 197.689 NGC 5033 198.350 c IGR J13149+4422 198.743 Cen A 201.363 4U 1323-619 201.643 IGR J13290-6323c 202.268 ESO 383-G018 203.332 BH CVn 203.699 MCG-6-30-15 203.990 NGC 5252 204.564 MRK 268 205.420 4U 1344-60 206.894 207.333 IC 4329A IGR J14003-6326 210.204 V834 Cen 212.196 Circinus galaxy 213.290 NGC 5506 213.312 IGR J14175-4641 214.296

[123] [124] [40]

MCG+09-21-096 NGC 4992 PMN J1310-5552 Mrk 248

[31, 214] [193, 213] [193]

ESO 383-G035

[93]

[193, 145]


26

1. P 1.2 (p)
RA 214.541 214.885 217.388 218.273 221.528 221.834 222.311 222.887 223.421 223.846 224.055 224.427 227.382 228.480 230.167 234.014 235.600 236.011 236.964 237.052 237.751 238.468 240.363 242.981 243.177 244.162 244.357 244.635 244.893 244.871 244.981 245.194 246.659 247.002 247.953 248.013 248.076 248.503 248.790 248.992 249.768 250.230 250.465 251.449 251.648 252.015 252.058 252.373 252.493 253.120 253.305 253.464 253.499 254.032 254.073 254.455 255.082 255.199 255.232 255.705 255.984 256.431 256.566 257.223 257.234 257.214 257.308 257.386 257.549 257.991 258.114 258.153 258.120 258.149 259.003 259.244 259.911 259.993 260.022 Dec 25.155 -26.633 -67.251 -61.221 -64.284 -63.289 -55.589 -55.691 -55.363 -51.571 -37.632 -43.125 -66.816 -59.145 -57.168 -57.806 -52.385 -56.748 -62.578 -45.472 -56.474 -61.676 -60.716 -60.637 -52.425 -49.975 -50.972 -59.468 -49.755 -28.151 -15.637 -51.505 -51.938 -49.209 -48.819 -47.876 -67.466 -47.391 -58.088 -47.407 -46.707 -53.751 -45.534 -45.616 -45.118 -45.207 -30.591 -43.823 -33.113 -59.215 2.429 39.751 -39.844 -52.078 -33.045 35.343 -42.335 -41.656 -46.197 -48.792 -37.842 -36.421 -43.037 -32.322 -44.102 -40.142 -36.408 -26.658 -28.128 -39.862 -23.347 -37.645 -40.858 -24.244 -38.879 -62.830 -41.023 -31.753 -31.294 , p 1.44 2.32 0.89 1.00 0.86 0.66 1.15 1.08 1.20 0.98 0.98 1.70 1.05 8.85 7.64 0.93 16.42 0.84 2.27 4.10 28.65 0.85 0.84 1.16 6.48 1.45 0.60 1.21 1.80 2.07 581.08 3.01 23.58 3.88 19.53 15.34 13.58 44.73 1.18 1.42 3.95 38.18 3.50 28.85 1.66 3.41 1.82 2.24 1.12 1.33 3.26 3.16 2.85 2.05 1.38 89.19 1.17 63.72 39.26 46.69 193.92 40.74 14.93 1.93 25.00 1.31 5.35 13.92 2.39 0.61 3.66 3.97 1.02 2.64 5.08 3.29 1.92 2.59 1.86 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.35 0.63 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.21 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.18 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.31 0.44 0.14 1.88 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.34 0.14 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.19 0.97 0.30 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.28 0.14 0.14 2.50 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.67 0.12 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.13 1.23 0.31 0.14 0.11 0.11 AGN AGN [93] [93] [93] [193 [112 [110 [110 [193 [216

NGC 5548 ESO 511-G030 IGR J14298-6715 IGR J14331-6112 IGR J14471-6414 IGR J14471-6319 IGR J14493-5534 IGR J14515-5542 IGR J14536-5522 IGR J14552-5133 IGR J14561-3738c IC 4518A IGR J15094-6649 PSR 1509-58 4U 1516-569 IGR J15360-5750 4U 1538-522 XTE J1543-568 4U 1543-624 NY Lup XTE J1550-564 IGR J15539-6142 4U 1556-605 WKK 6092 4U 1608-522 IGR J16167-4957 IGR J16175-5059 IGR J16185-5928 IGR J16195-4945 IGR J16195-2807 Sco X-1 IGR J16207-5129 SWIFT J1626.6-5156 4U 1624-49 IGR J16318-4848 IGR J16320-4751 4U 1626-67 4U 1630-47 ESO 137-G34 IGR J16358-4726b AX J163904-4642 4U 1636-536 IGR J16418-4532 GX 340+0 IGR J16465-4507b IGR J16479-4514 IGR J16482-3036 PSR J1649-4349 IGR J16500-3307 NGC 6221 NGC 6240 MKN 501 GRO J1655-40 IGR J16558-5203 IGR J16562-3301 Her X-1 AX J1700.2-4220 OAO 1657-415 XTE J1701-462 GX 339-4 4U 1700-377 GX 349+2 4U 1702-429 4U 1705-32 4U 1705-440 1RXS J170849.0-400910 IGR J17091-3624 XTE J1709-267 XTE J1710-281 RX J1713.7-3946 Oph cluster SAX J1712.6-3739 4U 1708-40 V2400 Oph KS 1716-389 NGC 6300 IGR J17195-4100 XTE J1720-318 IGR J17200-3116

AGN AGN AGN CV AGN AGN AGN CV PSR LMXB HMXB HMXB LMXB CV LMXB LMXB AGN LMXB CV PSR AGN HMXB RS CVn? LMXB HMXB R399 LMXB LMXB HMXB HMXB LMXB LMXB AGN HMXB HMXB LMXB HMXB LMXB HMXB HMXB AGN PSR
e

2MASX J14491283-5536194 WKK 4374 WKK 4438 ESO 386- G 034

, , , , , ]

145 14] 145 144 145

] ] ] ]

[193, 144 ]

[193]

1RXS J154814.5-452845 [93]

1RXS J161637.2-495847 PSR J1617-5055 WKK 6471 AX J161929-4945 1RXS J161933.6-280736

[264, 12] [193, 145 ] [264, 243 ] [22] [264, 243 ] [178] [183, 42] [241, 132 ]

AX J1631.9-4752

[184, 168 ] [27] [242, 265 ] [130, 133 ] [155, 133 ] [22, 146] [22]

2MASX J16481523-3035037 1RXS J164955.1-330713

AGN AGN AGN LMXB AGN SWIFT J1656.3-3302

[264, 145 ] [144]

LMXB HMXB HMXB R407 LMXB LMXB HMXB LMXB LMXB LMXB LMXB AXP LMXB R171 LMXB LMXB SNR Cluster LMXB LMXB CV HMXB AGN CV LMXB HMXB?

[111, 126 ]

G347.3-0.5

XTE J1716-389 1RXS J171935.6-410054 1RXS J172006.1-311702

[2, 41] [264, 12] [264, 145 ]


§1.6
1.2 (p)
IGR J17204-3554 EXO 1722-363 IGR J17254-3257 IGR J17269-4737 4U 1724-30 IGR J17285-2922 IGR J17303-0601 GX 9+9 GX 354-0 GX 1+4 IGR J17320-1914 IGR J17331-2406 RapidBurster IGR J17350-2045c IGR J17353-3539c IGR J17353-3257 IGR J17364-2711 GRS 1734-292 IGR J17379-3747c SLX 1735-269 4U 1735-444 IGR J17391-3021 GRS 1736-297 XTE J1739-285b IGR J17402-3656 SLX 1737-282b IGR J17407-2808b IGR J17419-2802b 2E 1739.1-1210 XTE J1743-363 1E 1740.7-294 IGR J17445-2747 IGR J17448-3231bc KS 1741-293b GRS 1741.9-2853b IGR J17456-2901b 1E 1742.8-2853b A 1742-294 IGR J17464-3213 1E 1743.1-2843b SAX J1747.0-2853b SLX 1744-299/300b IGR J17473-2721 IGR J17475-2253c IGR J17475-2822 GX 3+1 A 1744-361 4U 1745-203 AX J1749.1-2733b IGR J17488-3253 AX J1749.2-2725b SLX 1746-331 4U 1746-37 IGR J17505-2644c GRS 1747-313 XTE J1751-305 IGR J17513-2011 SWIFT J1753.5-0127 AX J1754.2-2754 IGR J17544-2619 IGR J17585-3057c IGR J17597-2201 GX 5-1 GRS 1758-258 GX 9+1 IGR J18027-2016 IGR J18027-1455 IGR J18048-1455 XTE J1807-294 SGR 1806-20 PSR J1811-1925 IGR J18135-1751 GX 13+1 M 1812-12 GX 17+2 IGR J18170-2511c XTE J1817-330 SAX J1818.6-1703 AX J1820.5-1434 RA 260.087 261.295 261.354 261.681 261.888 262.163 262.579 262.934 262.988 263.011 263.001 263.291 263.349 263.740 263.830 263.848 264.117 264.371 264.465 264.571 264.748 264.812 264.899 264.975 265.087 265.168 265.175 265.485 265.484 265.753 265.976 266.082 266.190 266.242 266.250 266.401 266.500 266.517 266.564 266.580 266.761 266.834 266.841 266.901 266.864 266.983 267.052 267.217 267.275 267.223 267.292 267.477 267.548 267.636 267.689 267.816 267.820 268.361 268.495 268.619 269.636 269.946 270.283 270.302 270.385 270.666 270.692 271.180 271.770 272.162 272.862 273.397 273.629 273.780 274.006 274.295 274.431 274.699 275.112 Dec -35.900 -36.282 -32.953 -47.647 -30.804 -29.370 -5.971 -16.952 -33.833 -24.747 -19.195 -24.142 -33.387 -20.754 -35.663 -32.934 -27.199 -29.139 -37.774 -26.991 -44.453 -30.355 -29.736 -28.496 -36.936 -28.313 -28.133 -28.031 -12.188 -36.377 -29.748 -27.772 -32.528 -29.337 -28.917 -29.026 -28.914 -29.508 -32.237 -28.735 -28.883 -30.010 -27.352 -22.862 -28.364 -26.563 -36.133 -20.359 -27.550 -32.907 -27.421 -33.201 -37.046 -26.744 -31.284 -30.616 -20.184 -1.452 -28.026 -26.325 -30.956 -22.026 -25.075 -25.743 -20.527 -20.283 -14.910 -14.925 -29.430 -20.404 -19.423 -17.858 -17.155 -12.094 -14.035 -25.142 -33.020 -17.033 -14.564 , p 0.79 8.18 1.57 12.43 17.09 3.68 3.54 11.08 35.54 54.39 1.14 1.24 3.73 0.90 0.80 1.38 1.60 5.18 6.34 10.00 25.07 1.08 4.99 2.01 0.87 3.66 1.47 8.11 1.78 2.86 27.91 4.39 0.56 5.11 3.05 5.61 5.95 11.82 32.30 5.45 3.03 7.57 5.14 0.97 2.51 10.14 16.22 12.03 1.48 1.34 1.60 0.82 2.95 0.66 1.39 5.91 1.62 3.44 2.05 0.65 0.79 5.61 45.54 54.32 15.47 4.07 2.05 1.06 0.95 3.26 0.99 1.28 11.96 26.22 55.95 0.82 7.57 1.48 2.19 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.12 0.12 0.11 1.59 0.10 0.57 0.30 0.16 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.30 0.10 0.91 0.10 0.17 0.09 0.52 0.10 0.12 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.20 0.11 0.09 0.67 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.73 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.54 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.61 0.12 0.24 0.53 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.16 AGN HMXB LMXB XRB LMXB LMXB? CV LMXB LMXB LMXB Nova LMXB IGR J17354-3255 AGN
R165

27



[22, 13]

R364 R120

1RXS J172525.5-325717 XTE J1726-476 Terzan 2 XTE J1728-295 1RXS J173021.5-055933

[264, 30] [251] [264, 11] [264, 57]

V2487 Oph

[12] [131]

[112] [35] [169]

LMXB LMXB HMXB
R409

XTE J1739-302

[231, 229] [28]

LMXB Op en star cluster LMXB HMXB
R409

NGC 6400 2RXP J174040.9-280852 IGR J17418-1212 [227] [22] [105, 227] [66]

AGN HMXB? LMXB
R165

LMXB LMXB Nuclear stellar cluster LMXB? LMXB LMXB LMXB LMXB LMXB
R304

[17, 109]

H1743-322/XTE J1746-322

[185]

[65] SgrB2 [188]

R181

Molecular cloud LMXB LMXB R120 LMXB XRB? AGN HMXB LMXB LMXB
R299

[227] [264, 145]

LMXB LMXB AGN LMXB? LMXB HMXB LMXB? LMXB LMXB LMXB HMXB AGN HMXB LMXB SGR PSR/PWN PWN/SNR? LMXB LMXB LMXB LMXB HMXB HMXB

Terzan 6 [22, 145] [167, 246] [232, 88] XTE J1759-220 [127, 134]

IGR/SAX J18027-2017 1RXS J180245.2-145432(f )

[189, 5] [264, 142] [22, 31]

SNR G11.2-0.3 HESS J1813-178

[253]

[163]


28

1. P

1.2 (p)
IGR J18214-1318 4U 1820-303 IGR J18249-3243 4U 1822-000 4U 1822-371 IGR J18257-0707 LS 5039 GS 1826-24 AX J183039-1002 IGR J18325-0756 SNR 021.5-00.9 PKS 1830-211 3C382 RX J1832-33 AX J1838.0-0655 ESO 103-G035 Ser X-1 IGR J18410-0535 1E 1841-045 3C390.3 AX J1845.0-0433 GS 1843+00 PSR J1846-0258 A 1845-024 IGR J18483-0311 IGR J18486-0047c IGR J18490-0000 4U 1850-087 IGR J18539+0727 4U 1849-31 XTE J1855-026 IGR J18559+1535 IGR J18578-3405 XTE J1858+034 HETE J19001-2455 XTE J1901+014 4U 1901+03 SGR 1900+14 XTE J1908+094 4U 1907+097 IGR J19108+0917 X 1908+075 Aql X-1 SS 433 IGR J19140+098 GRS 1915+105 4U 1916-053 SWIFT J1922.7-1716 1H 1934-063 RX J1940.2-1025 NGC 6814 XSS J19459+4508 KS 1947+300 3C403 4U 1954+319 Cyg X-1 Cygnus A SWIFT J2000.6+3210 IGR J20187+4041 IGR J20286+2544 EXO 2030+375 Cyg X-3 4C +74.26 MRK 509 IGR J20569-4940 SAX J2103.5+4545 S5 2116+81 IGR J21178+5139 IGR J21237+4218 IGR J21247+5058 IGR J21277+5656 4U 2127+119 CV Cyg IGR J21343+4738 SS Cyg Cyg X-2 NGC 7172 RA 275.340 275.921 276.206 276.312 276.447 276.480 276.554 277.367 277.660 278.112 278.394 278.421 278.738 278.933 279.503 279.632 279.991 280.262 280.329 280.578 281.253 281.404 281.613 282.048 282.071 282.104 282.258 283.265 283.500 283.761 283.870 283.987 284.469 284.673 285.039 285.415 285.917 286.839 287.219 287.406 287.641 287.701 287.814 287.957 288.526 288.801 289.686 290.615 294.422 295.050 295.685 296.887 297.397 298.024 298.933 299.588 299.863 300.101 304.647 307.140 308.062 308.108 310.576 311.036 314.215 315.901 318.736 319.441 320.960 321.161 321.930 322.502 323.449 323.625 325.711 326.170 330.490 Dec -13.299 -30.362 -32.738 0.007 -37.106 -7.145 -14.861 -23.798 -10.049 -7.938 -10.572 -21.068 32.660 -32.990 -6.911 -65.422 5.041 -5.577 -4.938 79.763 -4.574 0.868 -2.983 -2.426 -3.172 -0.787 -0.013 -8.702 7.488 -31.155 -2.601 15.629 -34.096 3.437 -24.917 1.447 3.207 9.322 9.374 9.833 9.312 7.595 0.584 4.979 9.885 10.947 -5.247 -17.300 -6.240 -10.446 -10.331 44.883 30.211 2.445 32.094 35.202 40.736 32.166 40.706 25.746 37.638 40.959 75.141 -10.727 49.679 45.753 82.045 51.650 42.316 50.973 56.943 12.172 51.122 47.614 43.574 38.319 -31.864 , p 1.36 29.26 0.92 1.59 25.61 1.03 0.57 73.65 0.84 1.89 2.88 2.34 2.77 9.59 2.03 4.64 10.27 1.11 2.48 4.30 1.43 4.63 1.57 0.93 3.18 1.07 1.13 5.02 0.69 6.40 10.61 1.59 4.01 12.09 7.03 2.59 31.22 0.91 1.45 14.59 2.70 13.04 12.30 8.78 8.99 261.49 8.04 8.38 1.24 2.32 3.30 1.06 13.11 5.18 4.76 736.49 4.03 1.89 1.32 2.31 33.45 160.81 2.74 3.85 1.03 10.47 2.48 1.35 1.03 5.98 1.87 3.72 3.15 1.09 2.89 25.81 4.18 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± [22] PKS 1821-327? [14] [22]

0.15 0.11 LMXB 0.11 AGN 0.16 LMXB 0.14 LMXB 0.15 0.16 HMXB 0.13 LMXB 0.16 0.15 0.16 SNR 0.15 AGN 1.22 AGN 0.13 LMXB 0.15 SNR/PWN 0.94 AGN 0.13 LMXB 0.15 HMXB 0.15 PSR/PWN 0.44 AGN 0.14 HMXB 0.13 HMXB 0.15 PSR/PWN 0.13 HMXB 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.15 LMXB 0.12 LMXB? 0.18 CV 0.13 HMXB 0.16 AGN 0.64R408 AGN? 0.12 HMXB 0.21 LMXB 0.12 HMXB? 0.12 HMXB 0.11 SGR 0.12 LMXB 0.12 HMXB 0.55 0.12 HMXB 0.12 LMXB 0.11 HMXB 0.12 HMXB 0.12 LMXB 0.16 LMXB R309 1.23 0.22 AGN 0.28 CV 0.29 AGN 0.31 AGN 0.30 1.56 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.19 0.41 0.19 0.18 0.85 0.58 0.22 0.18 0.67 0.24 0.18 0.24 0.31 0.47 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.35 HMXB AGN HMXB HMXB AGN HMXB AGN AGN HMXB HMXB AGN AGN HMXB AGN AGN CV AGN AGN LMXB CV CV LMXB AGN

[128]

HESS J1837-069 AX J1841.0-0536

[138] [205]

[123] AXP? [38] [156] [129, 126] V1223 Sgr 2E 1853.7+1534 [20, 145 ]

[92]

IGR J19140+0951

[78, 206 ]

[250] V1432 Aql IGR J19473+4452 2MASX J19471938+4449425 [12] [193, 213]

IGR J20006+3210 2MASX J20183871+4041003 IGR J2018+4043 MCG +04-48-002

[250, 77] [33, 34] [14, 148 ]

3A 2056+493 2MASX J21175311+5139034 V2069 Cyg [14] [264, 142] [20] [12] 1RXS J213419.6+473810


§1.6
1.2 (p)
RA Dec 42.267 54.513 -8.301 -26.021 -12.539 22.316 16.143 -17.616 8.879 -8.689 58.813 58.745 , p 1.31 6.40 3.28 1.51 1.83 2.45 9.73 3.32 3.31 2.49 3.68 0.62 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.26 0.25 0.99R25 0.40 0.39 0.43R316 0.38 0.34 0.54 0.37 0.11 0.10 AGN HMXB CV AGN AGN AGN AGN AGN AGN SNR

29

[46]

BL Lac 330.645 4U 2206+543 331.992 FO Aqr 334.402 NGC 7314 338.890 IGR J22367-1231 339.176 c IGR J22517+2218 342.939 3C 454.3 343.490 MR 2251-178 343.465 NGC 7469 345.825 MRK 926 346.166 Cas A 350.846 c IGR J23523+5844 358.079
a b c e

MRK 915 [46]

p . pp pp . p p.

H , p p. p ESO 138-G1 (AGN, 6.5 NGC6221) p p p.

R


30

1. P

. 1.6 p p p p RX J1713.7-3946 p 17­60 . p 4 - 5 p pp. p pp p p 0.1-2.4 () pp ­ p p H.E.S.S. (p).

p RX J1713.7-3946
p p p p p p RX J1713.7-3946. RX J1713.7-3946 (0.12.4 ) [172]. , , "" 24 . RX J1713.7-3946, [100, 230], , . - , RX J1713.7-3946, H.E.S.S. [1], . , RX J1713.7-3946. . , IBIS (12 ) , , , [199, 200]. H . 1.6 p p RX J1713.7-3946 17­60 . , () H.E.S.S (p). RX J1713.73946 , - . , , , 100 - [100].


2
2.1
, p p p, , , "" ­ () [260, 266]. pp 100 2 p. pp ("") 5 p (. 2.1). > - h 10 - 100 (. , . 2.2). pp , 70 , p [104, 221, 222, 101, 85]. , p: (i) p ­ p p p. p p p p p ­ 0 ; (ii) p p , pp, p p ; (iii) p p p . p - p pp , .. . , , . , ,


32

2.

[. , 237]. , p p pp > 5 - 10 , [236, 237, 51]. , . , , , . , , p 1043 p -1 . , . Hp , p p. p p , p p p , p p, p p - p .
.



. 2.1 p p p p 3-20 p pp RXTE ( p [194]). p p p pp pp 1 . p p . . [224, 81, 51]. "" , . RXTE (p 3-20 ). , p p 3-20 p -


§2.1 EGRET MeV Skymap E > 100
Phase 1 - 4
1606+106 1622-253 1633+382 1510-089 1406-076 3C279 0827+243 Cygnus Region PSR1055-52 Geminga 3C273

33

Crab 0528+134 0446+112 0235+164 3C454.3 0208-512 2230+114 PSR 1706-44 LMC 0537-441 Orion Region Vela

PSR 1951+32

. 2.2 p p 100 p, EGRET, pp . 1991­2000 . p , p . H p p -, p p . - p p . . , p, p, http://www.mp e.mpg.de. pp , p, , p pp [194]. , , . , RXTE, , [215]. p - . p p 10 . H p (>20 ), p, pp -. > 20 ,


34

2.

~1000 /





. 2.3 p p p (p p p). p p p 1000 /, p p. H p p p p , p pp pp 20­30 p . pp p , , , p. . . p p, p p . p (B = 0.1 Â 1 ), , -, p p , p p p p p p, p p pp p. p p , p p p pp . p (B = 10 Â 100 ), p p p - p [263, 166]. p p 1000 /. H p p p p p , -


§2.1

35

p p pp . p , pp - p p (.2.3). p pp pp , p, p, p , , , p. p, , p, pp pp p, . p p pp , p p 20-30- . p 20- p [177, 220, 95]. pp p p p ppp . , , , ( ) . , , , , . , p > h 0.5 - 1 p - , , < 50 - 100 . pp p pp p -. . , pp p p, p: · pp pp pp , p pp ( -)? · 20-500 ? -, [177, 220, 95, 117, 239]. p p -


36

2. p p . pp p p p, p p p 20- , pp p. · () ? p p , , p p ( [215]).

p , p . H p ­ , p p -pp H. pp p pp IBIS p p ISGRI, p p p: · pp p p 28 â 28 ( p 9 â 9 ), p , . p p, p , pp p , p. · pp pp (12 ) , , , ( IBIS/ISGRI 0.1 a .). IBIS p p p p , . · p p ISGRI 17-200 , p .


§2.2

37

· p pp 1 . ., , 10-11 -2 -1 . , p p ( 8 ), L 1035 p -1 . L (. . 2.4) [215] ( 2.2.3)

LdN/d(Log L), //

Log L (2-10 ), /
. 2.4 p p 2­10 . p (ABs) p (CVs). H p p p p. p p p . p p. [215].

2.2
p IBIS §1.2, p p p .


38

2.

. 2.5 p : p , p . H : p . p pp (§1.2.1), IBIS, p p p p pp, p pp 12 . , ( 100 â 5 ) IBIS/ISGRI ( ). , IBIS , IBIS . p , , p p p p, p . p p p. p , pp: (i) -


§2.2

39

. 2.6 , p. "A" (|l| > 120 |b| > 30 , p p 30 p p ) "B" (90 < |l| < 120 20 < |b| < 30 ) p , p p . "B" . "C" (|l| < 80 |b| < 20 ). 5.3,3.5,1.8 . ., 50000 . p IBIS p p p. : p p , p p / p () p p; (ii) , ; (iii) p (- ) . p p, 60% .

2.2.1 p p
p ISGRI : · (), · p IBIS, · , p , · p () p, p p, p , p p .p. [25, 238].


40

2.

. 2.7 p : p p ISGRI p 17 - 60 p . "B" (. . 2.6). H : p p p ( p p ). , p , ppp , ( ) . p p p p 0.5 p p 17-100 p p. p ISGRI , , [37], .. p, "" p p p p . IBIS , p p p. , , §1.6. () , p, p (. . 2.7, p ). , p p p, .


§2.2

41

"" , , .

. 2.8 p p p ISGRI "B" (. . 2.6), p . 1 (1.1 â 10-4 . -1 -1 ), ­ p

1: p p p p p p, p . p p: p IREM (Integral Radiation Environment Monitor), SPI, ISGRI p p ISGRI p . p , , p p p p (17-200 ). p ISGRI p 0.6 - 1 40 2 , , , H . p p p p H pp G, p p "gain" (. §1.2.2). p p p p pp p T p:


42

2.

. 2.9 p IBIS p. p p p 17-60 () 86-129 (p). p p, p p .

P = a0 + a1 H + a2 G + a 3 T + a4 T 2 + a5 T

3

(2.1)

ai 2.1 ( "A" "B" . 2.6), pp [194] ( , pp p p ). , pp p, p 2.1, "A", p p (P ) p (M ) p p "B". H . 2.7 p ( ). p p p p P - M . - , . p (2.1), pp P - M 1.8% p p . , pp P - M p p p (M ) ( ). p (2.1), p M . , p P - M p (. . 2.8). pp (P - M )2 1.1 â -4 -1 -1 10 . p 17-60 ( 1% p M ), 10 p, p,


§2.2
p p .

43

2: " p" p , p pp H p. ±25 p. p 10- . . p p H (72 ) p p p p p p . p, p p p p "" |b| > 20 , [194], p p p p , p . pp p p (> 600 ), , p ( 0.5% p p) p p 1 . . , , " p" pp p , p, p: 15 100 p ( 0.6 - 1 ) . , p p .

2.2.2 IBIS p
pp p IBIS/ISGRI p p p p. H p p p . p p : (i) pp , p p p p; (ii) pp p , p p pp , , p p. , p pp , pp " -


44

2.

p", p p ­ p , . H pp IBIS/ISGRI p p , p p p IBIS [179]. pp p 1760 86-129 p . 2.9. p ( pp IBIS/ISGRI p) p p p p pp pp p p . , , pp p p, pp p .

2.2.3
, p p - , p . p IBIS/ISGRI > p (L 1035 /) p (§2.2.2) p p. , , .. L < 1035 /, p . pp "" p p p , p [67, 72, 215], p p . 2.4,2.5. , (LMXB, L 1035 - 1039 p -1 ) (1028 - 1034 p -1 ). , . p, , "" , .. ,


§2.2

45

. 2.10 p p 17­60 (p p, ) p (p). pp, p p |b| < 5 |l| < 5 , . p p p . p p. pp p .

.2.4. pp , p pp H 0.5-0.8 . ., p 10-11 -2 -1 p 17­60 . p ( ) 1035 / (, , ) . , .2.4, LMXB , . , , H , "" .


46

2.

2.3 2.3.1 p
pp, : 1) p , 2) p p 3) p p . . 2.10 p p p p p p. p (p), , p p p p ±5 p (). p p p p. p p . p pp , , . H p p p p : X-1 (l 70 ), GRS 1915+105 (l 45 ), GX 301-2 (l -60 ). H p p, p X-1. p p p pp p p . p p p . IBIS p 15 â 15 (p ), pp p (. 2.10) 15 . , pp pp p 1-2 , /p [45, 194] p p. p p p pp p . , , p pp pp , p p p p , pp pp p p . , , [195]. . p pp -


§2.3

47

. 2.11 p p 17­60 (p p p , p ) p ( ). p pp 4.9 . p pp p IBIS p . Hpp p pp p pp (. . 2.13).


48

2.

, pp DIRBE pp COBE ( p LAMBDA p . p, http://lamb da.gsfc.nasa.gov). , p, p , pp 4.9 . p p pp p, p, 1.2­4.9 , p p, p pp 4000 - 5000 [114], p 4.9 , 1.2 . -2.5 /A4.9 I I
1.2 4.9

A

4.9

=

A

1.2



-1

ln

- ln

I I

0 1.2 0 4.9

A ­ p 1.2 4.9 . p [135, 90]. p pp, , , , 10%.

. 2.12 p p p IBIS/ISGRI pp H p 17­60 . p p p p pp , 4.9 . p pp p IBIS p . p p 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2 â 10-5 -2 -1 p . p pp p IBIS p (. 2.9). p . 2.11. p p


§2.3

49

IBIS . 2.13. p p, pp p p p p pp , p p pp . p pp , p . 2.14, p pp , p (p , 115 ), p p ( 21 .) p - 1 , p 100 (. . 2.2). , p , p ( ), p p pp RXTE p 3­20 [194]. p pp p pp , p p 17­60 [45]. pp p , p p (p p 10 . .), p "1" (. §2.2.1), F17­60 /F4.9 = (7.52 ± 0.33) â 10-5 (. 2.13). "2", ( 1 . .), p F17­60 /F4.9 = (8.44 ± 0.28) â 10-5 (. . 2.15). , . p pp pp p . p p , p "" (|l| < 10 ) (|l| > 20 ). p . 2.15. H p , pp , . , p , . =4.9 p p. [45] L = 4.3 â 107 L , 4.9 p L17­60 = (1.23 ± 0.05) â
p -, HI CO Skyview (http://skyview.gsfc.nasa.gov) NASA/GSFC.
1


50

2.

1037 p -1 . p, M = 1 - 1.3 â 1010 M (pp, p. [45]), L17­60 /M = 0.9 - 1.2 â 1027 p//M . p 2:1, p 17­60 (3.7 ± 0.2) â 1037 p -1 .

2.3.2 p
p, (. §2.2.1), p p p 17-200 , p p . 2.16. H p p p . p p ISGRI p p 50­60 , p p p p , . p p ( IBIS) p 57­86 60 p (2 ), p p (. 2.17, p). , pp . p p p . . p p IBIS p p . , .. p p p p (. . 2.9). 4.9 , p p p (. 2.18).


§2.4

51

2.4
p p p p . , , p [215] (. 2.4). , p p p , , . p p: V711 Tau ( ), AM Her (p ­ ), SU UMa ( - ). p p ( ), p p 20- , p p [225] p 0.5M . pp , pp p, , , [., pp, 3]. - , p (. .2.3). : kT GMWD RWD

, MWD 0.3 - 1.0M , pp k T M 1.6-1.7 ( ­p p, . pp [160]), .. . , 0.5M [., pp, 18, 19, 103, 171]. . 2.18, p 0.5M (p p) p p p ( ). p p p 0.3 0.5 . , . p, p , , : p p , p 20- , p p -


52

2.

p . p p , p p . H p , , p pp p 0.5 , .

2.5
1. , pp p p p 17­60 , p pp pp . p p, p 3­20 [194]. p p p - , p p (p H I ) p (p C O ) p p . pp , p 17­60 (0.9 - 1.2) â 1027 p -1 M-1 . ( p ) p [215, 194]. p (3.7 ± 0.2) â 1037 p -1 17­60 . , p p p - p, , p p . , p < p p p p ( 0.5) p (., pp, [222, 139, 208, 82]), p p p p p . p , - , p p p p , "" [269] ( p p, pp ). , p, pp p p pp , p p pp pp . 2. , , (17­60 ) -


§2.5

53

, ( ) p ( , p /, ), , p , . 3. p p 17­200 . p p p p p 50 - 60 . p p p p pp p . p. p p p pp p , p 0.5M . 4. , p p 60-200 . p p p 57­86 60 p (2 ) IBIS ( 28 â 28 ). p p (, [220]), p p p p (, ). , p ISGRI p p 100 . , , p p p p, p p p p ISGRI " ". p, p p 3­20 [194, 195], pp 30­ p pp p p . p , ´ p p p p 1028 - 1034 p/. < p ( 10 ) . ´ p, p pp p (p p) (p) . pp pp < p 10 . p p, , 40% 4­8 , p [196]. p [197] p p M32, p p ( p


54

2.

) pp pp p p . p - "" . 2.19. H p, - . p, pp p "p" p, . 3-20 [194, 195] , , p 3­100 p , . p p: p p pp pp p ? p, p 100 . [36], 300-500 . p , p 100-500 , p (. . 2.16). , pp, p . , p IBIS/ISGRI pp, 1) p ISGRI p 100 2) . , ISGRI , , 17-100 . p p (±30 ) p . p " p". p . p p 4 . . , p , p p p -


§2.5

55

p, p l = 315 . , p p p, , . - pp SPI. pp p (35 â 35 ), IBIS/ISGRI, p 200-300 , p p p p. pp pp (2.5 â 2.5 ), p , .


56

2.

. 2.13 p 17­60 pp 4.9 . p pp. ­ p , p ­ p p, p p IBIS. p p p p . p , p p , p. p p p p. , p p ( 10 p). p . pp F17-60 /F4.9 = (7.52 ± 0.33) â 10-5 .


§2.5

57

. 2.14 p pp p p p 17­60 (p p p ) , . p, p : p pp 4.9 , pp p (p , 115 ), p p ( 21 .) p p p p 100 , EGRET pp (. . 2.2). p p IBIS p. Hpp p (p p) p p p p.


58

2.

. 2.15 p : (IBIS/ISGRI, 17­60 ) pp (COBE/DIRBE, 4.9 ). p p p IBIS p p (" p", p "2", §2.2.1). p p. , p p , p . pp (8.44 ± 0.28) â 10-5 (p ). p F17-60 /F4.9 = 7.52 â 10-5 , p ( "1"). p (p p ) pp , p , p : p/ (|l| < 10 , p p) (|l| > 20 , p). p p, .


§2.5

59

. 2.16 p p p 3200 pp p 15 â 15 . p 17- p IBIS/ISGRI. p p 2 ­ p p p . p 3­20 pp PCA pp RXTE ( 15- p 1999 .). Hpp p , , IBIS/ISGRI p 20 . p p, RXTE/PCA ­ p, IBIS/ISGRI ­ p, . p p p p. p ­ p p p, p pp OSSE -pp . (1991 ­ 2000 .). p p p [95] pp, p OSSE IBIS/ISGRI p 30-40 .


60

2.

40

20

0

-20

-40 -20 0 Galactic Latitude 20

(RS CVns)

, 1027 //

.



,

. 2.17 p : p p p 57­ 86 . p, p p p. H : p p pp RXTE H. p p (IBIS/ISGRI ). p, p p , [215]. p .


§2.5

61

. 2.18 p p pp RXTE H (. . 2.17). p p , p 0.5M . p p p p, - p p­ p. p, p p p p 0.3 1.0 ( ).


62

2.

Weak X-ray sources

. 2.19 p p "" p 3 ­ 4 . p 3­100 p p p , p p. - p p p: 1) p 0 -, 2) p p pp , p p p, 3) p p . p (. 2.18) p 3.9 â 10 10 M . p - p > 100 , [24] L>100 = 2 â 1039 p -1 . , . p - CGRO/OSSE CGRO/EGRET p [95], ­ p Milagro [4, 176]. p p p .

¡¢ ¡¢¡¢¡¢ ¡¢¡¢¡ ¡¢ ¡¢¡¢¡¢ ¡¢¡¢¡¢ ¡¢¡¢¡¢ ¡¢¡¢¡¢ ¡ ¡¢¡¢ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡

¢ ¢¢¢ ¢¢¡ ¢ ¢¢¢ ¢¢¢ ¢¢¢ ¢¢¢ ¡ ¢¢ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡



Positron annihilation

Cosmic ray induced background


3
3.1
­ (), p p p p ( p., 1962, [59]). p p. p p pp , , . , , "" (., , 1970 [218]) . , , / , . p p p, , ­ , p . p HEAO1 p 3-400 [141, 76]. 20-40 . , , , , , . pp pp p <10 .


64

3.

pp EINSTEIN, ROSAT p XMM-Newton. H , p 5- p p p [69] p p , p p p p p > ( 106-9 M ) p p. 80% p 2-6 50-70% 6-8 (. p [29]). H p 10 , p , pp p . , , p . () p, p pp p XMM-Newton, p p p p . , p p p p p p [8]. p p p p p . , , z=0 ( ), . , ( "", , ), , , ROSAT, . p 3­20 , p pp RXTE, p p p |b| > 10 [186, 210]. p p (z 0.1) pp . Hp , p p p, p p XMM-Newton, NH 1023 -2 . p p p p p [106, 14, 15]. p , p p -


§3.2 p

65

p "". - , , , , , . p, p , p p, p: p , , , . p , . , , , : · , () , · p , , · , p pp (<100 ) .

3.2 p
p , p p p, 131 p p . H p , p , 94 p p 5 , p 86 8 p. , , ( , ). p 40 p pp. p pp (|b| > 5 ) 6- (p 69).


66

3.

, , . p p A(f ), p . 1.5, p : N (> f ) =
fi >f

A(fi )-1 .

(3.1)

H . 3.1 p (|b| > 5 ), p 17­60 , pp. p p p p dn/df , p p , p p df :


N (> f ) =
f

dn df . df

(3.2)

p : dn = C â f - , (3.3) df p, pp p p: N (> f ) = C âf -1
-+1

.

(3.4)

pp (3.4) p, p [43] p p. (1 - ) = 1.62 ± 0.15, pp C /( - 1) = (5.7 ± 0.7) â 10-3 / 1 p. , p p p p p , ( p p p [106]). p 0.5 . , 45 â 45 p 5 4.5 . p p pp 3/2. p 20­50 , 10-11 -2 -1 ( 1 p) (1.4 ± 0.5) â 10-2 / , p. p p p p pp . p §3.4.


§3.2 p

67

. 3.1 p : p p 17­60 ( ) p. p ppp p p. p 1.62 ± 0.15, pp pp pp 1.5. p 5.7 ± 0.7 â 10-3 / 1 p. p . p, p , p ( p). H : p (p , ) 15 â 360 p. pp p pp p .


68

3.

p , p p: p pp , , flim , p . p (3.3) , p , p A(f ) pp :


M (> f

lim

)=
f
lim

dN A(f )df . df

(3.5)

­ (3.7), , p pp. p 0 , pp :
R
max



M

expected

=

0

d
R
min

R dR
4 R2 f (0 )

2

(L)dL.

(3.6)

(§3.4). p . 3.1 ( ). p, 15 â 360 , p p . , (|b| < 5 ) p , , p . (|b| < 5 ), (3.6) p 18.4. p p 16. , p , . , pp, , p. , p p , pp (3.4). , 83-. pp p p : (1 - ) = 1.50 ± 0.13 C /( - 1) = (5.4 ± 0.6) ± 10-3 / 1 p.


§3.3

69

. 3.2 p: p p 17­60 , (|b| < 5 , p p) p p p (|b| > 5 , p). p p p p p . : p ( ) 1 p , p p p. p p . p p pp p . p p , |b| > 5 . , , , (. . 3.2). H . 3.2 p (|b| < 5 ), p , , (. 3.1).

3.3
p , p , . z 0.01 (NGC, Nearby Galaxies Catalogue [248]).


70

3.

. 3.3 p ­ p p p pp H. p p p p, . p p p , (|b| < 5 ). m = 0.3, = 0.7, H0 = 75 -1 -1 . p , p p. p p , p 17­60 ( 4 5 1.2). p ­p p . 3.3. , p p (.. p), p z < 0.1. IGR J09446-2636 z 0.14. p p z 1­2.5, ­ 1048 p -1 . p p , p p . p p .


§3.3

71

pp , pp ASCA/GIS, Einstein/IPC, RXTE/PCA, Swift/XRT. XSPEC v12 [7]. p pp dN (E )/dE E - NH . 6.4 ( ), . p p p, p p : = 1.8 (pp, [201, 249]). , NH , 1022 -2 . "".

3.3.1 p
p, p , p pp RXTE p pp p . , (log NH > 22) [210]. p, p p p pp H p log Lhx = 43.6, Lhx ­ p 17­60 ( , , p p pp p/). , RXTE log(Lhx /Lx ) 0.1 ( §3.3.4) p Lhx pp , RXTE (log Lx = 43.5). p log Lhx = 43.6, (§3.3.2). p 42 24 , 1 . H . 3.4 pp p , . p p , 66% log Lhx < 43.6 (log NH > 22), , 24%. p , p pp RXTE H, . , p H ( p 20- )
p , p , , p .
1


72

3.

. 3.4 p p . H p pp (log Lhx < 43.6) , . .

log NH 24.5. , , , log NH 24.5 (. 3.4) , . - §3.5.


§3.3

73

3.3.2
pp p (Lhx ) dNAGN /d log Lhx . (Lhx ) p , 1/Vm [234], .. p 1/Vm (Lhx,i ) p ; Vm (Lhx,i ) ­ pp, p Lhx,i p p. p Vm p p p , p . 1.5. , 40 < log Lhx < 45.5. . 3.5. , L : (Lhx ) = A . (Lhx /L )1 + (Lhx /L )2 (3.7)

pp , L : L = -2
i

ln

(Lhx,i )Vm (Lhx,i ) , (Lhx )Vm (Lhx ) d log Lhx

(3.8)

i p p. L, p p : L pp 1 2 . pp (Lhx ) p p , p p. p . 3.5. pp (3.7) p 3.1. Hp pp A p, .. pp ppp c . p , , , 1/Vm , p p­ p (. 3.1).

3.3.3
p , pp -


74

3.

. 3.5 , p pp H p 17­60 ( p 1 ). p p (3.7). p log L > 40:


hx

n(> 40) =
40

(Lhx ) d log Lhx ,

(3.9)

p 3.1. , p . , p NGC 4395 log Lhx < 41, . , , p log Lhx > 41. p log Lhx > 40:


§3.3
3.1 pp pp log L 1 2 A (-3 ) n17­60 (> n17­60 (> 17­60 (> 17­60 (> PKS 1 43.40 (43.12 Â 43.68) 0.76 (0.56 Â 0.94) 2.28 (2.06 Â 2.56) 3.55 â 10-5 -3 -3 40) (10 ) 9 (4 Â 18) -3 -3 41) (10 ) 1.4 (0.9 Â 2.0) 38 -1 -3 40) (10 p ) 14.1 (11.8 Â 17.1) 41) (1038 p -1 -3 ) 12.4 (11.0 Â 14.0) > 0.9

75





17-60 keV

(> 40) =
40

(Lhx )Lhx d log Lhx .

(3.10)



p 3.1, p 17-60 keV (> 41).

3.3.4
. p, p - 7- p |b| > 5 . p, , , , 10%. , , , 15 |b| > 5 , . , , p. p, S p p p f1 , p p p S0 . N p f1 < f < f2 , p Nt p , . , p f1 < f < f2 p (min < < max ):


76

3.

. 3.6 p : p pp p pp H ( p). H : p , p (3.11).

N N - N t Nt + << . (3.11) S S0 S , , max . H . 3.6 min /max , p. p , p ( 2­6 10-11 p -1 -2 ), "" , p p . , , p 17%. p p p p - p , p p. , p "" , 2005-2006 , . p, , p -


§3.3

77

10% ( , p p p), p . p p 3­20 p p p , H, p 17­60 , 3­20 , p p pp RXTE. , . Hpp, p p , p p p. p 25 , . 3.7. Lx /Lhx NH . , , p () p = 1.8 , - ( p exrav XSPEC, [140]). R ( /2 ). (. p 3.7) Lx < Lhx , - p ( ) . p Lx /Lhx p NH , , , .. R > 0. H ( p 2) pp p p p , .. RXTE H . p, . 3.7 , p p p p (., pp, [62, 170]), , p ( ) p p, = 1.8 R 0.5­1. , p Lx /Lhx (log Lhx < 43.6) (log Lhx > 43.6) , pp NH (. 3.4). , Lx /Lhx = 0.79 (0.67) p R = 0.5 (1). , p 0.96 (0.84).


78

3.

. 3.7 p : p p p pp H (17­60 , ) RXTE (3­20 , p). p pp . H : 3­20 17­60 NH (). H (log NH < 22) log NH = 21. ( = 1.8) p R = 0 ( ), R = 0.5 (p ), R = 1 ( ).


§3.3

79

, , log Lhx /Lx 0.1 , , 3­20 17­60 .

. 3.8 , ( ) p pp RXTE 3­20 [210], pp 17­60 ( ).

3.3.5 p
p, , p p p p . p, , , 80% p 8 , pp [84]. , p p 30 , pp p p p p pp H ( ­ p pp, p ). p


80

3.

p 30 p pp. - , ? p p pp NH (. 3.4): log log log log log log log N N N N N N N < < < < < < > 22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 24.5 24.5 : : : : : : : 0.37 0.20 0.05 0.13 0.16 0.07 0.02 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.10, 0.07, 0.04, 0.06, 0.07, 0.05, 0.02.

H H H H H H H

22.0 22.5 23.0 23.5 24.0

< < < < <

(3.12)

p , (log Lhx < 43.6) (log Lhx > 43.6) p 90% 10%, . p . , p , . , p , p Ef = 200 R: dN = AE dE
-

exp(-E /Ef ) + Rf (E ),

(3.13)

f (E ) p [140]. = 1.8, R = 0.5 R = 1 p . , (3.12), (. 3.9). , (log NH > 24.5), p, , p 3%, p pp NH (. 3.4), , p (3.13) p p (., pp, [149]). p, . 3.9, pp ,


§3.3

81

(p p), 17­60 (> 40) (. 3.1). , p . 3.9 p log Lhx > 40. p p, p p p, - pp NH 17­60 (> 40).

. 3.9 p , p (3.13) pp = 1.8, Ef = 200 keV, R = 0.5 ( ) pp NH (. 3.4). p pp , . p p p p p, p pp NH 17­60 (> 40). p (p log NH ) . p R = 1. p p, , ­ . , p , z = 0 p (.,


82

3.

pp, [211]): dz , (3.14) (1 + z ) [m (1 + z )3 + ]1/2 F (E ) ­ p, . 3.9, (z ) ­ , . p (z ) p p pp p XMM-Newton. H . 3.10 p p 2­8 , p [9]. (z ) p z 1.5. z 0.2 z 1 p p (z ), 3.2. H p z 1 p , - p . p z 1, p p p p p (., . 3.10), p: I (E ) =
0 0

c 4 H



(z )F ((1 + z )E )

e1 (z )

(1 + z )3.2 , e1 (1)/z , (1 + z )3.2 , e2 (1),

z1 z>1 z1 z > 1.

(3.15)

e2 (z )

(3.16)

(. 3.9) p (. . 3.11, ). p p p p, p p 17-60 keV (> 40) pp NH . p, p p , p pp H, [37]. . 3.9, p p p p , p p p p . p (z ) p . , p p log Lhx > 40. , pp p p .


§3.4 p pp

83

. 3.10 p p 2­8 p p pp p ( p [9]). p, p, p p , p p p, p p. p, (3.15) (3.16), p p, . p, p, p , p pp H p, p p p . , , , Lhx /L (z ).

3.4 p pp
p p. p p p p p pp, pp 100-200 p (.


84

3.

. 3.11 p , p p (. 3.9, R = 0.5) , p pp p (. 3.10). p p p z > 1, p p p. H 1/z z > 1. p p p ( log NH ). [37].


§3.4 p pp

85

. 3.12). H ´ pp pp, p p. p p [181, 47, 10].

. 3.12 : z = 0 . , "" - . : ( 100 ) . - , , , " ". p , p p p p p p, p "" - [204, 97]. , , p , p p , pp , ­ . , ­ Lhx L (z ) 100 - 200 . . - , , , , . , ,


86

3.

Dmax , (. ), . , p pp . pp . = 45 . , p Dmax = 70 [207]. §3.2 , , , ´ . . p p . 3.13 (p ). p 2.0 â 10-4 -3 log(L) > 42 (§3.3.3). p p p ­ . p . - p pp , 12 p p . , , , (Px (n)), , , : L = log Px (n). p , pp , p 8.7 â 10-4 . , p , ppp , pp p [207], [96], , . pp p pp . p p p : p ( 18 , 1.2 â 1015 M [55, 240]), pp ( 65 Mp c, (1­5)â1016 M , [136, 240]). ­ p p p p­ ( 50 , (7­9)â1015 M , [79]).


§3.4 p pp

87

. 3.13 p p 70 . AITOFF . , 45 . 0.0002 L > 1042 / . IRAS, 70 . . H p p , , p p 70 .


88

3.

, ppp p p p pp , p p 70h-1 S60µm > 1 pp p I RAS [226]. p p p 83% - " ", (|b| 5 - 10 ), . , p pp H p , p p pp pp p IRAS , " " , < 70. p p p IRAS, = 45 , , . 3.13. , , p, p, p. p, pp pp , p , . , . p , p [106], (D 70 ) p 45 â 45 p p (. §3.2). , . 3.13 (p ), p < (D 70 ) p p (. 3.13). , , . 3.14. , p, pp p p p ( p l = 268 , b = 27 [115]), .. [96]. p (S > 10-10 -2 -1 ) p p p 11 : 1 , . p , p p p, p p, p , p -


§3.4 p pp

89

. 3.14 p ( p ), p p : p p p l = 268 , b = 27 [115] (p p , ). p p p , , (|b| > 5 , . . 3.1). p, 10-10 -2 -1 , p p p. p pp p p 45 â 45 p p [106] p 20­50 . pp 17­60 , p p, p . p N S -3/2


90

3.

. , p p p , p . . 3.14 , p pp . , p p p [207]. p p p D > 70 (. 3.13, ). p, pp pp , p, (. 3.13, p).


§3.5

91

3.5
p p p p pp H (z 0.1) p . p p p p 17­60 , p NH 1024 -2 , .. p - (NH > 1.5 â 1024 -2 ). · p p p , p. H 10%. 20% , , p , . p, - p. · pp (log Lhx < 43.6) (log Lhx > 43.6) . (log NH > 22) 70% 25%, . , p pp RXTE [210], HEAO-1 (2­10 ) [235]. [254]. · p (Lhx ) dNAGN /d log Lhx p (z 0.1). p (Lhx ) p , p, , 3­20 [210] 2­10 [235]. p Lhx > 1041 p -1 , 17­60 (> 41) = (12.4 ± 1.5) â 1038 p -1 -3 . p, p p p . p p p , p z = 0 p p p p .


92

3. · pp p , p ( Lhx /L (z )) z 1.5, . , ( p) p . p p p p p . , p p p p, .. p p p p () p p p, p [233], p. p p p p . · (<70 ) , , , , , . ­ , , , .



p p p:
1. , H. , HEAO-1. 2. , 17-60 . , 17-60 , . 3. 20-200 . 50- . , . 4. 17-60 H 10-11 //2 . , , , 1- . 5. H, 17-60 . , (NH > 1022 -2 )


94

PP (L < 1043.6 /) . 5-200 . 6. (D < 70 ). .



[1] Aharonian F., et al., 2006, Nature, 439, 695 [2] Aleksandrovich, N. L., Aref 'ev, V. A., Borozdin, K. N., Syunyaev, R. A., & Skinner, G. K. 1995, Astronomy Letters, 21, 431 [3] Aizu K., 1973, PThPh, 49, 1184 [4] Atkins R., et al., 2005, PhRvL, 95, 251103 [5] Augello, G., Iaria, R., Robba, N., et al. 2003, Astrophysical Journal, 596, L63 [6] Ajello, M., Greiner, J., Kup cu, Yoldas, A., Tueller, J., Barthelmy, S., & Markwardt, C., 2006, ATel 864 [7] Arnaud, K.A., 1996, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, eds. Jacoby, G. & Barnes, J., ASP Conf. Series, 101, 17 [8] Barger, A. J., & Cowie, L. L. 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 635, 115 [9] Barger, A.J., Cowie, L.L., Mushotzky, R.F., et al., 2005, AJ, 129, 578 [10] Bahcall N. A., Burgett W. S., 1986, ApJ, 300, L35 [11] Barlow, E. J., Bird, A., Clark, D., et al. 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 437, L27 [12] Barlow, E. J., Knigge, C., Bird, A. J., Dean, A. J., Clark, D. J., Hill, A. B., Molina, M., & Sguera, V. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 372, 234 [13] Bassani, L., De Rosa, A., Bazzano, A., Bird, A.J., Dean, A.J., Gehrels, N., et al., 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 634, L21 [14] Bassani, L., Molina, M., Malizia, A., et al., 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 636, L65 [15] Beckmann V., Soldi S., Shrader C. R., Gehrels N., Pro duit N., 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 652, 126


96



[16] B´ elanger G., et al., 2004, Astrophysical Journal, 601, L163 [17] B´ elanger G., Goldwurm, A., Renaud, M., et al. 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 636, 275 [18] Bergeron P., Saffer R. A., Lieb ert J., 1992, Astrophysical Journal, 394, 228 [19] Bergeron P., Lieb ert J., Fulbright M. S., 1995, Astrophysical Journal, 444, 810 [20] Bikmaev, I.F., Sunyaev, R.A., Revnivtsev, M.G., & Burenin, R.A., 2006a, Astron. Lett., 32, 221 [21] Bikmaev, I.F., Sunyaev, R.A., Revnivtsev, M.G., & Burenin, R.A., 2006b, Astron. Lett., 32, 588 [22] Bird, A. J., Barlow, E. J., Bassani, L., et al. 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 636, 765 [23] Bird A. J.,Malizia A., Bazzano A., Barlow E. J., Bassani L., Hill A. B., Belanger G., Capitanio F., et al. 2006, astro, arXiv:astro-ph/0611493 [24] Blo emen J. B. G. M., Blitz L., Hermsen W., 1984, Astrophysical Journal, 279, 136 [25] Bloser P. F., Narita T., Jenkins J. A., Perrin M., Murray R., Grindlay J. E., 2002, SPIE, 4497, 88 [26] Bouchet, L., Ro ques, J. P., Mandrou, P., Strong, A., Diehl, R., Lebrun, F., & Terrier, R. 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 635, 1103 [27] Bo daghee, A., Walter, R., Zurita Heras, J., et al. 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 447, 1027 [28] Brandt, S., Kuulkers, E., Bazzano, A., et al. 2005, Astronomy Telegram, 622, 1 [29] Brandt, W. N., & Hasinger, G. 2005, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 43, 827 [30] Brandt, S., Budtz-JÜrgensen, C., & Chenevez, J. 2006, Astronomy Telegram, 778, 1 [31] Burenin, R., Mescheryakov, A., Revnivtsev, M., Bikmaev, I., & Sunyaev, R. 2006a, The Astronomer's Telegram, 880, 1 [32] Burenin, R., Mescheryakov, A., Sazonov, S., Revnivtsev, M., Bikmaev, I., & Sunyaev, R. 2006b, Astronomy Telegram, 883, 1




97

[33] Bykov, A., Krassilshchikov, A., Uvarov, Yu., et al. 2004, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 427, L21 [34] Bykov, A., Krassilshchikov, A., Uvarov, Yu., et al. 2006, Astrophysical Journal Lett., 649, L21 [35] Chelovekov, I., Greb enev, S., Sunyaev, R. 2006, Astronomy Letters, 32, 456 [36] Churazov E., Sunyaev R., Sazonov S., Revnivtsev M., Varshalovich D., 2005, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 357, 1377 [37] Churazov et al., et al., 2006, astro, arXiv:astro-ph/0608250 [38] Chernyakova, M., Lutovinov, A., Capitanio, F., Lund, N., & Gehrels, N. 2003, Astronomy Telegram, 157, 1 [39] Chernyakova, M., Courvoisier, T., Ro driguez, J., Lutovinov, A. 2005a, Astronomy Telegram, 519, 1 [40] Chernyakova, M., Lutovinov, A., Ro dr´ iguez, J., & Revnivtsev, M. 2005b, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 364, 455 [41] Cornelisse, R., Charles, P. A., & Rob ertson, C. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 366, 918 [42] Courvoisier, T., Walter, R., Ro driguez, J., Bouchet, L., Lutovinov A. 2003, IAUC 8063, 1 [43] Crawford, D. F., Jauncey, D. L., & Murdo ch, H. S. 1970, Astrophysical Journal, 162, 405 [44] Dickey J. M., Lo ckman F. J., 1990, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 28, 215 [45] Dwek E., et al., 1995, Astrophysical Journal, 445, 716 [46] Donato, D., Sambruna, R.M., & Gliozzi, M., 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 433, 1163 [47] Davis M., Peebles P. J. E., 1983, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 21, 109 [48] den Hartog, P., Hermsen, W., Kuip er, L., et al. 2004a, Astronomy Telegram, 261, 1 [49] den Hartog, P., Kuip er, L., Corb et, R., et al. 2004b, Astronomy Telegram, 281, 1


98



[50] den Hartog, P., Kuip er, L., Hermsen, W., et al. 2005, Astronomy Telegram, 394, 1 [51] Ebisawa, K., et al. 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 635, 214 [52] Erdo gdu, P., et al. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 373, 45 [53] Fenimore, E. E., Cannon T. M., 1981 Applied Optics, 20, 1858. [54] Forman, W., Jones, C., Cominsky, L., Julien, P., Murray, S., Peters, G., Tananbaum, H., & Giacconi, R. 1978, Astrophysical Journal Suppl., 38, 357 [55] Fouqu´ P., Solanes, J. M., Sanchis, T., & Balkowski, C. 2001, Astronomy e, & Astrophysics, 375, 770 [56] Freitag M., Amaro-Seoane P., Kalogera V., 2006, astro, arXiv:astroph/0603280 [57] G¨ ansicke, B. T., et al. 2005, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 361, 141 [58] Gehrels N., Barthelmy S. D., Teegarden B. J., Tueller J., Leventhal M., MacCallum C. J., 1991, Astrophysical Journal, 375, L13 [59] Giacconi R., Gursky H., Paolini R., Rossi B. 1962, Phys.Rev.Lett. 9, 439 [60] G´ orski, K. M., Hivon, E., Banday, A. J., Wandelt, B. D., Hansen, F. K., Reinecke, M., & Bartelmann, M. 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 622, 759 [61] Gotz, D., Schanne, S., Ro driguez, J., Leyder, J.-C., von Kienlin, A., Mowlavi, N., & Mereghetti, S. 2006, Astronomy Telegram, 813, 1 [62] Gondek, D., Zdziarski, A.A., Johnson, W.N., George, I.M., McNaronBrown, K., Magdziarz, P., et al., 1996, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 282, 646 [63] Greb enev, S. A., Ub ertini, P., Chenevez, J., Orr, A., & Sunyaev, R. A. 2004a, Astronomy Telegram, 275, 1 [64] Greb enev, S., Ub ertini, P., Chenevez, J., et al. 2004b, Astronomy Telegram, 350, 1 [65] Greb enev, S. A., Molkov, S. V., & Sunyaev, R. A. 2005a, Astronomy Telegram, 467, 1 [66] Greb enev, S. A., Molkov, S. V., & Sunyaev, R. A. 2005b, The Astronomer's Telegram, 616, 1




99

[67] Grimm, H.-J., Gilfanov, M., & Sunyaev, R. 2002, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 391, 923 [68] Gros, A., Goldwurm, A., Cadolle-Bel, M., Goldoni, P., Ro driguez, J., Foschini, L., Del Santo, M., & Blay, P. 2003, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 411, L179 [69] Giacconi, R., et al. 2001, Astrophysical Journal, 551, 624 [70] Giacconi R., Zirm A., Wang J. et al. 2002, ApJS, 139, 369 [71] Gilfanov M., Revnivtsev M., Sunyaev R., Churazov E., 1998, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 338, L83 [72] Gilfanov M., 2004, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 349, 146 [73] Gottesman, S. R., Fenimore, E. E. 1989, Appl. Opt., 28, 4344 [74] Grindlay J. E., 2006, astro, arXiv:astro-ph/0605133 [75] Gudel M., 2004, A&ARv, 12, 71 ¨ [76] Grub er, D. E., Matteson, J. L., Peterson, L. E., & Jung, G. V. 1999, Astrophysical Journal, 520, 124 [77] Halp ern, J. P. 2006, Astronomy Telegram, 847, 1 [78] Hannikainen, D., Ro driguez, J., Pottschmidt, K. et al. 2003, IAUC 8088, 1 [79] Hanski, M. O., Theureau, G., Ekholm, T., & Teerikorpi, P. 2001, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 378, 345 [80] Ha jdas W., Buhler P., Eggel C., Favre P., Mchedlishvili A., Zehnder A., ¨ 2003, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 411, L43 [81] Hands A. D. P., Warwick R. S., Watson M. G., Helfand D. J., 2004, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 351, 31 [82] Harris M. J., Share G. H., Leising M. D., Kinzer R. L., Messina D. C., 1990, Astrophysical Journal, 362, 135 [83] Heinke C. O., Grindlay J. E., Edmonds P. D., Cohn H. N., Lugger P. M., Camilo F., Bogdanov S., Freire P. C., 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 625, 796 [84] Hickox, R.C., & Markevitch, M., 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 645, 95 [85] Hunter S. D., et al., 1997, Astrophysical Journal, 481, 205


100



[86] Huchra, J., et al. 2005, ASP Conf. Ser. 329: Nearby Large-Scale Structures and the Zone of Avoidance, 329, 135 [87] in't Zand, J. J. M., & Heise, J. 2004, Astronomy Telegram, 362, 1 [88] in't Zand, J. J. M. 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 441, L1 [89] Immler, S., Brandt, W.N., Vignali, C., Bauer, F.E., Crenshaw, D.M., Feldmeier, J.J., et al., 2003, AJ, 126, 153 [90] Indeb etouw R., et al., 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 619, 931 [91] Ivanova, N., Heinke, C. O., Rasio, F. A., Taam, R. E., Belczynski, K., & Fregeau, J. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 372, 1043 [92] Karasev, D., Lutovinov, A., Greb enev, S. 2007, Astronomy Letters, 33, 135 [93] Keek, S., Kuip er, L., & Hermsen, W. 2006, The Astronomer's Telegram, 810, 1 [94] Kennea, J., Pavlov, G.G., Bykov, A.M., Krassilchtchikov, A.M., Uvarov, Y.A., Lebrun, F., et al., 2006, ATel 788 [95] Kinzer R. L., Purcell W. R., Kurfess J. D., 1999, Astrophysical Journal, 515, 215 [96] Ko cevski D. D., Eb eling H., 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 645, 1043 [97] Kormendy, J. 2001, Revista Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica Conference Series, 10, 69 [98] Kormendy, J., & Richstone, D. 1995, Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 33, 581 [99] Koyama, K., Petre, R., Gotthelf, E. V., Hwang, U., Matsuura, M., Ozaki, M., & Holt, S. S. 1995, Nature, 378, 255 [100] Koyama, K., Kinugasa, K., Matsuzaki, K., Nishiuchi, M., Sugizaki, M., Torii, K., Yamauchi, S., & Aschenbach, B. 1997, PASJ, 49, L7 [101] Kniffen D. A., Bertsch D. L., Morris D. J., Palmeira R. A. R., Rao K. R., 1978, Astrophysical Journal, 225, 591 [102] Kn¨ odlseder, J., et al. 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 441, 513 [103] de Ko ol M., 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 261, 188




101

[104] Kraushaar W. L., Clark G. W., Garmire G. P., Borken R., Higbie P., Leong V., Thorsos T., 1972, Astrophysical Journal, 177, 341 [105] Kretschmar, P., Mereghetti, S., Hermsen, W., et al. 2004, Astronomy Telegram, 345, 1 [106] Krivonos, R., Vikhlinin, A., Churazov, E., Lutovinov, A., Molkov, S., & Sunyaev, R., 2005a, Astrophysical Journal, 625, 89 [107] Krivonos, R., Molkov, S., Revnivtsev, M., Greb enev, S., Sunyaev, R., & Paizis, A. 2005b, Astron. Telegram, 545, 1 [108] Krivonos, R., Revnivtsev, M., Sazonov, S., Churazov, E., & Sunyaev, R. 2006, IAU Symp osium, 230, 455 [109] Krivonos, R., Revnivtsev, M., Churazov, E., et al. 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 463, 957 [110] Kuip er, L., Keek, S., Hermsen, W., Jonker, P. G., & Steeghs, D. 2006, Astron. Telegram, 684, 1 [111] Kuulkers, E., Lutovinov, A., Parmar, A., et al. 2003, Astronomy Telegram, 149, 1 [112] Kuulkers, E., Shaw, S., Paizis, A., et al. 2006, Astronomy Telegram, 874, 1 [113] Kuip er, L., Hermsen, W., den Hartog, P. R., & Collmar, W. 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 645, 556 [114] Launhardt R., Zylka R., Mezger P. G., 2002, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 384, 112 [115] Lahav, O., Lynden-Bell, D., & Rowan-Robinson, M. 1988, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 234, 677 [116] Lahav, O., Fabian, A. C., Edge, A. C., & Putney, A. 1989, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 238, 881 [117] Lebrun F., et al., 2004, Nature, 428 [118] Levenson, N.A., Weaver, K.A., & Heckman, T.M., 2001, ApJS, 133, 269 [119] Lewis, K.T., Eracleous, M., Gliozzi, M., Sambruna, R.M., & Mushotzky, R.F., 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 622, 816 [120] Leventhal M., MacCallum C. J., Stang P. D., 1978, Astrophysical Journal, 225, L11


102



[121] Lindqvist M., Habing H. J., Winnb erg A., 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 259, 118 [122] Levine, A. M., et al. 1984, Astrophysical Journal Suppl., 54, 581 [123] Liu, Q. Z., van Paradijs, J., & van den Heuvel, E. P. J. 2000, A&AS Suppl., 147, 25 [124] Liu, Q. Z., van Paradijs, J., & van den Heuvel, E. P. J. 2001, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 368, 1021 [125] Lubinski, P., Gadolle Bel, M., von Kienlin, A., et al. 2005, Astronomy Telegram, 469, 1 [126] Lutovinov, A. A., & Revnivtsev, M. G. 2003, Astronomy Letters, 29, 719 [127] Lutovinov, A., Walter, R., Belanger, R., et al. 2003a, Astronomy Telegram, 155, 1 [128] Lutovinov, A., Shaw, S., Foschini, L., Paul, J. 2003b, Astronomy Telegram, 154, 1 [129] Lutovinov, A., Ro driguez, J., Pro duit, N., Paul, J. 2003c, Astronomy Telegram, 151, 1 [130] Lutovinov, A., Ro driguez, J., Budtz-Jorgensen, C., et al. 2004a, Astronomy Telegram, 329, 1 [131] Lutovinov, A., Bel, M. C., Belanger, G., Goldwurm, A., BudtzJorgensen, C., Mowlavi, N., Paul, J., & Orr, A. 2004, Astronomy Telegram, 328, 1 [132] Lutovinov, A., Ro driguez, J., Revnivtsev, M., & Shtykovskiy, P. 2005a, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 433, L41 [133] Lutovinov, A., Revnivtsev, M., Gilfanov, M., et al. 2005b, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 444, 821 [134] Lutovinov, A., Revnivtsev, M., Molkov, S., Sunyaev, R. 2005c, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 430,997 [135] Lutz D., et al., 1996, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 315, L137 , 293 [136] Lynden-Bell, D., Fab er, S. M., Burstein, D., Davies, R. L., Dressler, A., Terlevich, R. J., & Wegner, G. 1988, Astrophysical Journal, 326, 19 [137] Malizia, A., Bassani, L., Stephen, J.B., Malaguti, G., & Palumb o, G.G., 1997, ApJS, 113, 311




103

[138] Malizia, A., Bassani, L., Stephen, J., et al. 2005, Astrophysical Journal Lett., 630, L157 [139] Mandrou P., Bui-van A., Vedrenne G., Niel M., 1980, Astrophysical Journal, 237, 424 [140] Magdziarz, P., & Zdziarski, A.A., 1995, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 273, 837 [141] Marshall, F. E., Boldt, E. A., Holt, S. S., Miller, R. B., Mushotzky, R. F., Rose, L. A., Rothschild, R. E., & Serlemitsos, P. J. 1980, Astrophysical Journal, 235, 4 [142] Masetti, N., Palazzi, E., Bassani, L., Malizia, A., & Stephen, J.B., 2004, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 426, L41 [143] Masetti, N., Bassani, L., Bird, A., Bassano, A. 2005, Astron. Telegram, 528,1 [144] Masetti, N., Morelli, L., Palazzi, E., Stephen, J., Bazzano, A., Dean, A. J., Walter, R., & Minniti, D. 2006a, Astronomy Telegram, 783, 1 [145] Masetti, N., Morelli, L., Palazzi, E., Galaz, G., Bassani, L., Bazzano, A., et al., 2006b, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 459, 21 [146] Masetti, N., Pretorius, M.L., Palazzi, E., Bassani, L., Bazzano, A., & Bird, A.J, 2006c, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 449, 1139 [147] Masetti, N., Bassani, L., Dean, A. J., Ub ertini, P., & Walter, R. 2006d, The Astronomer's Telegram, 715, 1 [148] Masetti, N., Bassani, L., Bazzano, A., Bird, A.J., Dean, A.J., Malizia, A., et al., 2006e, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 455, 11 [149] Matt, G., Fabian, A.C., Guainazzi, M., Iwasawa, K., Bassani, L., & Malaguti, G., 2000, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 318, 173 [150] Markwardt, C.B., Tueller, J., Skinner, G.K., Gehrels, N., Barthelmy, S.D., & Mushotzky, R.F., 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 633, L77 [151] Mukai K., Shiokawa K., 1993, Astrophysical Journal, 418, 863 [152] Muno, M. P., et al. 2003, Astrophysical Journal, 589, 225 [153] Muno, M. P., et al. 2004, Astrophysical Journal, 613, 326 [154] Miya ji, T., & Boldt, E. 1990, Astrophysical Journal Lett., 353, L3


104



[155] Molkov, S., Mowlavi, N., Goldwurm, A., et al. 2003, Astronomy Telegram, 176, 1 [156] Molkov S. V., Cherepashchuk A. M., Lutovinov A. A., Revnivtsev M. G., Postnov K. A., Sunyaev R. A., 2004, AstL, 30, 534 [157] Molina, M., Bassani, L., Malizia, A., Stephen, J.B., & Bazzano, A., 2006, ATel 263 [158] Moran, E.C., Eracleous, M., Leighly, K.M., Chartas, G., Filipp enko, A.V., Ho, L.C., et al., 2005, AJ, 129, 2108 [159] Morelli, L., Masetti, N., Bassani, L., et al., 2006, Astronomy Telegram, 785, 1 [160] Nauenb erg M., 1972, Astrophysical Journal, 175, 417 [161] Neronov A., Chernyakova M., Courvoisier T. J. -., Walter R., 2005, astro, arXiv:astro-ph/0506437 [162] Negueruela, I., Smith, D., Chaty, S. 2005, Astronomy Telegram, 470, 1 [163] Negueruela, I., & Smith, D. 2006, Astronomy Telegram, 831, 1 [164] Ottmann R., Schmitt J. H. M. M., 1992, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 256, 421 [165] Oshima, T., Mitsuda, K., Ota, N., Yonehara, A., Hattori, M., Mihara, T., et al., 2001, Astrophysical Journal, 551, 929 [166] Patterson, J. 1994, PASP, 106, 209 [167] Palmer, D. M., Barthelmey, S. D., Cummings, J. R., Gehrels, N., Krimm, H. A., Marwardt, C. B., Sakamoto, T., & Tueller, J. 2005, The Astronomer's Telegram, 546, 1 [168] Patel, S., Kouveliotou, C., Tennant, A., et al. 2004, Astrophysical Journal, 602, L45 [169] Pavlinskii, M. N., Greb enev, S. A., & Syunyaev, R. A. 1992, Soviet Astronomy Letters, 18, 88 [170] Perola, G.C., Matt, G., Cappi, M., Fiore, F., Guainazzi, M., Maraschi, L., et al., 2002, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 389, 802 [171] Politano M., 1996, Astrophysical Journal, 465, 338 [172] Pfeffermann, E., & Aschenbach, B. 1996, Ro entgenstrahlung from the Universe, 267


[173] Plionis, M., & Kolokotronis, V. 1998, Astrophysical Journal, 500, 1

105

[174] Pro duit, N., Ballet, J., Mowlavi, N. 2003, Astronomy Telegram., 278, 1 [175] Prothero e, R. J., Wolfendale, A. W., & Wdowczyk, J. 1980, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 192, 445 [176] Pro danovic T., Fields B. D., Beacom J. F., 2006, astro, arXiv:astroph/0603618 [177] Purcell W. R., et al., 1996, A&AS, 120, 389 [178] Rea, N., Testa, V., Israel, G., et al. 2006, Astronomy Telegram, 713, 1 [179] Reglero, V., S0410nchez, F., Ro drigo, J., Velasco, T., Gasent, J. L., et al., 2001, Exploring the gamma-ray universe. Pro ceedings of the 4th INTEGRAL Workshop, 4-8 Septemb er 2000, Alicante, Spain. Editor: B. Battrick, p. 619 - 622 [180] Read, A.M., Saxton, R.D., Esquej, M.P., Freyb erg, M.J., & Altieri, B, 2005, Pro c. 2005 EPIC XMM-Newton Consortium Meeting, MPE Rep ort 288, 137 [181] Rees M. J., 1980, IAUS, 92, 207 [182] Reeves, J.N., & Turner, M.J.L., 2000, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 316, 234 [183] Revnivtsev, M. G., Sazonov, S. Y., Gilfanov M. R., Sunyaev, R. A. 2003a, Astronomy Letters, 29, 587 [184] Revnivtsev, M., Tuerler, M., Del Santo, M., et al. 2003b, IAUC 8097, 1 [185] Revnivtsev, M., Chernyakova, M., Capitanio, F., et al. 2003c, Astronomy Telegram, 132, 1 [186] Revnivtsev, M., Sazonov, S., Jaho da, K., & Gilfanov, M., 2004a, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 418, 927 [187] Revnivtsev, M. G., Sunyaev, R. A., Gilfanov, M. R., Churazov, E. M., Goldwurm, A., Paul, J., Mandrou, P., & Ro ques, J. P. 2004, Astronomy Letters, 30, 527 [188] Revnivtsev, M., Sazonov, S., Churazov, E., et al. 2004b, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 425, L49 [189] Revnivtsev, M., Sunyaev, R., Varshalovich, D., et al. 2004c, Astronomy Letters, 30, 382


106



[190] Revnivtsev M., Gilfanov M., Sunyaev R., Jaho da K., Markwardt C., 2003, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 411, 329 [191] Revnivtsev M., Sazonov S., Jaho da K., Gilfanov M., 2004, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 418, 927 [192] Revnivtsev M. G., et al., 2004, AstL, 30, 382 [193] Revnivtsev, M. G., Sazonov, S. Y., Molkov, S. V., Lutovinov, A. A., Churazov, E. M., & Sunyaev, R. A. 2006, Astronomy Letters, 32, 145 [194] Revnivtsev, M., Sazonov, S., Gilfanov, M., Churazov, E., & Sunyaev, R. 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 452, 169 [195] Revnivtsev, M., Molkov, S., & Sazonov, S. 2006, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 373, L11 [196] Revnivtsev, M., Vikhlinin, A., & Sazonov, S. 2006, ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, arXiv:astro-ph/0611952 [197] Revnivtsev, M., Churazov, E., Sazonov, S., Forman, W., & Jones, C. 2007, ArXiv Astrophysics e-prints, arXiv:astro-ph/0702578 [198] Reig, P., Negueruela, I., Papamastorakis, G., Manousakis, A., & Kougentakis, T. 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 440, 637 [199] Renaud, M., Gros, A., Lebrun, F., Terrier, R., Goldwurm, A., Reynolds, S., & Kalemci, E. 2006a, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 456, 389 [200] Renaud, M., B´ elanger, G., Paul, J., Lebrun, F., & Terrier, R. 2006b, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 453, L5 [201] Reynolds, C.S., 1997, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 286, 513 [202] Risaliti, G., Elvis, M., & Nicastro, F., 2002, Astrophysical Journal, 571, 234 [203] Risaliti, G., Elvis, M., Fabbiano, G., Baldi, A., & Zezas, A., 2005, Astrophysical Journal, 623, L93 [204] Richstone, D., et al. 1998, Nature, 395, A14 [205] Ro driguez, J., Domingo Garau, A., Greb enev, S., et al. 2004, Astron. telegram, 340, 1 [206] Ro driguez, J., Cabanac, C., Hannikainen, D. C., Beckmann, V., Shaw, S. E., & Schultz, J. 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 432, 235




107

[207] Rowan-Robinson M., et al., 2000, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 314, 375 [208] Sacher W., Scho enfelder V., 1984, Astrophysical Journal, 279, 817 [209] Sakano M., Koyama K., Murakami H., Maeda Y., Yamauchi S., 2002, ApJS, 138, 19 [210] Sazonov, S., & Revnivtsev, M., 2004, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 423, 469 [211] Sazonov, S.Y., Ostriker, J.P., Sunyaev, R.A., 2004, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 347, 144 [212] Sazonov, S.Y., Revnivtsev, M.G., Lutovinov, A.A., Sunyaev, R.A., & Greb enev, S.A., 2004b, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 421, L21 [213] Sazonov, S., Churazov, E., Revnivtsev, M., Vikhlinin, A., & Sunyaev, R., 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 444, L37 [214] Sazonov, S., Revnivtsev, M., Krivonos, R., Churazov, & Sunyaev, R., 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 462, 57 [215] Sazonov S., Revnivtsev M., Gilfanov M., Churazov E., Sunyaev R., 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 450, 117 [216] Sazonov, S., et al. in preparation [217] Schmitt J. H. M. M., Collura A., Sciortino S., Vaiana G. S., Harnden F. R., Rosner R., 1990, ApJ, 365, 704 [218] Setti G., Rees M. J., 1970, IAUS, 37, 352 [219] Skib o J. G., Ramaty R., 1993, A&AS, 97, 145 [220] Skib o J. G., et al., 1997, Astrophysical Journal, 483, L95 [221] Stecker, F. W. 1973, Astrophysical Journal, 185, 499 [222] Stecker F. W., 1977, Astrophysical Journal, 212, 60 [223] Strong, A. W., Diehl, R., Halloin, H., Sch¨ onfelder, V., Bouchet, L., Mandrou, P., Lebrun, F., & Terrier, R. 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 444, 495 [224] Sugizaki M., Mitsuda K., Kaneda H., Matsuzaki K., Yamauchi S., Koyama K., 2001, ApJS, 134, 77 [225] Suleimanov V., Revnivtsev M., Ritter H., 2005, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 435, 191


108



[226] Saunders, W., et al. 2000, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 317, 55 [227] Sguera, V., Bazzano, A., Bird, A., et al. 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 646, 452 [228] Skinner, G. K. et al. 1987, Astroph.Sp.Sci., 136, 337-349. [229] Smith, D. M., Heindl, W. A., Markwardt, C. B., Swank, J. H., Negueruela, I., Harrison, T. E., & Huss, L. 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 638, 974 [230] Slane, P., Gaensler, B. M., Dame, T. M., Hughes, J. P., Plucinsky, P. P., & Green, A. 1999, Astrophysical Journal, 525, 357 [231] Sunyaev, R., Lutovinov, A., Molkov, S., Deluit, S. 2003a, Astronomy Telegram, 181, 1 [232] Sunyaev, R., Greb enev, S., Lutovinov, A., et al. 2003b, Astronomy Telegram, 192, 1 [233] Shakura, N.I., & Sunyaev, R.A., 1976, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 175, 613 [234] Schmidt, M. 1968, Astrophysical Journal, 151, 393 [235] Shinozaki, K., Miya ji, T., Ishisaki, Y., Ueda, Y., & Ogasaka, Y., 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 131, 2943 [236] Tanaka Y., Miya ji T., Hasinger G., 1999, AN, 320, 181 [237] Tanaka Y., 2002, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 382, 1052 [238] Terrier R., et al., 2003, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 411, L167 [239] Terrier R., Lebrun F., Belanger G. et al. 2004, Pro ceedings of the 5th INTEGRAL Workshop, Munich 16-20 February 2004. ESA SP-552, astroph/0405207 [240] Tonry, J. L., Blakeslee, J. P., Ajhar, E. A., & Dressler, A. 2000, Astrophysical Journal, 530, 625 [241] Tomsick, J., Lingenfelter, R., Walter, R., et al. 2003, IAUC 8076, 1 [242] Tomsick, J., Lingenfelter, R., Corb el, S., Goldwurm, A., Kaaret, P. 2004, Astronomy Telegram, 224, 1 [243] Tomsick, J., Chaty, S., Ro driguez, J., et al. 2006, Astrophysical Journal, 647, 1309


[244] To or, A., & Seward, F. D. 1974, AJ, 79, 995

109

[245] Torres, M.A.P., Garcia, M.R., McClinto ck, J.E., Steeghs, D., Miller, J., Callanan, P.J., et al., 2004, ATel 264 [246] Torres, M. A. P., et al. 2005, Astronomy Telegram, 551, 1 [247] Tueller, J., Markwardt, C., Ajello, M., Beckmann, V., Belloni, T., Falcone, A., et al., 2006, ATel 835 [248] Tully, R.B. 1988, Nearby Galaxies Catalogue, Cambridge University Press [249] Turner, T.J., George, I.M., Nandra, K., & Mushotzky, R.F., 1997, ApJS, 113, 23 [250] Tueller, J., Barthelmy, S., Burrows, D., et al. 2005, Astronomy Telegram, 669, 1 [251] Turler, M., Bel, M. C., Diehl, R., Westergaard, N.-J., McBreen, B., Williams, O. R., Greb enev, S. A., & Lutovinov, A. 2005, The Astronomer's Telegram, 624, 1 [252] Ub ertini P., et al., 2003, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 411, L131 [253] Ub ertini, P., Bassani, L., Malizia, A., et al. 2005, Astrophysical Journal Lett., 629, L109 [254] Ueda, Y., Akayama, M., Ohta, K., & Miya ji, T., 2003, Astrophysical Journal, 598, 886 [255] Vedrenne, G., et al. 2003, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 411, L63 [256] Vallee J. P., 1995, Astrophysical Journal, 454, 119 [257] Valinia A., Marshall F. E., 1998, Astrophysical Journal, 505, 134 [258] Vignali, C., Comastri, A., Stirp e, G.M., Cappi, M., Palumb o, G.G.C., Matsuoka, M., et al., 1998, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 333, 411 [259] Vignali, C., & Comastri, A., 2002, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 381, 834 [260] Warwick R. S., Pye J. P., Fabian A. C., 1980, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 190, 243 [261] Warwick R. S., Turner M. J. L., Watson M. G., Willingale R., 1985, Nature, 317, 218 [262] Warwick R. S., Norton A. J., Turner M. J. L., Watson M. G., Willingale R., 1988, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical So ciety, 232, 551


110 [263] Warner, B. 1995, Astroph.Sp.Sci., 232, 89



[264] Walter, R., Bo daghee, A., Barlow, E., et al. 2003, Astronomy Telegram, 229, 1 [265] Walter, R., Zurita Heras, J., Bassani, L., et al. 2006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 453, 133 [266] Worrall D. M., Marshall F. E., Boldt E. A., Swank J. H., 1982, Astrophysical Journal, 255, 111 [267] Winkler, C., Courvoisier, T., Di Co cco, G., et al. 2003, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 411, L1 [268] Woudt, P.A., Kraan-Korteweg, R.C., Fairall, A.P., Bo ehringer, H., Cayatte, V., & Glass, I.S., 1998, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 338, 8 [269] Zwickl R. D., Webb er W. R., 1978, JGR, 83, 1157 [270] Young, A.J., Wilson, A.S., Terashima, Y., Arnaud, K.A., & Smith, D.A., 2002, Astrophysical Journal, 564, 176