Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://hea.iki.rssi.ru/integral06/papers/E35_Strobl01-04May07_18:21:49.pdf Дата изменения: Fri May 4 18:21:49 2007 Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 23:22:57 2012 Кодировка: ISO8859-5 Поисковые слова: m 63

ROBOTIC OBSERVATIONS OF INTEGRAL SOURCES IN THE OPTICAL DOMAIN
Д Д Petr Kubanek1,2,4 , Rene Hudec 1 , John French3,4 , Jan Strobl1 , Martin Nekola1 , and Filip Munz1 1 Astronomicky ustav Akademie ved Ceske republiky, Ondrejov, Czech Republic ДД Д 2 INTEGRAL Science Data Center, Chemin d'Ecogia 16, Versoix, Switzerland 3 University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland 4 for the Watcher Collaboration

ABSTRACT We present the status of our ground-based instruments (robotic telescopes), which are (among other tasks) used for monitoring of INTEGRAL gamma-ray sources, mostly AGNs and blazars, as well as selected cataclysmic variables, at optical wavelengths. At the same time, these robotic devices serve as fast optical alert systems to follow GRB alerts provided by INTEGRAL. Key words: robotic telescopes, INTEGRAL.

trying to fit the flare profiles, trying to look for possible periodicities and recurrences, and the study of colours and colour changes with time, with consequent discussions and interpretations. The related science includes classification of the observed objects, with conclusions toward physical processes and models. The last aspect of monitoring by robotic telescopes for INTEGRAL sources is the imaging of positions of nonclassified newly detected gamma-ray sources at different times. This can represent an alternative approach to identification and classification of targets, based on the detection of variable optical counterparts inside the error boxes of the sources.

1. MOTIVATION Only a fraction of the 209 gamma-ray sources detected by the INTEGRAL satellite are either known sources or have been identified and classified already. From the 56 new (IGR) sources detected by INTEGRAL, only 20% have already been firmly classified, mostly with Cataclysmic Variables (CVs), AGNs, High Mass X-ray Binaries, Low Mass X-ray Binaries, Black Hole Candidates, and Anomalous X-ray Pulsars[1]. One of the methods applied in the past is identification by spectroscopy, which recently provided some new and interesting identifications of INTEGRAL gamma-ray sources such as newly detected symbiotic and cataclysmic variables [5], [6]). Numerous newly detected and already identified INTEGRAL gamma-ray sources have variable optical counterparts with magnitudes that allow them to be observed by small aperture optical robotic CCD telescopes. As those objects are newly identified, no optical light curves are available, with the exception of automatically generated curves by very small monitoring devices with low accuracy. On the other hand, the analyses of well sampled and accurate optical light curves and their comparison with light curves at higher energies can give valuable additional insights into the related physical processes and evolution of the sources. The additional prospects of optical monitoring of INTEGRAL sources by robotic telescopes are represented by analysing their light curves for flares and flaring activity,

2.

INSTRUMENTS

Instruments which are available to us for observations are listed in table 1. All these instruments are controlled by RTS2[4], and are used for TOO observations of GRB triggers distributed by GCN. Besides these instruments we can also trigger TOO observations on other, larger telescopes. The sources are monitored with BART[3]. Southern coverage is partly provided by Watcher[2]. BART and Watcher targets statistics is provided in tables 2, 3 and 4, and some images are shown in this paper.

3.

DATA PROCESSING

The PostgreSQL database can be searched for images that contain a given object. We have accessed the image archive using a simple WWW based interface. We now aim to create a Virtual Observatory compliant interface, which will provide access to images and light curves.


Name BART BOOTES-1A BOOTES-1B BOOTES-2 BOOTES-IR FRAM Watcher

From 2000 2003 2003 2003 2005 2005 2006

Location Ondrejov, Czech Republic El Arenosillo (CEDEAINTA), Spain El Arenosillo (CEDEAINTA), Spain La Mayora (EELM-CSIC), Spain OSN, IAA-CSIC, Spain Pierre Auger south observatory. Argentina Boyden Observatory, Republic of South Africa

Figure 1. IGR J00234+6141 error box.

Table 1. Instruments.

4.

DATA ONLINE ACCESS

Data is accessible through RTS2-Web interface. An example of it can be seen on BART web, http://zeus.asu.cas.cz/rts2-web.

Figure 2. IGR J19473+4452 error box. 5. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 7. We have developed a platform which enables us to operate robotic telescopes, each based on different hardware, performing different tasks, but running the same software. As our instruments now run in unattended mode for months at a time, we are now trying to manage the data volumes they produce. We are currently developing an autonomous analytic pipeline which will send us reports about deviations of selected sources from expected behaviour. Unfortunately, this task is more difficult than we initially expected, and it will take some time before this pipeline reaches maturity and its results will be of sufficient quality for publication. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We acknowledge the supports by grant A3003206 of the GA AV CR and ESA PECS Project 98023.

REFERENCES [1] A. J. Bird et al. The Second IBIS/ISGRI Soft Gamma-Ray Survey Catalog. The Astrophysical Journal, 636:765-776, January 2006. [2] J. French et al. Watcher: A Telescope for Rapid Gamma-Ray Burst Follow-Up Observations. In E. Fenimore and M. Galassi, editors, AIP Conf. Proc. 727: Gamma-Ray Bursts: 30 Years of Discovery, pages 741-744, September 2004. [3] M. JelД inek et al. BART: an intelligent GRB and sky monitoring telescope (2000-2004). Astronomische Nachrichten, 325:678-678, October 2004. Д [4] P. Kubanek et al. RTS2 - Remote Telescope System, 2nd Version. In AIP Conf. Proc. 727: Gamma-Ray Bursts: 30 Years of Discovery, September 2004. [5] N. Masetti et al. Igr J12349-6434 = RT Cru ? The Astronomer's Telegram, 528:1-+, June 2005. [6] N. Masetti et al. Optical observations of BQ Cam (=V0332+53) in outburst. The Astronomer's Telegram, 388:1-+, January 2005.

6.

CONCLUSIONS

The robotic observations of INTEGRAL sources represent a valuable additional data source for investigation of their behaviour and evolution when they are already identified with optical sources with magnitudes within the range of the used telescopes, or, alternatively, for identification and classification of non-identified sources by comparing CCD images taken at various different epochs. This represent huge amounts of acquired data, hence the development of relevant and reliable programmes is necessary. This development is underway.


Name 0ES 2132+50.9 IGR J00234+6141 IGR J00291+5934 BD+60 73 IGR J01363+6610 IGR J06074+2205 IGR J12391-1612 NGC 4992 1H 1726-058 IGR J01363+661 IGR J06074+2205 IGR J12391-1612 NGC 4992 1H 1726-058 IGR J18539+0727 IGR J19140+0951 IGR J19308+0530 IGR J19473+4452 IGR J21247+5058 IGR J21335+5105

RA (J2000) HH MM SS.ss 21 33 43.68 00 23 24.00 00 29 03.06 00 37 09.64 01 36 18.00 06 07 24.00 12 39 06.24 13 09 05.52 17 30 21.60 01 36 18.00 06 07 24.00 12 39 06.24 13 09 05.52 17 30 21.60 18 53 54.00 19 14 04.32 19 30 46.08 19 47 19.44 21 24 31.92 21 33 30.00

DEC (J2000) DEG MM SS.s +51 07 24.8 +61 41 32.0 +59 34 19.0 +61 21 36.5 +66 10 36.0 +22 05 00.0 -16 10 47.3 +11 38 02.8 -05 59 34.0 +66 10 36.1 +22 05 00.0 -16 10 47.3 +11 38 02.8 -05 59 34.0 +07 27 29.0 +09 52 58.3 +05 30 07.0 +44 49 42.2 +50 58 08.0 +51 05 30.8

Images 296 75 34 42 123 133 47 483 22 121 154 53 338 11 62 53 11 1618 296 279

Processed 199 35 9 16 28 36 1 138 20 29 33 1 93 10 48 37 11 1328 177 209

Table 2. Targets in BART database with observations.

Name V* RT Cru CD-57 3057

RA (J2000) HH MM SS.ss 12 34 53.74 10 11 02.95

DEC (J2000) DEG MM SS.s -64 33 56.0 -57 48 13.9

Images 2355 3561

Processed 2261 3485

Table 3. Targets in Watcher database with observations.

Name IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR IGR J07506-1547 J07506-1547 J17331-2406 J17418-1212 J17513-2011 J17597-2201 J18027-1455 J18027-2016 J18048-1455 J18135-1751 J18214-1318 J18256-1035 J18259-0706 J18325-0756 J18406-0539 J18410-0535 J18450-0435 J18483-0311 J18490-0000 J19284+0107

RA (J2000) HH MM SS.ss 07 50 35.04 07 50 35.04 17 33 06.00 17 41 50.88 17 51 17.04 17 59 46.08 18 02 46.08 18 02 46.08 18 04 50.88 18 13 26.88 18 21 22.08 18 25 36.96 18 25 55.92 18 32 28.08 18 40 36.00 18 41 00.48 18 44 58.08 18 48 14.88 18 49 04.08 19 28 24.00

DEC (J2000) DEG MM SS.s -15 47 17.2 -15 47 17.2 -24 07 00.1 -12 11 46.0 -20 11 17.2 -22 01 53.0 -14 56 34.1 -20 17 38.0 -14 54 50.0 -17 50 56.0 -13 18 29.2 -10 35 12.8 -07 06 22.0 -07 56 24.0 -05 39 00.0 -05 35 46.8 -04 36 07.0 -03 10 08.0 -00 01 30.0 +01 07 08.0

Table 4. Targets in BART database, which were not yet observed due to observational constraints.