Brinkman A.C., Dam J., Mels W.A. et al. Non-thermal and very high temperature phenomena in x-ray astronomy. // Roma: Univers. "La Sapienzia", Istittuto Astronomico, 1985, edited by Perola, G.C.; Salvati, M. P.263.

Van Beek et al. A MWPC read-out system with novel photon identification capabilities // 1984, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sc. NS-31, p. 45

BREUS, TAMARA. X-ray astronomy instruments to operate on Mir station. // In its USSR Report: Space p 50-51 (SEE N88-10050 01-12) Transl. into ENGLISH from APN: Advances of Science and Technology (Moscow, USSR), no. 21, 5 Nov. 1986 p 1-3

The Soviet Salyut orbital stations were the first to carry X-ray telescopes into space. The Mir station offers still greater opportunities for astronomical observations by ensuring high guidance accuracy in the automatic regime. Even more important, it extends the period of observations without impairing other research programs. The X-ray telescopes will operate within a wide band of energies, making it possible to solve in principle astrophysical tasks unattainable for the available space-based telescopes. Equipment and instruments for the Mir X-ray observatory were developed and manufactured through the collective efforts of the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, West Germany, and the European Space Agency. The design and advantages of the telescope are discussed.

Syunyaev, R. A.; Kaniovskii, A.; Efremov, V.; Gilfanov, M.; Dhurazov, E.; Grebenev, S. A.; Kuznetsov, A. V.; Melioranskii, A. S.; Yamburenko, N. S.; Yunin, S.; Stepanov, D.; Chulkov, I.; Pappe, N.; Boyarskii, M. N.; Gavrilova, E. A.; Loznikov, V. M.; Prudkoglyad, A.; Rodin, V. G.; Reppin, C.; Pietsch, W.; Engelhauser, J.; Trumper, J.; Voges, W.; Kendziorra, E.; Bezler, M.; Staubert, R.; Brinkman, A. C.; Heise, J.; Mels, W. A.; Jager, R.; Skinner, G. K.; Al-Emam, O.; Patterson, T. G.; Willmore, A. P. Detection of Hard X-Rays from Supernova 1987A - Preliminary Mir-Kvant Results // 1987, Sov. Astron. Lett. 13, 431

SUNYAEV, R.; KANIOVSKIY, A.; EFREMOV, V.; GILFANOV, M.; CHURAZOV, E.; GREBENEV, S.; KUZNETSOV, A.; MELIORANSKIJ, A.; YAMBURENKO, N.; YUNIN, S.; STEPANOV, D.; CHULKOV, I.; PAPPE, N.; BOYARSKIY, M.; GAVRILOVA, E.; LOZNIKOV, V.; PRUDKOGLYAD, A.; DKOGLYAD, A.; RODIN, V.; REPPIN, C.; PIETSCH, W.; EUGELHAUSER, J.; TRUMPER, J.; VOGES, W.; KENDZIORRA, E.; BEZLER, M.; STAUBERT, R.; BRINKMAN, A. C.; HEISE, J.; MELS, W. A.; JAGER, R.; SKINNER, G. K.; AL-EMAM, O.; PATTERSON, T. G.; WILLMORE, A. The detection of hard X-ray emission from SN 1987A - Preliminary results from the Kvant module. // Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (ISSN 0320-0108), vol. 13, Dec. 1987, p. 1027-1041. In Russian.

On August 10, 1987, instruments in the Kvant module of the Mir space station detected hard X-ray emission from SN 1987A in the LMC. Upper limits to the radiation flux in the 3-20 and 300-1000 keV regions were obtained. Upper limits were also established for the emission measure of gas heated by a shock wave, the density of the gas in front of the shock-wave front, and the mass loss rate of the presupernova several years before the star explosion. Models in which the decay of radioactive cobalt or of a young pulsar is the photon source are in the best agreement with observational data.

'HEXE' - X-ray observatory in space // Astronautik (ISSN 0004-6221), vol. 24, Apr.-June 1987, p. 41, 42. In German.

An overview is given of the design concept and scientific goals of the High-Energy X-ray Experiment (HEXE), developed in the FRG (by the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics and the Astronomical Institute of Tuebingen University) for operation on the Soviet space station Mir. HEXE was launched to LEO using a Kvant vehicle on March 31, 1987; after initial docking problems, it was joined to Mir by two cosmonauts in a 3-hour EVA on April 12. HEXE has dimensions 45 x 45 x 75 cm and weight 180 kg; it employs an 800-sq-cm Tl-doped NaI/CsI phoswich detector for 15-250-keV X-rays, complementing the other Mir instruments: the ESTEC high-pressure gas-scintillation proportional counter (3-100 keV), the Soviet high-energy detector (20-800 keV), and the Dutch-British X-ray camera (2-30 keV). The Mir observations are intended to explore the energy spectra and time evolution of compact galactic and extragalactic objects.

SKINNER, G. K.; PONMAN, T. J.Coded mask telescopes for X-ray astronomy.// British Interplanetary Society, Journal (Space Science) (ISSN 0007-084X), vol. 40, April 1987, p. 169-172.

The principle of the coded mask techniques are discussed together with the methods of image reconstruction. The coded mask telescopes built at the University of Birmingham, including the SL 1501 coded mask X-ray telescope flown on the Skylark rocket and the Coded Mask Imaging Spectrometer (COMIS) projected for the Soviet space station Mir, are described. A diagram of a coded mask telescope and some designs for coded masks are included.

SUNIAEV, R.; KANIOVSKII, A.; EFREMOV, V.; GILFANOV, M.; CHURAZOV, E. Discovery of hard X-ray emission from supernova 1987A //Nature (ISSN 0028-0836), vol. 330, Nov. 19, 1987, p. 227-229.

The discovery of hard X-rays from the region of the SN1987A in the LMC is reported. The observations were made from the Mir-Kvant observatory Roentgen. Hard X-rays were first observed on August 10, 1987; a total of 115 pointings on 21 days were made up to September 15, 1987. The flux showed little variation during the observation period. The measured spectrum extends from 20 keV to 300 keV and is extremely hard, having a photon power-law index of about 1.4. At low energies, the spectrum becomes even flatter, and there is indication of a cutoff between 10 and 25 keV. The luminosity over the energy range 20-300 keV is about 2 x 120 to the 38th erg/s, assuming a distance of 55 kpc. The error box for the hard source has a 2-sigma radius of 10 arcmin and contains SN1987A.

BEATTY, J. KELLY. The high-flying Kvant module. // Sky and Telescope (ISSN 0037-6604), vol. 74, Dec. 1987, p. 599-601.

The detection of X-rays from Supernova 1987A by instruments aboard the Soviet Kvant spacecraft is discussed. The Kvant module is 19 feet long and 13.6 feet across at its widest. On board are four telescopes for X-ray detection (TTM, gas-scintillation proportional counter, high-energy X-ray experiment, and Pulsar X-1) collectively weighing about 1,800 lbs. It is noted that observations are usually limited to the 20-min periods when Mir is over the equatorial region.

IAU Circ. N 4606. 1988. ASM 2000+25

R. Sunyaev and the Kvant Team, Space Research Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, report: "The MIR-Kvant Rontgen Observatory detected this x-ray nova on May 15 and 17 in the spectral band 4-250 keV. The Pulsar X1 Phoswich device discovered a hard power-law x-ray tail in the spectral band 20-250 keV with flux 0.5 E**-1.7 photons cm**-2 s**-1 keV**-1, where E is the photon energy measured in keV. The Hexe device discovered the same tail in the band 15-150 KeV. On May 17 the GSPC device detected the soft component of the spectrum in the band 4-15 keV. For a thermal bremsstrahlung model the best fit gives a plasma temperature of 1.86 +/- 0.05 keV. The soft component, which was reported earlier by the Ginga Team, corresponds to a luminosity of 3 x 10**36 erg/s for a distance of 1 kpc; the luminosity of the hard component is three times smaller. These values refer only to to the spectral bands mentioned above."

IAU Circ. N 4691. 1988. Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud

R. Sunyaev and the Kvant Team (Space Research Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik and Astronomisches Institut of the University of Tubingen) report: "The hard x-ray experiment HEXE on board the Kvant module of the MIR space station detected a continuous decrease of the x-ray flux from SN 1987A in the energy range 20-120 MeV from April to November. The flux in September and October was three times weaker than that observed in January, when it was at maximum. In November and December HEXE detected a further decrease of the hard x-ray flux, which is now approximately six times weaker than in January."

Syunyaev, R. A.; Gilfanov, M. R.; Churazov, E. M.; Yamburenko, N. S.; Brinkman, A. C.; Heise, J.; Intzand, J. J. M.; Jager, R.; Skinner, G. K.; Al-Emam, O.; Patterson, T. G.; Willmore, A. P. Upper Limits of the X-Ray Emission from Supernova 1987A in 2-32-KEV Energy Band in 1987 JUN/AUG // 1988, Sov. Astron. Lett. 14, 252.

Syunyaev, R. A.; Efremov, V. V.; Kaniovskii, A. S.; Stepanov, D. K.; Yunin, S. N.; Kuznetsov, A. V.; Loznikov, V. M.; Melioranskii, A. S.; Rodin, V. G.; Prudkoglyad, A. V.; Grebenev, S. A.; Reppin, C.; Pietsch, W.; Engelhauser, J.; Trumper, J.; Voges, W.; Kendziorra, E.; Bezler, M.; Staubert, R. HARD X-RAY BRIGHTENING OF SUPERNOVA 1987A - THE MIR-KVANT DATA // SOVIET ASTR. LETT.(TR:PISMA) V.14, NO. 4, P. 247, 1988

SUNYAEV, R. A.; EFREMOV, V. V.; KANIOVSKY, A. S.; STEPANOV, D. K.; YUNIN, S. N.; KUZNETSOV, A. V.; LOZNIKOV, V. M.; MELIORANSKY, A. S.; RODIN, V. G.; PRUDKOGLYAD, A. V.; GREBENEV, S. A.; REPPIN, C.; PIETCH, W.; ENGELHAUSER, J.; TRUMPER, J.; VOGES, W.; KENDZIORRA, E.; BEZLER, M.; STAUBERT, R.. The increase in the hard X-ray flux from SN 1987A detected with the Hexe and Pulsar X-1 telescopes aboard the Kvant module's Roentgen observatory // Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (ISSN 0320-0108), vol. 14, July 1988, p. 579-590. In Russian.

Observations of SN 1987A carried out during August 1987-February 1988 using the Hexe and Pulsar X-1 telescopes aboard the Mir station's Kvant module revealed a significant increase in the hard X-ray flux from the supernova in the 20-400 keV range. The radiation spectrum and its rate of increase can only be explained by models associated with gamma-line Comptonization, which arises during radioactive Co-57 decay. The early appearance of Co-57 line emission and the relatively slow increase in intensity suggests either substantial Co mixing over a significant part of the ejected envelope, or significant nonspherical geometry of the supernova envelope.

Syunyaev, R. A.; Gilfanov, M. R.; Churazov, E. M.; Yamburenko, N. S.; Brinkman, A. C.; Heise, J.; Intzand, J. J. M.; Jager, R.; Skinner, G. K.; Al-Emam, O.; Patterson, T. G.; Willmore, A. P.  Stabilization of Mir-Kvant - the TTM X-Ray Data // SOVIET ASTR. LETT.(TR:PISMA) V.14, P. 296.

SIUNIAEV, R. A.; GIL'FANOV, M. R.; CHURAZOV, E. M.; IAMBURENKO, N. S.; BRINKMAN, A. C. Stabilization of the Mir-Kvant complex using data of the TTM X-ray telescope// Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (ISSN, 0320- 0108), vol. 14, Aug. 1988, p. 695-705. In, Russian.

The international X-ray observatory on the Kvant module of the Mir space station has been operating since June 1987. The observation of bright X-ray sources by the TTM instrument on the Kvant module indicates that the direction to sources is held with an accuracy of about 2 arcmin in the course of about 20 min.

Sunyaev, R. A.; Gilfanov, M. R.; Churazov, E. M.; Loznikov, V. M.; Efremov, V. V.; Kaniovskii, A. S.; Kuznetsov, A. V.; Melioranskii, A. S.; Voges, W.; Pietsch, W.; Dobereiner, S.; Engelhauser, J.; Reppin, C.; Trumper, J.; Ogelman, H.; Kendizorra, E.; Mony, B.; Maisack, M.; Staubert, R.; Smith, A.; Parmar, A. N. HERCULES-X-1 Spin-Up - the KVANT Data 1987-1988 // SOVIET ASTR.LETT.(TR:PISMA) V.14, NO.6/NOV/DEC, P. 416, 1988.

SUNYAEV, R.; GILFANOV, M.; CHURAZOV, E.; LOZNIKOV, V.; EFREMOV, V.; KANIOVSKIV, A.; KUZNETSOV, A.; MELIORANSKIY, A.; VOGES, W.; PIETSCH, W.; DOEBEREINER, S.; ENGLHAUSER, J.; REPPIN, C.; TRUEMPER, J.; OEGELMAN, H.; KENDZIORRA, E.; MONY, B.; MAISACK, M.; STAUBERT, R.; SMITH, A.; PARMAR, A. N. The acceleration of the rotation of the X-ray pulsar Hercules X-1 - Results of Kvant module observations in August 1987-July 1988 // Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (ISSN 0320-0108), vol. 14, Nov. 1988, p. 979 - 991. In Russian.

Using observations of the Hercules X-1 pulsation period made with the Roentgen X-ray observatory on the Kvant module between August 1987 and July 1988, the average period derivative is estimated at (-4.9 + or - 1.5) X 10 to the -6th/year. The comparison of Kvant data with previous observations shows that, between 1984 and 1988, Hercules X-1 underwent quasi-stationary acceleration similar to that observed in 1972-1978.

Syunyaev, R. A.; Lapshov, I. Y.; Grebenev, S. A.; Efremov, V. V.; Kaniovskii, A. S.; Stepanov, D. K.; Yunin, S. N.; Gavrilova, E. A.; Loznikov, V. M.; Prudkoglyad, A. V.; Rodin, V. G.; Babushkina, O. P.; Kiselev, S. V.; Kuznetsov, A. V.; Melioranskii, A. S.; Smith, A.; Parmar, A. N.; Pietsch, W.; Dobereiner, S.; Engelhauser, J.; Reppin, C.; Trumper, J.; Voges, W.; Kendziorra, E.; Maisack, M.; Mony, B.; Staubert, R. Detection of a Hard Component in the Spectrum of the Vulpecula X-Ray Nova - Preliminary KVANT Results // SOVIET ASTR.LETT.(TR:PISMA) V.14,  P. 327, 1988.

SUNYAEV, R. A.; LAPSHOV, I. YU.; GREBENEV, S. A.; EFREMOV, V. V.; KANIOVSKY, A. S.; STEPANOV, D. K.; YUNIN, S. N.; GAVRILOVA, E. A.; LOZNIKOV, V. M.; PRUDKOGLYAD, A. V.; RODIN, V. G.; BABUSHKINA, O. P.; KISELEV, S. V.; KUZNETSOV, A. V.; MELIORANSKY, A. S.; MELIORANSKY, A. S.; SMITH, A.; PARMAR, A.; PIETCH, W.; DOEBEREINER, S.; ENGLHAUSER, J.; REPPIN, C.; TRUEMPER, J.; VOGES, W.; KENDZIORRA, E.; MAISACK, M.; MONY, B.; STAUBERT, R. The detection of the hard component in the radiation spectrum of the X-ray nova in Vulpecula - Preliminary results from the Kvant module // Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (ISSN 0320-0108), vol. 14, Sept. 1988, p. 771-786. In Russian.

Two components were detected in the spectrum of the X-ray nova in Vulpecula. A soft component is found to be dominant in the 4-15 keV band. A hard power law component accounts for 10 percent of the source luminosity and dominates the spectrum in the 15-200 keV band. An energy drop is observed above 200 keV.

Mels et al. A large-area position sensitive X-ray detector for astrophysical observations // 1988, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A273, 689

MONY, BRUNO. Examination of the background by High Energy X ray Experiment (HEXE) on the space station MIR // Thesis Tuebingen Univ. (Germany). Astronomisches Inst. Publication Date: 08/1988

The last results of the HEXE mission showed considerable declinations between the known x ray source positions and the view direction of the HEXE, which reduces the photon flux from the source, significantly in some cases. For this experiment many programs were written and tested for the reduction of data. Quick-look programs are presented that allow the data acquisition. A program was developed that can give the measurement results of the housekeeping counter by way of the catalog system and gathering in plot files. An orbit program is proposed to carry out the center correction for the arrival time of the photons and to study the influences of the geomagnetic field on the background observed by HEXE.

SKINNER, G. K.; AL-EMAM, O.; BRINKMAN, A. C.; CHURAZOV, E.; GILFANOV, M. Coded mask X-ray observations of SN 1987A from Mir // Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud; Proceedings of the Fourth George Mason Astrophysics Workshop, Fairfax, VA, Oct. 12-14, 1987 (A89-28851 11-90). Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 361-365.

Observations made of the supernova SN 1987A with the TTM coded mask imaging X-ray telescope on the Mir-Kvant observatory 'Rontgen' are reported. Upper limits for the flux below 20 keV from SN 1987A are below the extrapolation of the higher energy emission observed from the region by other instruments, implying a cutoff or change of slope. Useful limits can be placed on the density of the region into which the supernova is expanding.

TRUEMPER, J.; REPPIN, C.; PIETSCH, W.; ENGLHAUSER, J.; VOGES, W. The hard X-ray spectrum of SN 1987A // Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud; Proceedings of the Fourth George Mason Astrophysics Workshop, Fairfax, VA, Oct. 12-14, 1987 (A89-28851 11-90). Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 1988, p. 355-360.

The discovery of hard X-rays in the energy range from 20 to 350 keV by the Hexe and Pulsar X-1 instruments on the Mir-Kvant Rontgen observatory is reported. The hard X-rays were first observed on August 10, 1987, and thereafter SN 1987A became the main target of the observatory. The measured spectrum is extremely hard. At high energies the photon spectrum has a power law index of about 1.4. At lower energies the spectrum becomes flatter and there is indication of a cut-off below 25 keV. The luminosity in the above energy band is about 2 x 10 to the 38th erg/s. The flux shows little variation between August 10 and begining of October.

IAU Circ. N 4769. 1989. A0535+26

R. Sunyaev and the Kvant Team (Space Research Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences; Birmingham University; Netherlands Space Research Organization, Utrecht; Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik; and Astronomisches Institut, University of Tubingen) communicate: "On Apr. 8 and 9, the transient source A0535+26 was observed by the Mir-Kvant-Rontgen Observatory. The Coded Mask Imaging Spectrometer TTM has the Crab nebula in the same field- of-view. Direct comparison gives the following intensities of the transient in various bands: 2-6 keV, 0.6 Crab; 6-10 keV, 1.5 Crab; 10-16 keV, 2.5 +/- 0.2 Crab; 16-26 keV, 4.3 +/- 1 Crab. The observed energy spectrum is approximately flat in the 2- to 26-keV band. The pulsation period was 103.267 +/- 0.003 s. The average flux in six sessions over 10 hr on Apr. 9 (700 s each) did not reveal long-term flux variations > 10 in the 2- to 26-keV energy band. The hard x-ray detectors HEXE and Pulsar X-1 detected significant x-ray flux up to 100 keV. The source was 3.9 times brighter than the Crab in the 30- to 40-keV band. Figures for the range 70-100 keV were obtained using a Bremsstrahlung approximation for the observed spectrum in the band 2-100 keV."

IAU Circ. N 4800. 1989. V404 Cygni

R. Sunyaev and the Kvant Team (Space Research Institute, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences; Birmingham University; Netherlands Space Research Organization, Utrecht; Max-Planck-Institut fur Extraterrestrische Physik; and Astronomisches Institut, University of Tubingen) telex: "V404 Cyg = GS 2023+338 was observed several times during June 9-10 by the instruments of the Kvant module of the Mir space station. The source was localized at R.A. = 20h22m06s, Decl. = +33 42.2 (equinox 1950.0) with approximately 0'.4 error using the positions of Cygnus X-1 and Cygnus X-3 in the field-of-view of the Coded Mask Imaging Spectrometer (TTM). The star V404 Cyg is inside this error box. The source is significantly detected up to 300 keV by the HEXE and Pulsar X-1 instruments. It has a flat spectrum with a strong absorption and high energy exponential cut-off at energies > 100 keV. The source is strongly variable. Maximal detected fluxes are 0.1 Crab at 5 keV, 1.5 Crab at 20 keV, and 3.5 Crab at 100 keV."

IAU Circ. N 4839. 1989. Transient X-Ray Burster KS 1731-260.

R. Sunyaev and the Kvant Team report: "During observations of the GX 1+4 field on Aug. 16 the TTM instrument of the Mir-Kvant X-ray Observatory discovered a new transient x-ray burster at R.A. = 17h31m.1, Decl. = -26d03' (equinox 1950.0; uncertainty 1'). The persistent flux from this source in the 2-27-keV band varies from 50 to 90 mCrab, and a bremsstrahlung fit to the spectrum corresponds to temperature kT = 5 keV. During subsequent observations on Aug. 20-21 the source was also bright. Several outbursts of duration less than 15 s and averaged peak flux up to 0.6 Crab were detected during Aug. 16-21. Further analysis has revealed this source in a lower state during observations of the galactic center region on 1988 Oct. 21, the 2-27-keV flux then being 25 mCrab."

IAU Circ. N 4850. 1989. KS 1947+300.

G. K. Skinner, University of Birmingham, on behalf of the TTM/Kvant Team (Space Research Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences; University of Birmingham; Space Research Laboratory, Utrecht), writes: "A transient x-ray source, KS 1947+300, has been observed in data obtained with the TTM Coded Mask Imaging Spectrometer on Mir during the period June 8-15. The source position is R.A. = 19h47m35s.2, Decl. = +30 04'47" (equinox 1950.0), with an error circle radius of 30". A thermal bremsstrahlung fit to the spectrum gives a temperature of 9 keV with strong, low-energy absorption, consistent with obscuration by dust clouds apparent on survey plates in this direction. The mean 2- to 10-keV flux over the period of the observations was 50 mJy."

IAU Circ. N 4879. 1989. GX 1+4

G. K. Skinner, University of Birmingham, on behalf of the TTM/Kvant team (IKI, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences; University of Birmingham; Space Research Laboratory, Utrecht) writes: "In view of the report of radio emission from near GX 1+4 (IAUC 4871), we have obtained a new independent position for the x-ray source using data obtained with the TTM Coded Mask Imaging Spectrometer on Mir during 1989 August. The centroid of the 30"-radius error circle is R.A. = 17h28m58s.3, Decl. = -24 42'28" (equinox 1950.0). This is consistent with the Copernicus and SAS-3 positions and with the optical candidate. It lies between the two radio source positions and excludes both, so that neither can be the direct counterpart of the x-ray source. We place upper limits of 5 mJy on the 2- to 10-keV x-ray flux from the positions on IAUC 4871."

GILFANOV, M.; SUNYAEV, R.; CHURAZOV, E.; LOZNIKOV, V.; EFREMOV, V.; KANIOVSKJII, A.; KUZNETSOV, A.; YAMBURENKO, N.; MELIORANSKII, A.; SKINNER, G. K.; AL-EMAM, O.; PATTERSON, T. G.; WILLMORE, A. P.; BRINKMAN, A. C.; HEISE, J.; INTZAND, J. J. M.; JAGER, R.; VOGES, W.; PIETSCH, W.; DOEBEREINER, S.; ENGLHAUSER, J.; TRUEMPER, J.; REPPIN, C.; OEGELMAN, H.; KENDIZORRA, E.; MONY, B.; MAISACK, M.; STAUBERT, R.; PARMAR, A. N.; SMITH, A. OBSERVATIONS OF X-RAY PULSARS WITH THE RONTGEN OBSERVATORY ON THE KVAN MODULE // SOVIET ASTR.LETT.(TR:PISMA) V.15, NO. 4/JUL, P. 291, 1989.

Gilfanov, M.; Sunyaev, R.; Churazov, E.; Loznikov, V.; Efremov, V.; Kaniovskjii, A.; Kuznetsov, A.; Yamburenko, N.; Melioranskii, A.; Skinner, G. K.; Al-Emam, O.; Patterson, T. G.; Willmore, A. P.; Brinkman, A. C.; Heise, J.; Intzand, J. J. M.; Jager, R.; Voges, W.; Pietsch, W.; Doebereiner, S.; Englhauser, J.; Truemper, J.; Reppin, C.; Oegelman, H.; Kendizorra, E.; Mony, B.; Maisack, M.; Staubert, R.; Parmar, A. N.; Smith, A. OBSERVATIONS OF THE X-RAY PULSARS FROM THE KVANT MODULE // PISMA V. ASTRONOMICHESKII ZHURNAL V. 15:8, P. 675, 1989

Syunyaev, R. A.; Kaniovskii, A. S.; Efremov, V. V.; Grebenev, S. A.; Kuznetsov, A. V.; Loznikov, V. M.; Melioranskii, A. S.; Engelhauser, J.; Dobereiner, S.; Pietsch, W.; Reppin, C.; Trumper, J.; Kendziorra, E.; Maisack, M.; Mony, B.; Staubert, R. HARD X-RAY DECLINE OF SUPERNOVA 1987A IN 1988 - THE MIR / KVANT DATA // SOVIET ASTR.LETT.(TR:PISMA) V.15, NO.2/MAR,APR, P. 125, 1989.

SUNYAEV, R. A.; KANIOVSKY, A. S.; EFREMOV, V. V.; GREBENEV, S. A.; KUZNETSOV, A. V.; LOZNIKOV, V. M.; WELIORANSKY, A. S.; ENGLHAUSER, J.; DOEBEREINER, S.; PIETSCH, W.; REPPIN, C.; TRUEMPER, J.; KENDZIORRA, E.; MAISACK, M.; MONY, B.; STAUBERT, R. Decrease of the hard X-ray flux of SN 1987A - Kvant module data // Pis'ma v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (ISSN 0320-0108), vol. 15, April 1989, p. 291-300. In Russian.

The HEXE telescope on the Kvant module detected a 6-fold decrease of the hard X-ray flux of SN 1987A in the 15-200 keV energy range during observations from April to December 1988. A slight hardening of the spectrum was also detected. The X-ray light curve can be explained by a model that assumes a homogeneous mixing of radioactive Co-56 over the envelope.

BALEBANOV, V. M. Instrumentation and methods for space exploration.// Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1989, 240 p. In Russian. For individual items see A91-23963 to A91-23989.

Instrumentation for investigations in the areas of space plasma physics, high-energy astrophysics, and the physics of planets and planetary atmospheres is described. Particular attention is given to the development and ground testing of such systems as the Phobos probe, the Rentgen astrophysical module on the Mir station, and the Granat astrophysical observatory.

IUNIN, S. N.; STEPANOV, D. K.; CHULKOV, I. V. Physical calibration of the Pulsar X-1/Spektr-3/IRA X-ray spectrometer of the international orbital observatory Rentgen on the Kvant module. // Instrumentation and methods for space exploration (A91-23962 08-19). Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1989, p. 200-212. In Russian.

MELIORANSKII, A. S.; SIUNIAEV, R. A.; SINAIKO, E. I.; GOLUBEV, S. I.; EFENDIEV, K. E. Detectors of the X-ray spectrometer Pulsar X-1 which is part of the Rentgen complex of the Kvant module. // Instrumentation and methods for space exploration (A91-23962 08-19). Moscow, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, 1989, p. 192-200. In Russian.

AREFEV, V.; BOROZDIN, K.; CHURAZOV, E.; EFREMOV, V.; GILFANOV, M.; KANIOVSKIY, A.; KUZNETSOV, A.; MELIORANSKIY, A.; SUNYAEV, R.; YAMBURENKO, N.; PIETSCH, W.; DOEBEREINER, S.; ENGLHAUSER, J.; REPPIN, C.; TRUMPER, J.; VOGES, W.; KENDZIORRA, E.; MAISACK, M.; MONY, B.; STAUBERT, R.; SKINNER, G. K.; AL-EMAM, O.; PATTERSON, T. G.; WILLMORE, A. P.; BRINKMAN, A. C.; HEISE