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This document contains a summary of the user interface for filtering rows in binary tables.
Table filtering allows a program to select rows from an table (e.g., X-ray event list) by checking each row against one or more expressions involving the columns in the table. When a table is filtered, only valid rows satisfying these expressions are passed through for processing.
A filter expression is specified using bracket notation appended to the filename of the data being processed:
foo.fits[pha==1&&pi==2]It is also possible to put region specification inside a file and then pass the filename in bracket notation:
foo.fits[@my.reg]Filters must be placed after the extension and image section information, when such information is present. The correct order is:
Table filtering can be performed on columns of data in a FITS binary table or a raw event file. Table filtering is accomplished by means of table filter specifications. An table filter specification consists of one or more filter expressions Filter specifications also can contain comments and local/global processing directives.
More specifically, a filter specification consist of one or more lines containing:
# comment until end of line # include the following file in the table descriptor @file # each row expression can contain filters separated by operators [filter_expression] BOOLOP [filter_expression2], ... # each row expression can contain filters separated by the comma operator [filter_expression1], [filter_expression2], ... # the special row# keyword allows a range of rows to be processed row#=m:n # or a single row row#=m # regions are supported -- but are described elsewhere [spatial_region_expression]
A single filter expression consists of an arithmetic, logical, or other operations involving one or more column values from a table. Columns can be compared to other columns, to header values, or to numeric constants. Standard math functions can be applied to columns. Separate filter expressions can be combined using boolean operators. Standard C semantics can be used when constructing expressions, with the usual precedence and associativity rules holding sway:
Operator Associativity -------- ------------- () left to right !! (logical not) right to left ! (bitwise not) - (unary minus) right to left * / left to right + - left to right < <= > >= left to right == != left to right & (bitwise and) left to right ^ (bitwise exclusive or) left to right | (bitwise inclusive or) left to right && (logical and) left to right || (logical or) left to right = right to leftFor example, if energy and pha are columns in a table, then the following are valid expressions:
pha>1 energy == pha (pha>1) && (energy<=2) max(pha,energy)>=2.5
Comparison values can be integers or floats. Integer comparison values can be specified in decimal, octal (using '0' as prefix), hex (using '0x' as prefix) or binary (using '0b' as prefix). Thus, the following all specify the same comparison test of a status mask:
(status & 15) == 8 # decimal (status & 017) == 010 # octal (status & 0xf) == 0x8 # hex (status & 0b1111) == 0b1000 # binary
The special keyword row# allows you to process a range of rows. When row# is specified, the filter code skips to the designated row and only processes the specified number of rows. The "*" character can be utilized as the high limit value to denote processing of the remaining rows. Thus:
row#=100:109processes 10 rows, starting with row 100 (counting from 1), while:
row#=100:*specifies that all but the first 99 rows are to be processed.
Spatial region filtering allows a program to select regions of an image or rows of a table (e.g., X-ray events) using simple geometric shapes and boolean combinations of shapes. For a complete description of regions, see Spatial Region Filtering.
As mentioned previously, multiple filter expressions can be specified in a filter descriptor, separated by commas or new-lines. When such a comma or new-line separator is used, the boolean AND operator is automatically generated in its place. Thus and expression such as:
pha==1,pi=2:4is equivalent to:
(pha==1) && (pi>=2&&pi<=4)
[Note that the behavior of separators is different for filter expressions and spatial region expressions. The former uses AND as the operator, while the latter user OR. See Combining Region and Table Filters for more information about these conventions and how they are treated when combined.]
Aside from the standard C syntax, filter expressions can make use of IRAF-style range lists which specify a range of values. The syntax requires that the column name be followed by an '=' sign, which is followed by one or more comma-delimited range expressions of the form:
col = vv # col == vv in range col = :vv # col <= vv in range col = vv: # col >= vv in range col = vv1:vv2 # vv1 <= col <= vv2 in rangeThe vv's above must be numeric constants; the right hand side of a range list cannot contain a column name or header value.
Note that, unlike an ordinary comma separator, the comma separator used between two or more range expressions denotes OR. Thus, when two or more range expressions are combined with a comma separator, the resulting expression is a shortcut for more complicated boolean logic. For example:
col = :3,6:8,10:is equivalent to:
(col<=3) || (col>=6 && col <=8) || (col >=10)Note also that the single-valued rangelist:
col = valis equivalent to the C-based filter expression:
col == valassuming, of course, that val is a numeric constant.
It is permissible to specify C math functions as part of the filter syntax. When the filter parser recognizes a function call, it automatically includes the math.h and links in the C math library. Thus, it is possible to filter rows by expressions such as these:
The special @filename directive specifies an include file containing filter expressions. This file is processed as part of the overall filter descriptor:
foo.fits[pha==1,@foo]
The filter syntax supports comparison between a column value and a header parameter value of a FITS binary tables (raw event files have no such header). The header parameters can be taken from the binary table header or the primary header. For example, assuming there is a header value MEAN_PHA in one of these headers, you can select photons having exactly this value using:
Table filtering is more easily described by means of examples. Consider data containing the following table structure:
Tables can be filtered on these columns using IRAF/QPOE range syntax or any valid C syntax. The following examples illustrate the possibilities:
Currently, integer range list limits cannot be specified in binary notation (use decimal, hex, or octal instead). Please contact us if this is a problem.