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J Solid State Electrochem (2014) 18:1147­1169 DOI 10.1007/s10008-014-2480-5

EDITORIAL

V S. Bagotsky's contribution to modern electrochemistry .
Alexander M. Skundin & Galina A. Tsirlina

Received: 3 April 2014 / Revised: 9 April 2014 / Accepted: 9 April 2014 / Published online: 25 April 2014 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014

Vladimir Sergeevich Bagotsky (22 January 1920­12 November 2012) Vladimir Sergeevich Bagotsky (22 January 1920, Bern, Switzerland­12 November 2012, CO, USA) was one of the pioneers of modern electrochemistry and was justly famous for his penetrating analyses of electrochemical problems. Among his friends and colleagues and certainly for the authors of this introductory text, he is remembered as a brilliant teacher and trusted friend and as someone who was at ease with people of all ages. Among the wider electrochemical community, he is perhaps best known as the author of a fine textbook ([7, 8] in the list of Monographs below).1 Vladimir Sergeevich Bagotsky was born in Switzerland and the son of Sergey Yustinovich Bagotsky and Regina Eduardovna Birenbaum. Before the First World War, his father had been an activist of the Russian social­democratic labor party, who moved to Switzerland in 1914. After diplomatic relations between Russia and Switzerland were severed in 1918, he became the Soviet Red Cross representative in Geneva, and it was through those offices that political contact was maintained between the two states until 1936. In 1938, after the teenage Vladimir had completed his secondary education in Switzerland, the family returned to Russia, and the young man entered the Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University (MSU).During
1 The list of Bagotsky's publications given below is chronological and consists of "Monographs," "Book Chapters," and "Papers in Refereed Journals," with a separate numbering system in each subsection. For "Papers in Refereed Journals," the sub-section is not indicated in the text.

A. M. Skundin Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Moscow, Russia G. A. Tsirlina (*) Department of Electrochemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia e-mail: tsir@elch.chem.msu.ru


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Graduates of gymnasium in Bern in 1938 and 50 years later. Vladimir Bagotsky is the first from the left in the first row (upper photo) and the third from the left, sitting (lower photo)

Vladimir Bagotsky during his gymnasium period in Bern (1930s)


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his student years (1938­1944), which coincided with the Second World War, Bagotsky developed his life-long interest in electrochemistry. His initial studies (on hydrogen evolution) were inspire d by Alexander N aumovich Frumkin (1895­1976), who had become the head of the Laboratory of Engineering Electrochemistry at Moscow State University in 1930 and the head of the newly founded

Department of Electrochemistry in 1933. Frumkin had developed a world-leading school devoted to the study of electrode kinetics and the structure of the double layer. These fields were strongly interrelated, of course, and had led to the discovery of the "Frumkin correction" (initially known as the "psi-prime effect"2).

Alexander Naumovich Frumkin and his collaborators in MSU in the 1940s. Sitting, first row (from left to right): Mikhail Abramovich Gerovich, Alexander Naumovich Frumkin, Zinoviy Alexandrovich Iofa, Amaliya Davydovna Obrucheva. Second row: Vasily Alexandrovich Kuznetsov, Boris Stepanovich Gurenkov, Vladimir Sergeevich Bagotsky, two unknown ladies, Natalya Borisovna Moisseeva, Anna Ivanovna Fedorova, Sofya Yakovlena Mirlina

Bagotsky initially began work with Zinoviy Alexandrovich Iofa [Jofa] (1895­1989), who was one of Frumkin's closest collaborators. At the time, the evolution of hydrogen on mercury was a subject of great international curiosity, and Bagotsky set to work on it [2]. After studying this reaction for a while, Bagotsky (together with Frumkin and Iofa) found himself in a dispute with Nikolay Ivanovich Kobozev (1903­ 1974), who had speculated that the reaction intermediate is atomic hydrogen dissolved in water. Kobozev was a prominent physical chemist and founder of the Laboratory of Catalysis and Gas Electrochemistry at MSU, and it took considerable effort on Bagotsky's part [1, 3] to resolve the issue in frames of Frumkin's slow discharge theory. The final arguments are summarized in References [7, 9]. Before the development of the rotating disk electrode by Levich and others, the main apparatus for performing electrochemical kinetic studies was the dropping mercury electrode. An unsolved problem was the precise relation between the expanding interface and the observed current. At the time,

experimental data were typically interpreted in terms of "activation overpotential" or "concentration polarization" or sometimes a mixture of both. These concepts had evolved over a long time in parallel with the development of galvanostatic instrumentation and correspond (roughly speaking) to modern "Tafel behavior" and "diffusion control." In the case of the dropping mercury electrode, the correction for concentration polarization required the solution of a difficult moving boundary problem. Certain mathematical solutions were first derived by Naum Natanovich Meiman (1911­2001), and then the results were successfully applied to the dropping mercury

2 The psi-prime effect involves the electrostatic interaction of a reacting species with a charged interface. The name of this effect originates from the psi-prime (1) potential, the quantity which characterizes the potential of the arbitrary plane in which the reactant finds itself in case of the closest approach to the electrode.


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electrode by Bagotsky [4]. To this day, the analysis of polarographic data in the mixed kinetic regime is known as the Meiman-Bagotsky technique.

joint memoir, but only a few copies were printed and distributed in their closest surrounding.

Zinoviy Alexandrovich Iofa (left) and Boris Nikolaevich Kabanov (right), who co-authored the textbook "Kinetics of electrode processes" with A.N. Frumkin and V.S. Bagotsky

After the award of his Ph.D. (1947), Bagotsky initially remained at MSU. He supervised several diploma and doctoral students and made important records of Frumkin's lectures (which were later transformed into the book "Kinetics of Electrode Processes" authored by A. N. Frumkin, V. S. Bagotsky, Z. A. Iofa, and B. N. Kabanov). (see [1] in "Monographs"). He also began his work on the oxygen reduction reaction. However, in 1949, following an outburst of state-sponsored anti-Semitism (named euphemistically as "the stru ggle a gain st rootless cosmop olita n s " ), V l adim ir Sergeevich was forced to leave his alma mater. After many fruitless attempts to find a job, he was finally hired by the AllUnion Research Institute "Cells-Electrocarbon," which had been founded to develop power sources for the radio industry. Later, this institute was renamed the All-Union Institute of Power Sources (abbreviated in Russian as VNIIT). Eventually, Bagotsky was able to publish some of his MSU work, such as [8, 1 0 ­ 1 2 ] , perfo r med w ith Irin a Evge nye vna Yablokova (1923­2014), who had become his second wife. Irina had st art ed to work with Vladimir as a diploma student in 1947, and they continued to work together throughout their long professional life. Later, after retirement and moving to the USA, they wrote a

Vladimir Bagotsky and Irina Yablokova: MSU period, VNIITIELAN period, and USA period


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The drastic change in research style, from fundamental theory at MSU to applied engineering at VNIIT, was inevitably accompanied by a decrease in published output. However, there was no decrease in creativity. On the contrary, Bagotsky contributed substantially to the development of a series of innovative batteries for submarines, aircraft, and spacecraft, most notably silver­zinc batteries, mercury­zinc batteries, water-activated batteries, and thermal reserve batteries. The first man-made space satellite "Sputnik," which was launched on October 4, 1957, was equipped with three s ilver­zinc b atteries m ade under Bagotsky's supervision. Later, other Soviet spacecrafts (including the mighty "Vost ok" with Yuri Gagarin in 1961) were equipped with these batteries. On account of these achievements, Bagotsky was awarded the degree of the Doctor of Technical Sciences (honoris causa) without presenting a thesis in 1959. By this time, he had been awarded twice the Order of the Red Banner (1956 and 1957), and in 1961, he was finally awarded the Order of Lenin, the highest decoration bestowed by the Soviet Union. Although much of his industrial work was carried out in secrecy, Bagotsky nevertheless managed to publish a small amount of fundamental research concerning the fundamentals of power sources together with his colleagues in VNIIT and with collaborators at other research centers (most notably Moscow University and the I nst itute of Physical Chemistry). I n p art i cular, Bagotsky published studies on chromic acid reduction at carbon electrodes jointly with Galina Vladimirovna Shteinberg) [13] in 1957. The work was also published on the kinetics of mercury­zinc cells (jointly with Emil' Alexandrovich Mendgeritsky) [14, 22] and on the kinetics of zinc electrodes in alkaline solutions [16­21, 26]. As part of his strategic planning, Bagotsky developed methods of compar ing t he pe rformance of di ff erent p o we r s ou rc e s . I n p a r tic ular, a nd lo ng be fo re D. Ragone, he constructed plots of "specific energy" versus "specific power." Unfortunately, he never published his idea. However, he did publish a general monograph entitled "Advances in Chemical Power Sources" ([2] in "M ono gra phs ", w ith Vladi m ir Nikolaevich F lyorov), which became the standard handbook for Soviet engineers and researchers. This monograph was also published in Polish and Romanian.

Inside the Soviet Union, two important organizational changes occurred at the end of the 1950s. First, the Institute of Electrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences3 was founded in 1958, with Academician A. N. Frumkin at its head. Second, a large fuel cell research program was started. From the outset, Frumkin did his best to involve Bagotsky in the new venture. Even though he was still formally part of the VNIIT research staff, Bagotsky worked very closely with the Institute of Electrochemistry, and in 1965, he moved there permanently. Initially, he operated as a Head of Laboratory, but later, he became a Head of Department. From 1960 onwards, Bagotsky became one of the leading researchers in the Soviet Fuel Cell program. He became Vice-Chairman of the Scientific Council on Fuel Cells of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and simultaneously the Vice-Chairman of the Interdepartmental Committee on the Development of Electric Vehicles. From the outset, Bagotsky had grasped the importance of porous electrodes. In 1963, he carried out work with Iosif Grigor 'evich Gurevich on the study of flooded porous electrodes under various experimental conditions [27­29, 35, 46]. Later, this work was continued with Yurii Mironovich Volfkovich [63, 76, 77, 83, 86, 88, 93, 98, 99, 108, 109, 173], and the results were eventually compiled in a monograph [3]. The development of flooded porous electrodes also necessitated the d e v e lo pme n t o f i mp ro ve d p or os imet ry tec h n i q u e s . Bagotsky did much to popularize the method of Standard Contact Porosimetry invented in collaboration with Yu. M. Vol'fkovich [224, 225, 237, 272, 294]. This technique has several advantages over traditional mercury porosimetry and allows the investigation of the structure and properties of all kinds of porous materials, including frail solids and powders. The method is relatively simple, non-destructive, and is not connected with the use of mercury. Although the study of flooded porous electrodes was a dominant theme at that stage of his career, Bagotsky

Later, the Institute of Electrochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (IELAN) was named after Frumkin and is widely known as the Frumkin Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Starting from 2005, two institutes were united to form the currently existing Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry.

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was by no means limited to that topic. He was always fully aware of the importance of gas diffusion electrodes and especially their application to fuel cells. Numerous studies of gas diffusion electrodes were completed under Bagotsky's auspices in the 1970s [128, 140, 162, 168, 180, 187, 189, 190, 213, 214, 226, 248]. Unsurprisingly, many of these studies were aimed at understanding the relation between the structure of porous materials and their electrochemical performance. Of special interest in this regard are the papers [73, 74, 126]. In these publications, it is possible to see Bagotsky building on Frumkin's idea of replacing the complex geometry of real pores with a simple one-dimensional model. The industrial need for knowledge about porous electrodes was self-evident, but in the development of fuel ce lls, ano t her m ajo r re quirement wa s k n o wledg e of electrocatalysis. Bagotsky's interest in electrocatalysis covered both the general principles of the subject as well as the analysis of special cases. Regarding the general principles, Bagotsky realized how important it was to carry out systematic studies of structural effects, such as particle size, crystallographic orientation, and chemical identity of the support. A short letter [78] describing the difference in electrocatalytic activity between smooth and platinized platinum was a milestone (These classic experiments were carried out by two of Bagotsky's pupils, Yurii Borisovich Vassiliev and Olga Alekseevna Khazova, a nd both s ubsequently remained h i s c oworkers for half a century.). The same topic was also addressed in References [133, 153, 199, 326], and the difference in behavior between smooth and highly dispersed platinum was investigated with regard to chemisorption, methanol oxidation, and hydrogen ionization. Differences in electrocatalytic behavior were also found between smooth and ruthenized ruthenium [217] and between rhodium and rhodium-plated surfaces [148]. It was inside Bagotsky's Lab that various pioneering studies of single crystal surfaces of platinum group metals were first attempted [117, 119, 121, 124, 149, 167]. Despite the poor quality of some of the single crystal surfaces used in those works, important lessons wer e le ar ne d a bo ut t h e p ro fo un d r ole p la ye d b y crytallographic orientation. Another highly innovative series of studies were related to the role of surface defects [112­114, 134, 149]. These were created mainly by mechanical action ( such as surface hardening, stretching, and twisting) although sometimes by neutron

irradiation. Surprisingly, it was found that the number density of surface defects had little effect on hydrogen adsorption, methanol adsorption, or oxygen evolution.

A sketch drawn by V. S. Bagotsky: the cell for electrochemical measurements on a wire under mechanical load (stretching) On the other hand, many interesting and important effects in electrocatalysis w ere d iscovered f or supported electrocatalysts, especially in relation to the nature of the catalyst support. Today, it is widely understood that at least two different effects are involved, namely a particle-size effect and a catalyst­support interaction. Although dozens of Bagotsky's papers were devoted to the catalyst­support interaction, it remains a subject of intensive research. In a wellknown letter to "Electrokhimiya" [110], Bagotsky and his coworkers reported an increase of electrocatalytic activity of platinum microcrystals when they were deposited on a seemingly inert support (pyrolytic carbon), the size of the effect being inversely related to the size of the crystals. Subsequently, this topic was investigated in detail [122, 136, 142, 152, 157, 171, 175, 208, 215, 301, 310, 316, 317, 319, 320, 329]. In order to obtain quantitative measurements of catalyst­support interactions, electron photoemission was also explored [301, 310, 320]. This latter research was implemented by Bagotsky's pupil, Alexander Matveevich Skundin.


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Among many electrochemical reactions, two were of special interest for Bagotsky throughout his scientific carrier, namely cathodic reduction of oxygen and anodic oxidation of small organic molecules. Both processes are vital to fuel cell operation. His early work on oxygen reduction on mercury [8, 10­12] was extended in the 1960s and 1970s to platinum group metals [47, 129, 135, 141, 151, 153, 158, 188, 196, 203, 216, 219, 247, 263, 269, 278, 290, 291], silver [94, 143, 153, 156, 166, 205, 207, 212, 232, 234, 244], carbon [284, 296, 314], nickel [72, 80, 95, 97, 101, 104, 132, 163, 177, 193, 195, 204­206, 231, 257], as well as supported platinum [197, 252, 281, 332] and supported silver [236, 253]. In addition to numerous detailed studies of oxygen adsorption and reduction, Bagotsky also carried out a number of theoretical calculations of kinetic parameters [92, 107, 150, 282]. On e r esu l t o f B agotsky ' s b road ap proa ch to electrooxidation of organic compounds was the development of a generalized reaction scheme. This involved the dissociative chemisorption of organic species, the

simultaneous chemisorption of oxygen-containing species, and finally the reaction between the chemisorbed species to create oxidized products. The first papers of this kind appeared in 1963 [24, 25]. In an early review [34], Bagotsky and Yurii Borisovich Vassiliev considered the anodic oxidation of a large number of lowmolecular weight substances (formic acid, oxalic acid, formaldehyde, glycerol, butanol, glucose, etc.), all within one framework. Later, this general approach was extended to methanol adsorption and oxidation on platinum [36, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 51­53, 57, 62, 66, 84, 85, 100], as well as on other platinum group metals: [44] palladium, [89, 91, 105, 106, 115, 120, 148] iridium, [1 48] rhod ium, a n d [ 217, 256] ruth eniu m. Electrooxidation of ethylene glycol [54, 55], formic acid [68, 70, 79, 87, 90], and formaldehyde [293] were also studied. General summaries can be found in References [240, 275]. A similar approach to the cathodic reduction of simple organic substances was developed in References [288, 289, 297, 298].

Vladimir Sergeevich during IELAN period and in his former IELAN office during a visit to Moscow from USA (in color)

Being a world expert on the oxygen reduction reaction, Bagotsky followed developments with keen interest. He was particularly fascinated by the use of macrocyclic compo un ds as mo lec u la r c ata l yst s f o r o x y g e n r e d u c tio n.

Although the electrocatalytic activity of some metal phthalo cy ani nes and s om e s u bstit ute d po rp hyr ins h ad bee n known since the 1970s, their long-term stability was questio n a bl e, an d s o B a g o t sk y c arri ed ou t a se rie s o f


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experiments to test their thermal response. The results were published in References [273, 276]. The influence of cobalt phthalocyanine, tetraphenylporphyrin, and tetrabenzoporphyrin increased noticeably after heat treatment. Of course, heat treatment normally results in destruction of organic compounds, so it was a great surprise when the electrodes retained their high activity. Bagotsky's lecture at the 3rd International Symposium "Elektrochemische Stromquellen" in Dresden (1978) created a furore! At the b eginning of the 1 970s, the a ttention o f electrochemists all over the world was drawn to lithium batteries. The successful commercialization of such devices (both primary and secondary) by various Japanese companies prom pted a global s hift in resear ch from f uel cells to lithium-based systems. The Institute of Electrochemistry in Moscow could not ignore these developments, and a special lithium group was convened in Bagotsky's Department headed by Yurii Mikhailovich Povarov. From the outset, the interests of this group were focused on the most powerful primary system, namely lithium­thionyl chloride. It must be remembered that experimental work on this system was very difficult due to the high reactivity of lithium metal and the fact that the solvent could react violently with water. Never theless, Bagotsky's team made significant progress in elucidating the mechanism of thionyl chloride reduction [271, 280]. They also explored the behaviour of porous cathodes [330, 334, 11 in "Book chapters"] and the mechanism of passivation of lithium [327, 338, 340]. Later, the same group also studied the effect of various macrocyclic compounds, including porphyrin derivatives, on the cathodic half-cell reaction [331, 333, 335, and 337]. A wide variety of carbon electrode materials was also studied, including carbon black, activated carbon, and graphitized cloth [334]. It was found that the pores in the carbon electrodes filled up non-synchronously, with the large pores filling with lithium chloride first and the small pores filling second. Evidently, the pore size distribution was an important factor in the battery performance. As for the passive films on the lithium surface, it was found that they exhibit self-healing properties. They have an inner layer which is thin and poorly crystalline and an outer layer which is thick and crystalline. Overall, the film exhibits p-type semiconductivity, with a small hole concentration of circa 1014 cm-3. Nevertheless, it is sufficient to allow the slow growth of the secondary film. Because of various reasons, in particular, the secrecy of early lithium batteries R&D, these and some other important results remained unpublished in scientific journals. In his retirement, Bagotsky maintained close contact with his former colleagues in Moscow even after moving to the USA. A lot of people from the former Bagotsky'sDepartment are still working in the Frumkin Institute, forming the Laboratory of the Processes in Power Sources. Amazingly, he continued to work on textbooks and monographs well past

his 90th birthday; a special session of the American Electrochemical Society was arranged in his honor as a part of the 218th meeting of the Electrochemical Society in October 2010. His passing is a great loss. The authors are grateful to Professor Steven Fletcher for his kind help with preparation of this text and to Dr. Natalya V. Bagotskaya, who provided the photos and other original materials.

Celebration of Bagotsky's 80-year jubilee in his Moscow flat. From left to right: Nina Vladimirovna Osetrova, Alexander Matveevich Skundin, Evgeniya Ivanovna Khrushcheva, Irina Evgenyevna Yablokova, Vladimir Sergeevich Bagotsky

Publications of Vladimir Sergevich Bagotsky Monographs 1. Frumkin AN, Bagotsky VS, Iofa ZA, Kabanov BN (1952) Kinetics of Electrode Processes. Moscow State University Publ. Moscow (in Russian), 320 p. English Translation: Frumkin AN, Bagotsky VS, Iofa ZA, Kabanov BN (1967) Kinetics of Electrode Processes. Foreign Technol. Div., Nr. FTD-HT-67-153, WrigtPatterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Chinese Translation: Frumkin AN, Bagotsky VS, Iofa ZA, Kabanov BN (1957) Kinetics of Electrode Processes, Beijing. 2. Bago tsky VS, F lyo r ov VN (19 62) Adv a nce s in Chemical Power Sources. Gosenergoizdat, Moscow (in Russian), 240 p. Romanian Translation: Bagotski VS, Flerov VN (1964) in: Surse de current chimice, partea a II-a, Editura tehnica, Bucuresti, Pp. 434­595. Polish Translation: Bagocki WS, Florow WN (1965)


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Ch em ic zn e z ro dl a e n e r g ii el ek tr y c z n ej , Wyda w n . naukowo-techniczne, Warszawa. Gurevich IG, Vol'fkovich YuM, Bagotsky VS (1974) Liquid Porous Electrodes. "Nauka i Tekhnika" Publ. Minsk (in Russian), 205 p. Bagotsky VS, Bogdanovskaya VA, Vassiliev YuB et al. (1980) Problems of Electrocatalysis. "Nauka" Publ. Moscow (in Russian), 271 p. Bagotsky VS, Skundin AM (1981) Chemical Power Sources. "Energoizdat" Publ. Moscow (in Russian), 360 p. English Translation: Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM (1980) Chemical Power Sources. Academic Press, London a.o. Czech Translation: Bagockij VS, Skundin AM (1987) Electrochemicke zdroje proudu. Nakladatelstvi Technicke Literatury, Praha. Bagotsky VS. (1988) Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. "Khimiya" Publ. Moscow (in Russian), 400 p. English Translation: Bagotzky VS. (1993) Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. Plenum Press, New York. Bagotsky VS. (2006) Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. 2nd Edn. Wiley, New York, 2006, 752 p. V.S. Bagotsky. (2009) Fuel Cells. Problems and Solutions. Wiley, Hoboken, 320 p. (2012) 2nd Edn.

7. Bagotsky V S, Va sil ' ev Yu B, Kha z ova OA Beskorovaynaya SS (1968) The mechanism of methano electrooxydation at platinum electrode. In: "Fuel Cells. Kinetics of electrode processes" "Nauka Publ" Moscow: 198­225 (In Russian) 8. Bagotsky VS, Vasil'ev YuB (1968) Catalytic and electrochemical processes at formic acid anodic oxidation at electrodes-catalysts. In: "Fuel Cells. Kinetics of electrode processes" "Nauka Publ" Moscow: 280­305 (In Russian) 9. Ossetrova NV, Zakharyan AV, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotsky VS (1980) Carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction. In: "Electrosynthesis of monomers""Nauka Publ" Moscow: 220­243 10. Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotsky VS (1966) Effect of adsorptive phenomena on the electrochemical oxidation of organic materials. In: "Fuel Cells. Their Electrochemical Kinetics" (Translation from Russian) Consultants Bureau, New York: 99­110 11. Bagotzky VS, Volfkovich YuM, Kanevsky LS, Skundin AM, Broussely M, Chenebault Ph, Caillaud T. (1995) Changes of the porous structure of carbon cathodes during the discharge of Li­SOCl2 cells. In: Attewell A, Keley T (eds) Power Sources. Ch. 27

Papers in Refereed Journals4 Book chapters 1. Gurevich IG, Bagotsky VS (1964) Operation of liquid porous electrodes under diffusion reactants supply. In: "Fuel cells. Some theoretical problems" "Nauka Publ" Moscow: 69­92 (In Russian) 2. Gurevich IG, Bagotsky VS (1964) Operation of liquid porous electrodes under forced reactants supply. In: "Fuel cells. Some theoretical problems""Nauka Publ" Moscow: 93­107 (In Russian) 3. Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotsky VS (1964) Some problems of organic substances electrooxydation. In: "Fuel cells. Some theoretical problems" "Nauka Publ" Moscow: 108­136 (In Russian) 4. Frumkin AN, Bagotsky VS (1966) The great goal of electrochemistry (fuel cells). In: Children Encyclopaedia, 2nd. ed. "Prosveshschenie Publ" Moscow: 405­412 (In Russian) 5. Bagotsky VS, Vasil'ev YuB (1966) Features of organic substances adsorption at platinum. In: Progress in organic substances electrochemuistry "Nauka Publ" Moscow: 38­64 (In Russian) 6. Gurevich IG, Bagotsky VS (1968) Liquid porous electrodes. In: "Fuel Cells. Kinetics of electrode processes" "Nauka Publ" Moscow: 99­110 (In Russian) 1. Bagotsky VS, Jofa ZA (1946) On the appearance of free atomic hydrogen on the mercury cathode and the mechanism of the cathodic reduction of WO3. Comp Rend (Doklady) de l'AcadÈmie des Sciences de l'URSS 53:439­442. 2. Bagotsky VS (1947) Dependence of the hydrogen overvoltage at mercury electrode on the solution composition. Doklady AN SSSR 58:1387­1390 (In Russian) 3. Bagotsky VS, Jofa ZA, Frumkin AN (1947) On the excited form of cathodic hydrogen. Zh Fiz Khimii 21:241­244 (In Russian) 4. Bagotsky VS (1948) On the theory of concentration polarization at a dropping mercury electrode. II. Curves
A lot of Bagotsky's papers were published in Russian. The earlier papers (before 1965) are mostly available in Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii, which according to out knowledge was not translated after liquidation of its international version, Acta Physicochimika URSS, in 1947. Starting from 1965, specialized journal Elektrokhimiya became the principle for Russian electrochemists. Up to 1992 its translated version was named Soviet Electrochemistry, and starting from 1993 it is published as Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. Unfortunately some issues of rarely available Soviet Electrochemistry were not found, and we can only mention the papers In Russian. For other papers, titles are presented according to translated version (despite in some cases translation is not exact). All colleagues interested in any of paper from this list are kindly invited to contact Guest Editors for copies and translations.
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of the hydrogen concentrational polarization. Zh Fiz Khimii 22:1466­1477 (In Russian) Bagotsky VS, Yablokova IE (1949) Kinetics of hydrogen evolution from buffer solutions at a mercury cathode. Zh Fiz Khimii 23:413­421 (In Russian) Bagotsky VS, Motov DL (1950) The reversible oxygen electrode at mercury in alkaline solution and the mechanism of oxygen cathodic reduction. Doklady AN SSSR 71:501­504 (In Russian) Frumkin AN, Jofa ZA, Bagotsky VS (1951) Reply to N.I. Kobozev. Zh Fiz Khimii 25:1117­1131 (In Russian) Yablokova IE, Bagotsky VS (1952) The equilibrium potential of the oxygen­hydrogen peroxide system. Doklady AN SSSR 85:599­602 (In Russian) Fr umki n AN, Jofa ZA, Bagotsky VS (1952) N.I. Kobozev adsorption theory of overvoltage. Zh Fiz Khimii 26:1854­1870 (In Russian) Bagotsky VS, Yablokova IE (1953) Mechanism of the oxygen and hydrogen peroxide electrochemical reduction at a mercury electrode. Zh Fiz Khimii 27:1663­ 1675 (In Russian) Bagotsky VS, Yablokova IE (1953) The mechanism of hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction at a mercury cathode (1953) Proceedings (Trudy) of the meeting (soveshanie) on electrochemistry (1950), AN USSR, Moscow, p. 57­70 (In Russian) Bagotsky VS, Yablokova IE (1954) On the mechanism of catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on metallic mercury surface. Doklady AN SSSR 95:1219­ 1221 (In Russian) Shteinberg GV, Bagotsky VS (1957) Some peculiarities of chromic acid reduction at a carbon cathode. Doklady AN SSSR 115:568­571 (In Russian) Mendzheritskii EA, Bagotsky VS (1959) The equilibrium conditions at a zinc electrode in zincate saturated alkaline solutions. Doklady AN SSSR 128:575­577 (In Russian) Bagotsky VS (1959) The electrode processes in new electrochemical power sources--Proceedings of the meeting on electrochemistry (1956). AN USSR, Moscow, p. 737­743 (In Russian) Popova TI, Bagotsky VS, Kabanov BN (1960) Anode passivation of zinc in alkaline solutions. Doklady AN SSSR 132:639­642 (In Russian) Iofa ZA, Komlev LV, Bagotsky VS (1961) Hydrogen overvoltage on a zinc electrode in alkaline solutions. Effect of concentration of potassium hydroxide solution. Zh Fiz Khimii 35:1571­1577 (In Russian) Oshe AI, Bagotsky VS (1961) On the mechanism of cathodic reduction of zinc oxide phase layers at a zinc electrode. Zh Fiz Khimii 35:1641­1642 (In Russian) Oshe AI, A stakhov II, Nikitina ZYa , Reznik IF, Bagotsky VS (1961) Changes in the structure of the

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Electrode with Bilateral Diffusional Feed of the Reagent and Low Polarization. Soviet Electrochem 3:703­711 Gurevich IG, Bagotskii VS (1967) Stationary Operational Regime for Unilaterally Polarized Liquid Porous Electrode with Bilateral Diffusion Feed of the Reagent at High Polarization. Soviet Electrochem 3:807­814 Khazova OA, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1967) Difference in the Catalytic and Electrochemical Activities of Smooth and Platinized Platinum Electrodes. Soviet Electrochem 3:915 Polyak AG, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS, Smirnova RM (1967) Electrochemical Oxidation of Formic Acid on Palladium. Communication I . Soviet Electrochem 3:958­961 Ku Ling-ying, Shumilova NA, Bagotskii VS, Bel'mer PF (1967) Investigation of the Activity of the Nickel­ Silver System in Relation to the Process of Ionization of Oxygen in Alkaline Solutions. Soviet Electrochem 3:1150­1152 Gurevich IG, Bagotskii VS (1967) Steady-State Operation of Liquid Porous Electrodes with Diffusion of Reactant f rom t he Back (Unpolarized) S id e. Soviet Electrochem 3:1261­1264 Ezersky ML, Bagotsky VS, Labkovskaya II, Tresviatskii SG, Zyrin AV (1967) Application of oxide compositions and kermets as a component of high-temperature oxygen electrode. Izvestia AN SSSR Ser Neorg Mater .4:1249­ 1252 (In Russian) Gurevich IG, Bagotzky VS (1967) Steady-state operation of a porous electrode polarized from one side with diffusion supply of liquid reactants from both sides. Electrochim Acta 12:593­614 Bagotzky VS, Vassilyev YuB (1967) Mechanism of electro-oxidation of methanol on the platinum electrode. Electrochim Acta 12:1323­1343 Gonz J, Beskorovainaya SS, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1968) Heat of Adsorption of Methanol by a Platinum Electrode from a Solution of Sulfuric Acid. Soviet Electrochem 4:280­282 Gurevich IG, Bagotskii VS, Budeka YuF (1968) Optimization of Input Parameters of an Electrochemical System with Liquid Porous Electrodes Operating with Forced Reactant Input. Soviet Electrochem 4:286­289 Polyak AG, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1968) Kinetics of formic acid anodic oxidation at palladium electrode. Soviet Electrochem 4:474­476 Budeka YuF, Gurevich IG, Bagotskii VS (1968) Effect of Input Parameters on the Operation of Liquid Porous Electrodes with Forced Reactant Input. Soviet Electrochem 4:790­792 Sedova SS, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1968) Adsorption of Hydrogen and Methanol on a Smooth Iridium Electrode. Soviet Electrochem 4:1006­1008


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103. Veber Ya, Pirtskhalava DzhN, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1969) Adsorption of Bromide Anions on a Smooth Platinum Electrode. Soviet Electrochem 5:975­978 104. Samoilov GP, K hrushc heva EI, Shumilova N A, Bagotskii VS (1969) Electrochemical Behavior of Hydrogen Peroxide on a Nickel Electrode in an Alkaline Solution. Soviet Electrochem 5:1022­1024 105. Sedova SS, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1969) Dehydrogenation of Methanol during Adsorption on a Smooth Iridium Electrode and the Nature of the Nonstationary Currents. Soviet Electrochem 5:1028­1031 106. Vol'fkovich YuM, Sedova SS, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1969) Investigation of Microkinetics in Electrolytic Oxidation and Chemisorption of Methanol by Means of Porous Platinum and Iridium Electrodes. Soviet Electrochem 5:1135­1137 107. Bagotskii VS, Tarasevich MR, Filinovskii VYu (1969) Calculation of the Kinetic Parameters of Conjugated Reactions of Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide. Soviet Electrochemistry 5:1158­1161 108. Vol'fkovich YuM, Gurevich IG, Bagotskii VS (1969) Experimental Investigation of the Work of a Liquid Porous Electrode with Methanol Electrooxidation as an Example. III. Comparison of the Polarisation Characteristics of Porous and Smooth Electrodes. Soviet Electrochem 5:1185­1189 109. Gurevich IG, Bagotskii VS (1969) Optimization of the Geometry (Thickness) of Porous Liquid Electrodes. Soviet Electrochem 5:1227­1229 110. Kanevskii LS, Palanker VSh, Bagotskii VS (1969) Adsorption and Evolution of Hydrogen on Platinum Microcrystals Deposited on Pyrolitic Carbon (Letter to the Editor). Soviet Electrochem 5:1319 111. Vol'fkovich YuM, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1969) Adsorption Behavior of Methanol on a Smooth Platinum Electrode in Alkaline Solution. Soviet Electrochem 5:1387­1389 112. Pyshnograeva II, Skundin AM, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1969) How Lattice Defects Affect the Adsorption and Electrochemical Properties of Platinum. Soviet Electrochem 5:1394­1396 113. Pyshnograeva II, Vasil'ev YuB, Zimakov IE, Bagotskii VS, Spitsyn VI (1969) Acceleration of Electrochemical Processes on Platinum Irradiated in a Reactor. Soviet Electrochem 5:1430 114. Pyshnograeva II, Vasil'ev YuB, Zimakov IE, Bagotskii VS, Spitsyn VI (1969) Effect of irradiation on the platinum electrochemical and catalytic activity. Doklady AN SSSR189:1048­1051 (In Russian) 115. Sedova SS, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1969) The mechanism of methanol electrooxidation at an iridium electrode. Izvestia AN SSSR Ser Khim No. 6:1248­ 1253 (In Russian)


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116. Vo l ' fk ov ic h YuM , Va s i l ' ev Yu B, B a go tsk i i V S (1969) The mechanism of methanol electrooxidation at a smooth platinum electrode in alkaline solution. Izvestia AN SSSR Ser K him N o. 9:1898 ­ 1905 (In Russian) 117. Pyshnograeva II, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1969) Hydrogen adsorption at different faces of platinum single crystal. Izvestia AN SSSR Ser Khim No. 11:2361­2366 (In Russian) 118. Pirtskhalava J, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Adsorption of Anions of Phosphoric Acid, Chlorine, and Iodine on the Surface of a Smooth Platinum Electrode. Soviet Electrochem 6:100­103 11 9 . Pyshn ograe va II, Sk und in AM, Vasil ' ev Yu B, Bagotskii VS (1970) Influence of Crystallographic Orientation on the Overvoltage of the Liberation of Hydrogen and Oxygen on Platinum. Soviet Electrochem 6:134­137 120. Sedova SS, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Effect of Solution pH on the Adsorption of Methanol on an Iridium Electrode. Soviet Electrochem 6:189­191 121. Pyshnograeva II, Skundin AM, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Adsorption of Oxygen and Bromine Ions on the Various Faces of Platinum Single Crystals. Soviet Electrochem 6:192­195 122. Kanevskii LS, Palanker VSh, Bagotskii VS (1970) Electrocatalytic Properties of Microcrystals of Platinum Metals Deposited on Inert Carriers. I. Adsorption and Evolution of Hydrogen on Platinized Pyrocarbon. Soviet Electrochem 6:262­264 123. Gonz I, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Investigation of Chemisorption Rate of Hydrogen on Platinum b y Means o f D isk E lectrode with Rin g . S oviet Electrochem 6:316­319 124. Pyshnograeva II, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Adsorption and Electrooxidation of Methanol on Different Single-Crystal Faces o f P l a tinum. S oviet Electrochem 6:428­431 125. Nikolov I, Yanchuk BI, Beskorovainaya SS, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Effect of Molecular Structure on Adsorption and Electrooxidation of Aliphatic Alcohols. Soviet Electrochem 6:585­589 126. Bagotskii VS, Osetrova NV (1970) Ionization of Hydrogen on a Sectional and Rotating Electrode in Sulfuric Acid. Soviet Electrochem 6:679­681 127. Luk'yanycheva VI, Strochkova EM, Bagotskii VS (1970) Measurement of the Impedance of Smooth Platinum Electrodes in Sulfuric Acid. Soviet Electrochem 6:684­688 128. Bagotskii VS, Shteinberg GV, Urisson NA, Mokrousov LN, Astakhov II, Kudryavtseva ZI, Baranov AP (1970) Structure of the Waterproof Layer of a Catalyst. Soviet Electrochem 6:1014­1017

129. Yuzhanina AV, Luk'yanycheva VI, Shumilova NA, Bagotskii VS (1970) Investigation of the Mechanism of the Cathodic Reduction of Oxygen on Smooth Anodically­Cathodically Treated Platinum in Alkaline Solution. Soviet Electrochem 6:1025­1027 130. Skundin AM, Khodzhaeva EK, Bagotskii VS (1970) Adsorption of Hydrogen and Oxidation of Methanol on Mixed Platinum­Rhodium Electrolytic Deposits. Soviet Electrochem 6:1100­1102 131. Pirtskhalava JN, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Joint Adsorption of Methanol and Chlorine Anions on the S u rface of a P latinum Electrode. S oviet Electrochem 6:1111­1113 132. Samoilov GP, K hrushc heva EI, Shumilova N A, Bagotskii VS (1970) Electrochemical Behavior of O2 and H2O2 on Heat-Treated Nickel in Alkaline Solution. Soviet Electrochem 6:1301­1303 133. Khazova OA, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Effect of the Structure of Electrodeposited Platinum on Its Adsorptive Properties and Electrocatalytical Activity. Soviet Electrochem 6:1320­1322 134. Pyshnograeva II, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Effect of Mechanical Loading on Electrochemical and Catalyt i c C haracteristi cs of Plati num. S oviet Electrochem 6:1489­1491 135. Bagotskii VS, Khrushcheva EI, Shumilova NA (1970) Effect of Impurities in Solution on Equilibrium Potential of Oxygen Electrode in Acidic Electrolyte. Soviet Electrochem 6:1671­1673 136. Kanevskii LS, Palanker VSh, Bagotskii VS (1970) Electrocatalytic Properties of Microcrystals of Platinum Metals, Deposited on Inert Carriers. II. Adsorption and Evolution of Hydrogen, and Adsorption and Oxidation o f M ethanol o n P latinized Gold. S oviet Electrochem 6:1799­1801 137. Pirtskhalava JN, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1970) Effect of anions on methanol oxidation at a platinum electrode. Izvestia AN SSSR Ser Khim No. 7:1510­ 1516 (In Russian) 138. Bagotzky VS, Vassilyev YuB, Weber J, Pirtskhalava JN (1970) Adsorption of anions on smooth platinum electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 27:31­46. 139. Luk'yanycheva VI, Strochkova EM, Bagotskii VS, Knots LL (1971) Electric Double-Layer Capacitance at a Smooth Platinum Electrode in 1 N H2SO4 Determine d b y I mp ed an ce Me asure m e n ts. S o v ie t Electrochem 7:252­255 140. Baranov AP, Shteinberg GV, Bagotskii VS (1971) Investigation of a Waterproofed Active Layer of a GasDiffusion Electrode. Soviet Electrochem 7:369­372 141. Luk'yanycheva VI, Yuzhanina AV, Lentsner BI, Knots LL, Shumilova NA, Bagotskii VS (1971) The State of the Adsorbed Oxygen and Its Effect on the Mechanism


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251. Vol'fkovich YuM, Bagotskii VS (1976) Nonstationary Water Transport Conditions in an Electrochemical Cell with Ele c trolyte - Co nta i n i ng Me mb ra ne . S ovie t Electrochem 12:1312­1319 252. Urisson NA, Shteinberg GV, Bagotskii VS (1976) Oxygen Ionization Kinetics on Carbon-Supported, Highly Disperse Platinum in Solutions with Different pH Values. Soviet Electrochem 12:1493­1496 253. Kukushkina IA, S hteinber g GV, B ag otskii VS, Astakhov II, Surikov VV, Teplitskaya GL (1976) Specific Catalytic Activity of Disperse and Smooth Silver in the Oxygen Ionization Reaction in Alkaline Solutions. Soviet Electrochem 12:1563­1565 254. Atstin'sh AYa, Slaidin' GYa, Bagotskii VS, Zdanovska AKh (1976) Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Study of Manganese Dioxide Reduction in Alkaline Solution. Soviet Electrochem 12:1600­1601 255. Bagotskii VS (1976) New electrochemical power sources. Vestnik AN SSSR No. 7:41­52 256. Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM, Tuseeva EK (1976) Adsorption of hydrogen and oxygen and oxidation of methanol on ruthenium electrodes. Electrochim Acta 21:29­36 257. Bagotzky VS, Shumilova NA, Khrushcheva EI (1976) Electrochemical oxygen reduction on oxide catalysts. Electrochim Acta 21:919­924 258. Pismen LM, Volfkovich YuM, Bagotzky VS (1976) Macrokinetics of processes in hydrogen­oxygen fuel cells and electrolyzers. J Appl Electrochem 6:485­505 259. Slaidin' GYa, Chakste YaE, Bagotskii VS (1976) Potentiostatic and potentiodynamic study of the suspension electrode operation. Izvestia AN LatSSR Ser Khim No. 2:172­177 (In Russian) 260. Chakste YaE, Slaidin' GYa, Bagotskii VS, Kaksis AZ (1976) Influence of the solution composition on the oxygen ionization rate at pyrographite electrode. Izvestia AN LatSSR Ser Khim No. 3:265­268 (In Russian) 261. Atstynsh AYa, Slaidin' GYa, Bagotskii VS, Zekunde AA (1976) Electrochemical reduction of -MnO2 in KOH aqueous solutions and in KOH aqueous solutions, containing potassium ferri- and ferrocyanide. Izvestia AN LatSSR Ser Khim No. 3:269­271 (In Russian) 262. Dribinskii AV, Mokrousov LN, Abidor IG, Shteinberg GV, Tarasevich MR, Bagotskii VS (1977) Capillary Properties of Carbon Materials. I. AG-3 Activated Carbon. Soviet Electrochem 13:239­241 263. Luk'yanycheva VI, Yuzhanina AV, Tarasevich MR, Shumilova NA, Bagotskii VS (1977) Molecular Oxygen Reduction Kinetics at Preoxidized Platinum Electrodes in Alkaline Solutions. Soviet Electrochem 13:432­436


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300. Kuliev SA, Andreev VN, Osetrova NV, Bagotskii VS, Vasil'ev YuB (1982) Mechanism of the Adsorption and E lectroox idation o f F or maldehyde an d F o r m i c A c i d o n a P a l l a d i um E l ec t ro d e . S ov i et Electrochem 18:700­704 30 1. Ba go tskii V S , Sku n d i n A M, Ya kushe v V V (1982) Photoemission from platinum microdeposits on titan iu m. Doklady A N S SSR 2 65:628 ­ 630 (In Russian) 302. Bagotzky VS, K hr ushcheva EI, Tarasevich M R, Shumilova NA (1982) Corrosion of platinum catalyst in alkaline solutions. J Power Sources 8:301­309 303. Vassiliev YuB, Bagotzky VS, Kovsman EP, Grinberg VA , K anev sky L S, Polishc huk VR (19 82) Electrosyntheses based on reactions of addition of electrochemically generated radicals to ethylene and its derivatives.--I. Electrosynthesis products and the influence of electrolysis conditions on the addition product yield. Electrochim Acta 27:919­928 304. Vassiliev YuB, Bagotzky VS, Kovsman EP, Grinberg VA , K anev sky L S, Polishc huk VR (19 82) Electrosyntheses based on reactions of addition of electrochemically generated radicals to ethylene and its de riv a ti ve s. -- II. M e c h a nism of the r e actio n. Electrochim Acta 27:929­936 305. Urisson NA, Shteinberg GV, Tarasevich MR, Bagotskii VS, Zagudaeva NM (1983) Electrochemical Oxidation o f Sulfur Dioxide at Activa ted C a r bon . S oviet Electrochem 19:243­248 306. Kuliev SA, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS, Zulfugarov ZG, Kazarinov VE (1983) Influence of the nature of the electrode-catalyst on the electrooxidation of formaldeh y d e on me tals o f the p latinum grou p. Sov i e t Electrochem 19:1027­1031 307. Kuliev SA, Zulfugarov ZG, Bagotskii VS, Kazarinov VE, Vasil'ev YuB (1983) Adsorption of ethylbenzene on a platinum electrode. Soviet Electrochem19:1523­ 1526 308. Honda K, Bagotzky VS, Kazarinov VE, Matsuda A (1983) Perspective on electrochemical energy conversion in future. J Res Inst Catalysis Hokkaido Univ 31:95­110. 309. Yakushev VV, Skundin AM, Bagotskii VS (1984) Photoemission of Electrons from Platinum into Solution. Soviet Electrochem 20:94­98 310. Yakushev VV, Skundin AM, Bagotskii VS (1984) Electron Photoemission from Platinum and Palladium Microdeposits on Glassy Carbon into the Solution. Soviet Electrochem 20:246­248 311. Osetrova NV, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS, Sadkova RG, Cherashev AF, Khrushch AP (1984) Role of Percarbonate in the Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide on Platinum. Soviet Electrochem 20:272


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312. Urisson NA, Shteinberg GV, Bagotskii VS, Tarasevich MR (1984) Cathode Reduction of Iodic Acid on Pyrographite. Soviet Electrochem 20:600­605 313. Vassiliev YuB, Bagotzky VS, Gromyko VA (1984) Kinetics and mechanism of the formation and reduction of oxide layers on platinum.--I. Oxidation and reduction of platinum electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 178:247­269 31 4. Sht e i n b e rg GV, D ri bi ns ky AV, Ku ku sh k i n a I A , Mokorousov LN, Bagotzky VS (1984) Investigation of the carbon­oxygen (air) electrode. J Electroanal Chem 180:619­637 315. Vassiliev YuB, Bagotzky VS, Khazova OA (1984) Kinetics and mechanism of the formation and reduction of oxide layers on platinum.--II. Oxygen adsorption and absorption mechanism at high positive potentials. J Electroanal Chem 181:219­233 316. Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM (1984) Electrocatalysts on supports--I. Electrochemical and adsorptive properties o f platinu m mic r od ep osits o n i ne rt sup p o r ts. Electrochim Acta 29:757­765 317. Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM (1984) Electrocatalysts on supports--II. Comparison of platinum microdeposits on inert s upports w it h o ther binary system s. Electrochim Acta 29:951­956 31 8. Kul i ev SA, Z ul ' fugarov Z G, Bagotskii VS, Vasil'ev YuB (1985) Influence of the Nature of the Electrode­Catalyst on the Electrooxidation of Formic Acid on Platinum Metals. Soviet Electrochem 21:906­909 319. Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM (1985) Electrocatalysts on supports--III. Electrocatalytic and adsorption properties of microdeposits and thin films of platinum group metals. Electrochim Acta 30:485­491 320. Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM (1985) Electrocatalysts on supports--IV. Investigation of electron interaction of microdeposits with the support by the method of electron photoemission into solution. Electrochim Acta 30:899­906 321. Vassiliev YuB, Bagotzky VS, Osetrova NV, Khazova OA, Mayorova NA (1985) Electroreduction of carbon diox ide -- I. Th e m ec han i sm an d k in etic s o f electroreduction of CO2 in aqueous solutions on metals with high and moderate hydrogen overvoltages. J Electroanal Chem 189:271­294 322. Vassiliev YuB, BagotzkyVS, Khazova OA, Mayorova NA (1985) Electroreduction of carbon dioxide--II. The mechanism of reduction in aprotic solvents. J Electroanal Chem 189:295­309 32 3. Va ssiliev YuB, B agotzky V S, Osetrova NV, Mikhailova AA (1985) Electroreduction of carbon dioxide--III. Adsorption and reduction of CO2 on platinum metals. J Electroanal Chem 189:311­324

324. Skundin AM, Zaidenberg AZ, Brodsky AM, Bagotzky VS (1985) Manifestations of the quantum size effect in the electrochemical behaviour of thin bismuth films. J Electroanal Chem 196:157­165 325. Kuliev SA, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1986) Effect of Substituents on Electrooxidation of Aromatic Compounds and on Their Interaction with the Platinum Electrode Surface. Soviet Electrochem 22:706­709 326. Kuliev SA, Vasil'ev YuB, Bagotskii VS (1987) Influence of the Roughness Factor on the Adsorption of Benzene and Phenylacetic Acid on Platinum Electrodes. Soviet Electrochem 23:511­514 327. Kazarinov VE, Bagotzky VS (1987) Properties of a passivating film on the surface of lithium electrodes. J Power Sources 20:259­263 328. Kazarinov VE, Bagotzky VS, Vassiliev YuB, Khazova OA (1988) Electrocatalytic methods for determination of organic impurities and cations of certain metals in n a tural, drinking and s ewage w ate r . J Ap pl Electrochem 18:347­356 329. Bagotzky VS, Vassiliev YuB, Kazarinov VE, Skundin AM (1989) Electrodes modified by microcrystals and adatoms of metals. Mater Chem Phys 22:325­347 330. Bagotzky VS, Kazarinov VE, Vol'fkovich YuM, Kanevsky LS, Beketayeva LA (1989) Macrokinetic study of thionyl chloride reduction on porous carbon electrodes. J Power Sources 26:427­433 331. Baturina OA, Kanevskii LS, Bagotskii VS (1991) Electroreduction of Thionyl Chloride at Glassy Carbon Electrodes in the Presence of Macrocyclic Complexes. Soviet Electrochem 27:82­86 332. Bagotskii VS, Shteinberg GV, Urisson NA (1991) Electrocatalytic Activity of Platinum Catalysts on Carbon Supports. Soviet Electrochem 27:513­519 333. Baturina OA, Volod'ko VV, Kanevskii LS, Karasev AL, Revina AA, Bagotskii VS (1991) Electrochemical and S pec t rosc opic S tud i es of th e I nter actio n o f Tetraphenylporphyrin Metal Complexes with Thionyl Chloride. Soviet Electrochem 27:820­822 334. Zolotova TK, Kulova TL, Kanevskii LS, Vol'fkovich YuM, Bagotskii VS (1991) Macrokinetics of Thionyl Chloride Reduction at Porous Carbon Electrodes. Soviet Electrochem 27:1273­1279 335. Baturina OA, Kanevsky LS, Bagotzky VS, Volod'ko VV, Karasev AL, Revina AA (1991) Influence of macrocyclic compounds on the electrochemical reduction of thionyl chloride at glassy carbon cathodes. J Power Sources 36:127­136 336. Vol'fkovich YuM, Bobe SL, Shlepakov AV, Bagotzky VS (1993) Macrokinetics of the Polyaniline Electrode Discharge. Russian J Electrochem 29:557­563 337. Radyushkina KA, Kanevskii LS, Kulova TL, Levina OA, Bagotzky VS, Tarasevich MR (1993) Promotion


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of the Cathodic Process in Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Cells. Russian J Electrochem 29:851­855 Bagotzky VS (1993) Analysis of electrochemical im pedance s pectroscopy data for lithium electrodes and lithium batteries. J Electroanal Chem 357:251­259 Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM (1995) Challenges in the Area of Lithium Power Sources. Russian J Electrochem 31:308­314 Kanevskii LS, Bagotzky VS, Nizhnikovskii EA (1995) Impedance Spectroscopy as a Method for Evaluation of Lithium-Thionyl Chloride Cells. Russian J Electrochemistry 31:340­346 Bagotzky VS, Osetrova NV (1995) Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Russian J Electrochem 31:409­425 Vo lfko vic h Yu M, Bago tzk y VS, Z olo t ov a T K, Pisarevskaya EYu (1996) The influence of the porous structure, microkinetics and diffusion properties on the charge­discharge behaviour of conducting polymers. Electrochim Acta 41:1905­1912 Bagotzky VS, Skundin AM (1998) Fundamental Scientific Problems Related to the Development of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Russian J Electrochem 34:654­661

344. Mayorova NA, Khazova OA, Bagotzky VS (1998) Methanol electrooxidation on platinum mesh electrodes bonded to solid polymer electrolytes J Solid State Electrochem 2:262­265 345. Mikhaylova AA, Khazova OA, Bagotzky VS (2000) Electrocatalytic and adsorption properties of platinum microparticles electrodeposited onto glassy carbon and into Nafion films. J Electroanal Chem 480:225­232 346 . Mikhaylova AA, M olodkina EB, K hazova OA, Bagotzky VS (2001) Electrocatalytic and adsorption properties of platinum microparticles electrodeposited into polyanilint films. J Electroanal Chem 509:119­127 347. Bagotzky VS, Osetrova NV, Skundin AM (2003) Fuel Cells: State-of-the-Art and Major Scientific and Engineering Problems. Russian J Electrochem 39:919­934 348. Volfkovich YuM, Sosenkin VE, Bagotsky VS (2010) Structural and wetting properties of fuel cell components. J Power Sources 195:5429­5441 349. Bagotsky VS (2011) Fuel cells, batteries, and the development of electrochemistry. J. Solid State Electrochem 15:1559­1562 350. Volfkovich YM, B ograchev DA, M ikhailin AA, Bagotzky VS (2013) Supercapacitor carbon electrodes with high capacitance. J Solid State Electrochem this issue