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: http://eco.soil.msu.ru/norway/link/
Дата изменения: Mon Jan 9 19:38:56 2012 Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 23:47:28 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: horizon |
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NATO International |
Project Co-Director: | Prof., Dr. S.A. Shoba, Dean |
Soil Science Faculty, Moscow State University | |
Project Coordinator: | K.E. Fjulsrud, Managing Director |
Norwegian Forest Research Institute |
Prof., Dr. L. Strand | Norwegian Forest Research Institute |
Prof., Dr. K. Venn | Norwegian Forest Research Institute |
Dr. S. Koptsik | Moscow State University, Physics Faculty |
Prof., Dr. A. Vladichenskiy | Moscow State University, Soil Science Faculty |
Dr. G. Koptsik | Moscow State University, Soil Science Faculty |
M.Sc. M. Zhuravleva | Moscow State University, Soil Science Faculty |
For addresses of contact persons see below |
The atmospheric emissions from nickel-processing industry in Nickel and Zapolyarnyy, situated not far from the Norwegian border are the major cause of environmental pollution in this region. Areas in Eastern Finnmark, South Varanger are also strongly affected. The boreal forests of the Northern Finnmark-Kola are among the northernmost coniferous forests of the world. Under the prevailing extreme growth conditions, when trees and vegetation are under strong natural stress, it can be presumed that even minor loads of air pollutants may have severe effects upon forest vitality.
Since 1989 joint environmental investigations have been carried out in surroundings of "Pechenganickel" smelter according to the international agreement signed by the governments of Norway and Russia (see also soil.msu.ru/projects/norway/). Due to these investigations permanent monitoring plots for long-term observations of the environmental changes were set up on both sides of the Norwegian-Russian border (for map see below). Preliminary evaluation of forest ecosystems' state near the smelter was made, the monitoring methodology for polluted areas was developed, and critical loads of acid deposition were assessed (see also soil.msu.ru/projects/acidification/). The obtained results were discussed on 2 joint symposiums and were published in proceedings of these symposiums (see soil.msu.ru/projects/norway/). However the quantitative estimation of forest ecosystem contamination in the Norwegian-Russian border area was still far from completion; long-term response of forest ecosystems to acid deposition and heavy metals was unknown, and model calculations of critical loads of air pollutants were infrequent for this territory.
The research need will benefit from strong scientific links between Norwegian and Russian teams
through undertaking of joint research project on effects of atmospheric pollution on forest ecosystems
in the Norwegian-Russian border area in order to contribute to the basis for pollution control measures.
The intention is to reveal the tolerance towards air pollutants of the forest ecosystems in this fragile
boreal environment.
To perform these tasks, the experimental data, map and literature information will be collected on both sides of the common border. Data and information will be exchanged by use of the novel computer network financed by a NATO grant. Furthermore, the database on environmental data on forest ecosystems in the study area will be built up and developed using all acceptable information.
x | Analysis of the situation |
x | Planning future activity |
. | Collection of data needed |
. | Analysis of data |
. | Synthesis - model construction |
The present project dealt with the first two phases.
An important point was to find out if the data, e.g., soil data, are compatible or not, and what was to be done in order to bring them compatible. Next step was to determine if more data were needed and how they were to be collected and analysed.
Plot number |
General information |
Precipitation & deposition chemistry | Vegetation | Soils | Plot number | ||||||||
Precipitation | Total deposition | Forest vitality |
Plant chemistry | Soil chemistry | Texture | Mineralogy | |||||||
Bulk total deposition |
Throughfall deposition |
Trees | Ground vegetation |
Total elements (organic soils) |
Exchangeable cations | ||||||||
organic | mineral | ||||||||||||
Norway | |||||||||||||
PA | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | - | - | PA |
PB | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | - | - | PB |
PC | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | - | - | PC |
PD | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | - | - | PD |
PE | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | - | - | - | - | - | PE |
37 | X | - | - | - | X | X | - | X | X | X | X | X | 37 |
52 | X | - | - | - | X | X | - | X | X | X | X | X | 52 |
206 | X | - | - | - | X | X | - | X | X | X | X | X | 206 |
Russia | |||||||||||||
S-66 | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | S-66 |
S-41 | X | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | S-41 |
S-34 | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | X | X | S-34 |
S-16 | X | - | - | - | - | X | - | X | - | X | X | X | S-16 |
S-8 | X | - | - | - | - | X | - | X | - | X | X | X | S-8 |
S-3.5 | X | - | - | - | - | X | - | X | - | X | - | - | S-3.5 |
S-1 | X | - | - | - | - | X | - | X | - | X | - | - | S-1 |
N-8.5 | X | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | X | X | X | X | N-8.5 |
Sample plot location | Coordinates | Parameters |
Location | Latitude | Relief position |
Name of the plot | Longitude | Parent rock |
Direction from smelter | Texture | |
Distance from smelter | Soil type | |
Forest type | ||
Ground vegetation |
Bulk total deposition | Throughfall | ||
Volume | Ca | Volume | Ca |
pH | Mg | pH | Mg |
H+ | K | H+ | K |
S total | Na | S total | Na |
S-SO4 | Al | S-SO4 | Al |
N total | Fe | N total | Fe |
N-NO3 | Mn | N-NO3 | Mn |
N-NH4 | Ni | N-NH4 | Ni |
P | Cu | P | Cu |
Cl | Zn | Cl | Zn |
Total elements | |||
S | K | Fe | Cu |
P | Na | Mn | Ni |
Ca | Si | Cd | Pb |
Mg | Al | Co | Zn |
Morphology | Particle size distribution | Mineralogy |
Horizon | >2 mm | Quartz |
Thickness | 2-1 | Plagioclase |
Litter supply | 1- 0.5 | K-feldspar |
Soil bulk density | 0.5-0.25 | Hornblende |
0.25-0.125 | Chlorite | |
0.125-0.063 | Biotite | |
0.063-0.002 | Vermiculite | |
< 0.002 | Garnet |
Total elements | |||
Loss of ignition | Ca | Al | Co |
C | Mg | Fe | Cu |
N | K | Mn | Ni |
S | Na | As | Pb |
P | Si | Cd | Zn |
Acidity and exchangeable cations | |||
Soil pHH2O | Ca | Fe | Cu |
Soil pHCaCl2 | Mg | Mn | Ni |
Exchangeable acidity | K | Cd | Zn |
Al | Na | Co | CEC |
SBC | Base saturation |
The new built up database on forest ecosystem data for permanent monitoring plots was used for analysis of soil chemical state in forest ecosystems subjected to airborne pollution in the fragile boreal environment in the Norwegian-Russian border area. Multivariate technique was applied to investigate profile and spatial distribution of soil properties, to identify and quantify most important relationships, and to present soil data in the concise graphical form near the major pollution source in the northern Europe.
Soil organic horizons have been shown to serve as good indicators of heavy metal pollution of forest soils. Analysis showed that both natural and antropogenic factors effected the chemistry of surface organic horizons in the prevailing in the region sandy podzols. Soils close to the smelters contained elevated concentrations of both total and exchangeable Ni and Cu in organic horizons, higher for 1-2 orders of magnitude compared to remote sites. In heavily polluted soils, heavy metals reached one quarter of the soil cation exchange capacity.
Thin sandy podzols with low pH, elevated exchangeable acidity, low pool of exchangeable base cations and low cation exchange capacity were sensitive to acid deposition on both sides of the common border. Study of spatial differences between the podzol profiles showed that acidity and exchangeable properties of the topmost soil organic layer were affected mostly by atmospheric deposition and vegetation. Chemistry of mineral soil was controlled by the lithology of the parent rock and bedrock, soil texture and mineralogy, abundance of organic matter and podzolization process.
There was no evidence for strong soil acidification effects close to the smelter. This may be due to geological features of the territory and to the alkaline dust deposition near the pollution source. Concentrations of exchangeable Ca2+ and base saturation increased, while acidity decreased in lower soil mineral horizons towards the smelter. However some features seem to reflect the ongoing soil acidification in the study area within 30-40 km from the pollution source.
The acidification front depth exceeded 0.5 m in most soil profiles there. Exchangeable Mg2+ and K+ in organic horizons tended to be lower towards the smelter. Negative correlation of exchangeable acidity with Ca2+ in organic horizons and positive correlation with Ca2+ and Mg2+ in eluvial horizons demonstrated possible replacement, enlarged mobility and leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in acid conditions. Depletion of base cations was most likely the result of their replacement by H+, Al3+ and heavy metal cations and subsequent leaching. Due to the low pool of exchangeable base cations and low weathering rate continued acid deposition can lead to increased soil acidification and nutrient imbalance.
It is likely that more information could have been obtained from the database if the measurements had been made according to a stricter scheme. Traditional analytical routine does not include the measurements of exchangeable Ni and Cu important for the studied polluted area in thus restricting the data set. Therefore, a coordinated set of parameters as well as the same sampling and analytical procedures would be of great importance in future data collection.
Following is a record of publications prepared on the project topic, listed with the most recent contribution first.
Soil Science Faculty, Moscow State University, Russia | soil.msu.ru/projects/acidification/ soil.msu.ru/projects/norway/ |
Norwegian Forest Research Institute, Norway | www.skogforsk.no |
Norwegian University of Life Sciences | www.nlh.no |
The Kola Ecogeochemistry Project | www.ngu.no/kola/ |
Svanhovd Environmental Centre, Norway | www.svanhovd.no |
Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, KSC RAS, Russia | www.kolaklub.com/am/ten/intro.htm |