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From: rsears@az.com (Bitchin)
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Subject: THIS IS GM
Date: 13 Dec 1995 00:31:46 GMT
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I saw someone that wanted to know what the GM standard was.I think this
summs it up quite well.


GENERAL MIDI (GM) STANDARD

Original article in Electronic Musician 8/91 by Chris Meyer


_________________________________________________________________



Brief Overview of Proposed General MIDI Level 1 Spec

The heart of General MIDI (GM) is the Instrument Patch Map, shown in
Table 1. This is a list of 128 sounds, with corresponding MIDI
program numbers. Most of these are imitative sounds, though the list
includes synth sounds, ethnic instruments and a handful of sound
effects.

The sounds fall roughtly into sixteen families of eight variations
each. Grouping sounds makes it easy to re-orchestrate a piece using
similar sounds. The Instrument Map isn't the final word on musical
instruments of the world, but it's pretty complete.

General MIDI also includes a Percusssion Key Map, show in Table 2.
This mapping derives from the Roland/Sequential mapping used on early
drum machines. As with the Instrument Map, it doesn't cover every
percussive instrument in the world, but it's more than adequate as a
basic set.

To avoid concerns with channels, GM restricts percussion to MIDI
Channel 10. Theoretically, the lower nine channels are for the
instruments, but the GM spec states that a sound module must respond
to all sixteen MIDI channels, with dynamic voice allocation and a
minimum of 24 voices.

General MIDI doesn't mention sound quality of synthesis methods.
Discussions are under way on standardizing sound parameters such as
playable range and envelope times. This will ensure that an
arrangement that relies on phrsing and balance can play back on a
variety of modules.

Other requirements for a GM sound module include response to velocity,
mod wheel, aftertouch, sustain and expression pedal, main volume and
pan, and the All Notes Off and Reset All Controllers messages. The
module also must respond to both Pitch Bend and Pitch Bend Sensitivity
(a MIDI registered parameter). The default pitch bend range is +-2
semitones.

Middle C (C3) corresponds to MIDI key 60, and master tuning must be
adjustable. Finally, the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) created
a new Universal System Exclusive message to turn General MIDI on and
off (for devices that might have "consumer" and "programmable"
settings). Table 3 summarizes these requirements.

General MIDI has room for future expansion, including additional drum
and instrument assignments and more required controllers. Also under
discussion is an "authorizing document" that would standardize things
such as channel assignments (e.g., lead on 1, bass on 2, etc.) and
setup information in a MIDI file.

Copies of the Level 1 Specification documents for General MIDI ($5
each at last notice) are available from the Internation MIDI
Association, 5316 West 57th Street Los Angeles, CA 90056, (213)
649-6434. The first issue of the Journal of the MMA (back issues, $15
each) contains an article by PassPort Designs and Stanley Junglieb
about General MIDI.


_________________________________________________________________


TABLE 1 - General MIDI Instrument Patch Map

(groups sounds into sixteen families, w/8 instruments in each family)


Prog# Instrument Prog# Instrument

(1-8 PIANO) (9-16 CHROM PERCUSSION)
1 Acoustic Grand 9 Celesta
2 Bright Acoustic 10 Glockenspiel
3 Electric Grand 11 Music Box
4 Honky-Tonk 12 Vibraphone
5 Electric Piano 1 13 Marimba
6 Electric Piano 2 14 Xylophone
7 Harpsichord 15 Tubular Bells
8 Clav 16 Dulcimer

(17-24 ORGAN) (25-32 GUITAR)
17 Drawbar Organ 25 Acoustic Guitar(nylon)
18 Percussive Organ 26 Acoustic Guitar(steel)
19 Rock Organ 27 Electric Guitar(jazz)
20 Church Organ 28 Electric Guitar(clean)
21 Reed Organ 29 Electric Guitar(muted)
22 Accoridan 30 Overdriven Guitar
23 Harmonica 31 Distortion Guitar
24 Tango Accordian 32 Guitar Harmonics

(33-40 BASS) (41-48 STRINGS)
33 Acoustic Bass 41 Violin
34 Electric Bass(finger) 42 Viola
35 Electric Bass(pick) 43 Cello
36 Fretless Bass 44 Contrabass
37 Slap Bass 1 45 Tremolo Strings
38 Slap Bass 2 46 Pizzicato Strings
39 Synth Bass 1 47 Orchestral Strings
40 Synth Bass 2 48 Timpani

(49-56 ENSEMBLE) (57-64 BRASS)
49 String Ensemble 1 57 Trumpet
50 String Ensemble 2 58 Trombone
51 SynthStrings 1 59 Tuba
52 SynthStrings 2 60 Muted Trumpet
53 Choir Aahs 61 French Horn
54 Voice Oohs 62 Brass Section
55 Synth Voice 63 SynthBrass 1
56 Orchestra Hit 64 SynthBrass 2

(65-72 REED) (73-80 PIPE)
65 Soprano Sax 73 Piccolo
66 Alto Sax 74 Flute
67 Tenor Sax 75 Recorder
68 Baritone Sax 76 Pan Flute
69 Oboe 77 Blown Bottle
70 English Horn 78 Skakuhachi
71 Bassoon 79 Whistle
72 Clarinet 80 Ocarina

(81-88 SYNTH LEAD) (89-96 SYNTH PAD)
81 Lead 1 (square) 89 Pad 1 (new age)
82 Lead 2 (sawtooth) 90 Pad 2 (warm)
83 Lead 3 (calliope) 91 Pad 3 (polysynth)
84 Lead 4 (chiff) 92 Pad 4 (choir)
85 Lead 5 (charang) 93 Pad 5 (bowed)
86 Lead 6 (voice) 94 Pad 6 (metallic)
87 Lead 7 (fifths) 95 Pad 7 (halo)
88 Lead 8 (bass+lead) 96 Pad 8 (sweep)

(97-104 SYNTH EFFECTS) (105-112 ETHNIC)
97 FX 1 (rain) 105 Sitar
98 FX 2 (soundtrack) 106 Banjo
99 FX 3 (crystal) 107 Shamisen
100 FX 4 (atmosphere) 108 Koto
101 FX 5 (brightness) 109 Kalimba
102 FX 6 (goblins) 110 Bagpipe
103 FX 7 (echoes) 111 Fiddle
104 FX 8 (sci-fi) 112 Shanai

(113-120 PERCUSSIVE) (121-128 SOUND EFFECTS)
113 Tinkle Bell 121 Guitar Fret Noise
114 Agogo 122 Breath Noise
115 Steel Drums 123 Seashore
116 Woodblock 124 Bird Tweet
117 Taiko Drum 125 Telephone Ring
118 Melodic Tom 126 Helicopter
119 Synth Drum 127 Applause
120 Reverse Cymbal 128 Gunshot



_________________________________________________________________



TABLE 2 - General MIDI Percussion Key Map

(assigns drum sounds to note numbers. MIDI Channel 10 is for
percussion)

MIDI Drum Sound MIDI Drum Sound
Key Key

35 Acoustic Bass Drum 59 Ride Cymbal 2
36 Bass Drum 1 60 Hi Bongo
37 Side Stick 61 Low Bongo
38 Acoustic Snare 62 Mute Hi Conga
39 Hand Clap 63 Open Hi Conga
40 Electric Snare 64 Low Conga
41 Low Floor Tom 65 High Timbale
42 Closed Hi-Hat 66 Low Timbale
43 High Floor Tom 67 High Agogo
44 Pedal Hi-Hat 68 Low Agogo
45 Low Tom 69 Cabasa
46 Open Hi-Hat 70 Maracas
47 Low-Mid Tom 71 Short Whistle
48 Hi-Mid Tom 72 Long Whistle
49 Crash Cymbal 1 73 Short Guiro
50 High Tom 74 Long Guiro
51 Ride Cymbal 1 75 Claves
52 Chinese Cymbal 76 Hi Wood Block
53 Ride Bell 77 Low Wood Block
54 Tambourine 78 Mute Cuica
55 Splash Cymbal 79 Open Cuica
56 Cowbell 80 Mute Triangle
57 Crash Cymbal 2 81 Open Triangle
58 Vibraslap



_________________________________________________________________



TABLE 3 - General MIDI minimum sound module specs

Voices:
A minimum of either 24 fully dynamically allocated voices
available simultaneously for both melodic and percussive
sounds or 16 dynamically allocated voices for melody plus
eight for percussion.

Channels:
General MIDI mode supports all sixteen MIDI channels. Each
channel can play a variable number of voices (polyphony). Each
channel can play a different instrument (timbre). Keybased
Percussion is always on Channel 10.

Instruments:
A minimum of sixteen different timbres playing various
instrument sounds. A minimum of 128 preset for Intruments
(MIDI program numbers).

Note on/Note off:
Octabe Registration: Middle C(C3) = MIDI key 60. All Voices
including percussion respond to velocity.

Controllers:


Controller # Description
1 Modulation
7 Main Volume
10 Pan
11 Expression
64 Sustain
121 Reset All Controllers
123 All Notes Off

Registered Description
Parameter #
0 Pitch Bend Sensitivity
1 Fine Tuning
2 Coarse Tuning


Additional Channel Messages:
Channel Pressure (Aftertouch)
Pitch Bend

Power-Up Defaults:
Pitch Bend Amount = 0
Pitch Bend Sensitivity = +-2 semitones
Volume = 90
All Other Controllers = reset



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