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Use of program libraries

15. Use of program libraries

The two main numerical libraries in Fortran 90 are

Both of these offer both a modified version of the Fortran 77 library, recompiled for Fortran 90, and a completely new library, using all the new facilities of Fortran 90.

USING OLD LIBRARIES.

A problem with Fortran 90 is that so far not so many programs or program libraries are available in the language. We can therefore be forced to use "old" program libraries usually from Fortran 77. This can be done in two ways.

  1. Recompile the library with a Fortran 90 compiler
  2. Use the Fortran 77 library directly

Method 1.

A simple method is to recompile the Fortran 77 routines with the Fortran 90 compiler using fixed form. This should work since Fortran 77 is a pure subset of Fortran 90. The problem is that the library does not always exactly follow the standard. NAG recognizes specifically that although the data type DOUBLE PRECISION COMPLEX or COMPLEX*16 is not in the standard, it is in many implementations of Fortran 77. A subprogram which uses this extension therefore has to be modified. Also possible assignments of binary, octal or hexadecimal constants is difficult since they are standardized only in Fortran 90. Also note that the very common notation REAL*8 for DOUBLE PRECISION is not permitted in Fortran 90.

Method 2.

The second method is to link the Fortran 77 library directly with the Fortran 90 programs. The practical problem was previously that the NAG's Fortran 90 system f90 under version 1.1 did not include support for linkage of libraries, therefore you first had to compile with the Fortran compiler using f90 -c and then link with the C compiler using cc. NAG recommended the following commands 
 f90 -c test.f
 cc test.o -lnag -o a.out /usr/local/lib/f90/f90rt0.o\
        /usr/local/lib/f90/libf90.a -lI77 -lF77 - lm
which worked on Sun after that we had removed -lI77 since we did not find this library on the system here in Linköping.

From version 1.2 it is much simpler because linkage support is now included and on the Sun you only give the following command 

           f90 test.f -lnag - lF77
while on DEC ULTRIX (MIPS) you give the command 
           f90 test.f lnag -lfor -lutil -li -lots
Thus a few more libraries have to be included on the DEC.

In addition to the problems mentioned above we can also note that Fortran allows routine names as arguments, which may be treated differently in the NAG's Fortran 90 compiler based on translation to C and in the existing Fortran 77 compiler. There is therefore a danger for linkage errors.

On the Sun using Sun OS 4.2.1 we also got completely wrong results when using library functions in single precision, since the C system on Sun converted all function calls into double precision. NAG has solved this problem in release 2.1.

The method can thus be used when neither complex variables in double precision nor routine names are used as arguments, and provided that you are not using single precision library functions on a system which incorrectly converts the calls to double precision.

It is very essential to get all the required libraries at the linkage process, those are for example the mathematical libraries in Fortran 77, Fortran 90 and C. Sometimes the libraries have to be given in the correct order.

Last modified: 30 March 1996
boein@nsc.liu.se