Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://chronos.msu.ru/old/journal/files/archive/2005/02/10_levich_modelirovanie.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Sat Dec 14 12:37:09 2013 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Fri Feb 28 20:55:54 2014 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: m 2

© ..

: .
. ..; Web- http://www.chronos.msu.ru; apl@chronos.msu.ru

­ . , , -. , , . . , . , . . . "", "" , "-" . - , , , "" "". , ­ "" . , (.. ) , . , , . . - , .

: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - .



( 06-03-00163) ( 05-06-80062).

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 1 70


.. : ...
" , , - . , , (, , ) . , , , "" , , ". .. . " . 100 .". .: , 1983. . 233-234.

1. , , " ?" (, 2008). , , , . . ­ , , , , , ... ­ , , . ( !) (, ) . "" , , (, 1987; , 1997): - , - . , , ­ , ­ , ­ . (" ( )." (, 1981, 4, 11)), : . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 2 70


.. : ... , . , , .. "" , , . , "" . (, ) . - ( , ). "" . , , (, ). . , -. : ? , - "" , , "" ? ­ , (.. )? ­ , , , , (, 2005). , : ; , . .. , (, 1998). , " ". : ? , , . , : , , . , , , . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 3 70


.. : ... , . - ­ , " ", , . " ". "" (, 1981, . 472), , , " ", .. , . (, 1996, .241). "" (, .) "" ( "substitution" ­ ). ­ , , , . "" .: " , , , ..." (Newton, 1744). , , , ( " "). "" "", "", "" ( , , "", ""). "" , " - ", .. . "" "" , , . "" - , , . , , -

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 4 70


.. : ... , " ". , , "", . , , ­ , , , . . "" , . (speculatio (.) ­ , ), , . "" , . ., " ..." (Newton, 1687). 1853 . . ( De Tunzelmann, 1910), , " ... " " ...". . , "... , . , ; . , , , , , ..., " (Pearson, 1891, . 309-312). , , " " .. (1991), "" , , , .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 5 70


.. : ... 2. , 1) (, , ), "" ( "" ). - (, "", .. ), ­ . 2) . . , a , b c : 1) a b b c , a c ; 2) a b b a , a b 3) a b , b a , a b . 3) b ( ) a , 1) a b 2) c , a c c b . , (, , ) ( ). 4) -. - () () .
- ­ , , "" "".

5)

(-) F ( Q, f ) ,

Q ­ ( ) , f ­ ( ) Q -. . "", "" "", "", , " ". . F j , j J S S . f j F j , S , S . Q j . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 6 70


.. : ...

F j , S , . , , . .. . , .. , , . 6) ("" "", "" "") , . .
.: " , , , , , , , , , , , , . . , , ( ), , , ." (Newton, 1744). ­ . "" : "", "" () "" ("") . "" : "", () , (, ) . ­ - " ". ­ , , () . "" , , , "" "" "" . "-" , "" " ", -, ( ), XIX , "" "" . , , , , -, " " ( ., 2006).

7)

(.. ) .
(, 1986; 1989; 1996). .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 7 70


.. : ... 8) , . . , , . 9) , . "". " ". , , . , ( (, 1986; 1989; 1996; 2007, ; Levich, 1995)) " ", ( , , ) . , : , , , , , , , , , , (), (), , , , ...

(, 1996) , , " ". 1) ­ "" (-, ) "", "", "" (, -, .. - ).
, -. "" , ( -), "" . -, .

2)

( ) : " " ­ , , "" (""), ­

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 8 70


.. : ... . () . 3) , (, 2008). "" , , . , , , , ­ , , , ­ . ( Q, f

)

(. ), -

"", Q , , f , "" (. 3.3) .
, "" . "" . (, , , ). , "" " " ­ .

4)

, ­ -: · · · ; , , (.. ) , . , "", (. 4.2).

5) 6)

, . ­ . , ­ . . . ("" "" ). , - "" .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 9 70


.. : ... 7) , , , (. ). . 8) , , .. ­ "" () "" . 9) , , . "" , "" . , , , . ­ . "", "". 10) "" (. ) . (" ", , 1996).
, : " ( , ). , , , , , : "" , ..." (, 1981, 4, 11).

() .
.. (2006, .1141) "" : " ,

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 10 70


.. : ...
. ­ , . () , ( ) . , , , , . ... "" , , . -, ." "" (Chen, 2000 ( ..); , , 2004; , 2005).

11) . -, ­ () () . - -. , ( ) . -, ­ ( ) - - . , ( ) ( ) . 12) , " " , , , . , .. , , " ". . , " ", , , .. , , , . 13) ­ , "" . .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 11 70


.. : ... 3. 3.1. (, 1996). , (. ). , , , , a < b < c, (a, b) <( a, c) . "" . "" "" . .. (. ) () "" .
" , , , ; , , " (, 1965, .16). , K , . K1 , K 2

K3 "": K1 K 2 , K 2 K3 , . , --
, -- . A : K R K R K . . : - ; . , A( K 2 ) - A( K1 ) = A( K 3 ) - A( K 2 ) , . , , . , " ; ( ) , ... ; , (- ) , ... ; , , " (, 1965, .16).

, , . . : . (. ). . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 12 70


.. : ... , . , , . " ". " " ( ) " ". , .

m -

( m = m + m , ). ( ). , 0 , . , : .
: "A priori , . , "" ; . , . : - , ?" (Milne, 1948, . 5). : , , , (Tompson, Tait, 1890).
+ -

: 1) 2) . , 1) "" , "" 0 , 2) "" 0 .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 13 70


.. : ... , , (. ) 0 . (, ) t = m0 , m ­ , ,

0 ­ .
0 . 0 = 1 , .
"" "" .. .. (2004). .

m , -

: ; ; , ; . ; ; . . ( ) , . , ( ). , . ,

A B a b , a A b B . ( . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 14 70


.. : ... : 1) , .. 2) "" ( "" "" ), .) ( , ) , . . , , . , , . () , , . , , . , , , , , , , . 3.2. , ­ . , , -. , , , . , , . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 15 70


.. : ... . (. ) (, 1996; . 4.9). 3.3. , : · · · ; ; . , .. -. , (. ) l . . , , ­ , 0 , . , : . : 1) "" 0 2) "" 0 . , , 0 . "" . ( ) s = l 0 , l ­ 0 ­ .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 16 70


.. : ... L x = l 0 , l = l + + l - l + ­

L , , l - ­ . 0 . 0 = 1 , l .
, .

( ). - , ­ , . ( .) , - (.1), (.2).

.1. T L

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 17 70


.. : ...

.2. - M

- . , . , n . . ­ ( ) , ­ "" , "" . , , ­ , ­ . , ­ ­ .
( , ) "". . 0 0 . : 0 (.. ), ,
0

. ""

t = m0 0 , - , .. l =m 0 = 0 , .. "" . : 0 (.. ), 0 0 . "" , "" ­ ­ . : 0 (.. ), 0 0 . "" , "" . ­ , "" . -, "" .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 18 70


.. : ... , .. (. ).

3.4. s

E -

F . a E A F ,

A = s ( a ) .
. . , , (, 1982), . , : . , .

s ,

( ) . , , . s , : 1) s , .. a s , ; 2) s , .. A s , ; 3) s , : a b , s ( a ) s ( b ) ( ). s :
-1

A B , s
s
-1

( A)



( B)

( ).

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 19 70


.. : ... , s (.. s ) ( s ) . , (.. s ) . , , , , s . , ( ) , . - E F . s : E F , F E . (.3). , , (.3). , . . , , .
: ", , , - . , ." (Newton, 1687).

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 20 70


.. : ...





.3. . E F () ­ F (i ) ; () ­ F ; () ­ F

, , , , , (.3). , . . . , (.. , , ).

s : E F , E F , , F E (.4).


. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 21 70


.. : ...

.4. . E F

F " ": F

{

(i, i + 1)}iF

E 0 , i F , (i , i + 1) < 0 . F T , . - . - . . "" (, 1989; , 1996).
, .. ; --). : ; ( -

(, 2006) "" (Chen, 2000; , , 2004; , 2005). , , , , , .., , . , , , . (, ..) . . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 22 70


.. : ... ­ . . - , - ­ . E F , (., , , 1982) , E F . E F , .. , , E F . , , E , F ( F ­ , E ). , F E F : F , , . - . , , . 3.5. - (. ) , .. . 1

m

, m ­ ,

. , . , , : (. 5); , , ; (. 4.2); " ", , , , , . . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 23 70


.. : ...

.5. F E : E . E , F

, : , , . (, 2000; 2001; 2007). " " (, ) , ( , , , , ). ( , , , , ..). " " . " " (, 1982), . . (, 1982) . 4. 4.1. :

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 24 70


.. : ... , -: . . , . -. ( ). - . , , "" "-" "-", "" , , , "", , , , , . : · · · , ; , ; , . , . , , . , , ( ) . 4.2. "" -. , . , , (.2). . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 25 70


.. : ... a, b c , a b b c . a b t
ab

a c ­ tac . ,
ac

- t sab =

>tab . a b -

tab , 0 0



a c ­

sac =

tac . , sac >sab . 0 0

" " " " . 0 =



0



.
0

, .



.

0 . 0 " ", ( ) , , "" . , , ­ , , . , . , , 0 . , , , . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 26 70


.. : ... . (. ), , . ­ . ( o ) ( ), ( a ) t a ( x a ). : T ­ 0 ,

T L ­ 0 , T L F . (t , x ) T L . F : F , x , , t





. -

F :

1, t x F ( t , x ) = 0, t x
, F

; .

(t, x )

-

F , F = 1 (.6). F F .
­ , :

2 2 F (t , x) =Cos t + x, F , F = 1. ,


. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 27 70


.. : ...
2p 2E t+ x (t , x) = cos h h ( h ­ , E p ­ ).
, (, 2000). ( , , .. (2004)). , . ( 1 0), . (Born, 1926) . ­ {0,1}. [0,1], .

.6.

F 1 ( t1 , x1 ) 0 ( t2 , x2

)

T , L

F . , , . , " " " ". , ­ , . , , , -. , , , " " , .. ( ) ( . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 28 70


.. : ... ). , . T . 4.3. - . ­ . . . , , . (. ). ( 3.1). F T . (i ) i i + 1 F T . (i ) i i + 1 F , F L . . . , (. ) . . n , .
- - , , ; , ; .. .

T =


i =1

n

(i ) , n ­ ; -

i ( , . ) ; (i ) ­ -

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 29 70


.. : ... i i + 1 . , ,

T = n , ­ .
R =


i =1

n

(i ) , n ­ ; -

i ; (i ) ­ i i + 1 . , , R = n , ­ . F T {(i )}i
F

, (i )

F T . F , (i ) 4.2 F . ,

{ (i )}i

F





F L ,

(i ) ­ F , L ( , ).


iF

(i ) = TF


iF

(i ) = RF , TF RF ­ -

F , .

{ (i )}
T F

i F

T , F (i ) = (i )

TF RF .

{ (i )}
L F

i F

, F (i ) =
L

(i )

. , ( ), { (i )}iF .
( (i ) = const , (i ) = const ), , (, , ) ­ , .. .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 30 70


.. : ... (i ) T 0 , (i ) R ­

0

, (i ) 0 0 . . , , .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 31 70


.. : ... 4.4. D . . , ( D -) . ("") , ( ) t = {t1 , t2 , ..., tk ...} , k , tk k - . , , , ( , -, (, 1982)), "" , H (, 1982; 1996; 2004; 2008):

H ( t ) =

( t )
k k

t k ,

k .
, , ( .. ).
. , , . , , , . , : , , ? , (, 2004; , 2006), .

: , F1 F2 , T . F1 F2

12 =

t12



,

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 32 70


.. : ... t12 a F1 F2 ( ,

T

s i : T Fi , i = 1, 2 ).

t12 + t 21 = (.7), 12 + 21 = 1 .
, ..

12 = 2

t12



. 12 + 21 = 2 .

.7.

. . D - D - 1 ­ D - 1 . .. (2004) , , . , . , , .
, , " , ..." ( 1992, . 87). " (" "), ... . () ; ­ , , : ­ . , , ." (, 1992, .100). " ... . . , -

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 33 70


.. : ...
, ... ... , ... ... ... , ... ­ ­ ... " (Greene, 1999, .19).

, , . . : (Greene, 1999). " " . . ­ , "" , . ­ , , "" "" . , , ­ , - . , , , -. . ( ) .. (. ) .. (2005).

4.5. , F = {Q, f } f , Q . (. ) . .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 34 70


.. : ... S , F j , ,

S = f j () f
jS

j



S
D j
j

F j = Q j ; f j ; f j2 ; ..., f

{

1

}

Q j ­ (), f j ­ -

i

i j D j ­ j . S S :
i
max D

PS =


i =1

{ j}

max D

=
i S


i =1

{ j}

jS

f ji .

, . , . PS =
D

jS i =1



j

f ji ,

PS PS . , . ( , ), ( ), -. D - (. ), .
, - (. 4.4). " , - 4- . , ­ : D = 4 ­ -, , , . "" 4 ... ,

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 35 70


.. : ...
, , , , -... " (, 1992, . 133).

, - (. 3.1.) (. 3.1 3.3), .. . : , ­ . , , - ( ), .
(, Chen, 2000; Bars, 2001; Bars, Kuo, 2006), (, , 1980; , 1982).

, ( ) -, ( "" ). , ( ) . , ( ), . . R T (. 4.3). , .

R , ,
(, 2003; . .. ). R ( T ) . , "" ­ , ( ) . "" ( . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 36 70


.. : ... "" ), , . , "", "" . -. .. (2004) , " ... ". B A , B A , (. ) B A . , , , . - -. , , , .. "" . 12
21

(. 4.4.).

21 = 2-12 , ( -12 ), .. (?)
. (. 3.3). () (. ) ( ). 4.6. (. ). , .. , . , , . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 37 70


.. : ... . ( ) (. ), . , ( " ") "" (. ). "" , (. 4.5), (. 4.2), . : T , L F , T L . T (. 4.2.).

T L, L T . L . 4.2, F (t, x) . (t, x) , . , "" QF 0 = T L . S F1 = (Q 1 , f 1 )



0



0

, 0 0

F2 = (Q 2 , f 2 ) , .
S = f1 f 2 (. 4.5). , (. 4.5). F1 F2 . -

S . (t1 , x1 ) (t2 , x2 )
r12 =(t2 - t1 , x2 - x1 ) . , , (Q1 , Q2 ) S (.8). . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 38 70


.. : ...

.8.

, -, . , ( .8) " " , .

-,

(a, b), a ­ Q (Q, f ) , b ­ f , .. . a b , .. b " " a (. "" 4.4).

­ (. ). S . T L . T L , , S "" . S - T â L T â L , S (. ) ­ (m , n ) (m , n ) :
+ + - -

t = (m + + m - )0 , s = (n + + n - )
0

( 0 0 ­ T L ). "" : S . , , . . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 39 70


.. : ...

4.7. ­ ­ , . , . . - ( ) - . , . "" . XIX . "" "-" .., (Roseveare, 1982, .125-133).
"" ... , (Bjerknes,1901). .. 1856 . , , , , . , . . (Guthrie, 1870) . . , , , , . . . " ", 1872 ., , , . . . (Hicks, 1880) . (Leahy, 1889), , , . .. 1906-1907 . (Poincare,1953) . , , ­ , .. , "" . ( . , (Feynman, 1965), ). , - ( XX , (., , , 1991; , 1996; , 2003)).

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 40 70


.. : ...
, . , , , , . 1853 . . , " " (De Tunzelmann, 1910). 1870 . , , .. ( ) .: "... , , ... , . , ; . , , , , , , "" (Pearson, 1891, .309-312). . , , , , , . " " .. (1889). " , : , ­ , ... , ." (, 1987, .8). , "" , .. (1958, .686-688): " ... , ... , , , , ... ". (, , 1995; , 1999; , 2001; , 2002).

, - , "" ( "" XIX, XX ). , ; ; . "" . "" : " ", , , ... , "" "" ­ ­ , - . , . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 41 70


.. : ... (. ).
. . . E p , , , :

E~ 1 p~ 1 .
h .

"" , , "" (. ). , , , , - , , "", "" .
"... ( , ). "", "" ""." (Feynman, 1985, .82). " (), ... , , () ... ­ , , . , ; , . ­ , ." (Perkins, 1987, . 13-14). , "" (Perkins, 1987, .14). q , r . qr h ( ). t= r c ( ),

h ­ -

c ­ -

f=

dq dt



q t

=

hc r
2

. ,

, , .. ­

F~

QQ2 1 r
2

.

, , , - , - ( ) , , - . , .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 42 70


.. : ... " ", , . "", "" . - , - . , -. (. 3), . , , ­ (. 4.3). ­ ­ "" , . "" , "" "" , (Green et al, 1986, 1.4.1). . (. ) . , , 4.5, . .. . (. 4.6), "" (. 8).

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 43 70


.. : ... , , ("", "", "" ""). 4.8. , , . ­ ( 4.2), . - : "" ( "" ), "". ( 4.2.) ( 4.3) . , . ­ ( 4.4). , , , (, ) . , ­ , "" : , , , ( 4.3). , , , (, , , , , ), . (, , ) " " (. 12 2). - , (. 4.3). " " : , ( . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 44 70


.. : ... ). , T > , ­ , , T . "" , T , . .. (2006), - 10 . , , , . 4.9. . : ­ , , ­ . 2 4.1 (, 2008) . (, 2007): 1) ( ) . 2) "" , (, 1986; 1989). 3) - ­ . 4) . 5) -, . 6) . 7) , . 8) .
17

, , , , ,

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 45 70


.. : ... 9) . 10) , . 11) , , ­ , , , . 12) ­ , () . . 1) : . 2) : . 3) -: . 4) : . 5) : . 6) : . 7) : . 8) : , , , ..., .. . 9) : . 10) : ; : . 11) : ­ . 12) : ­ . : 1) : . 2) : , ( ""). 3) -: . 4) : ? 5) : . 6) : ?

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 46 70


.. : ... 7) : , . 8) : , , ... 9) : . 10) : , . 11) : , "Omnum vivum ex vivo" (. " ", 1668). 12) : ­ ­ (Uexkuell, 1909). , , . . 1) : . 2) : , . 3) -: . 4) : . 5) : . 6) : ? 7) : ? 8) : , , . 9) : . 10) : .. (2005; 2006, ), . 11) : . 12) : , . . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 47 70


.. : ... 1) : ( ) ( ). 2) : . 3) -: . 4) : . 5) : . 6) : ? 7) : . 8) : . 9) : ? (, 1969; , 1975; , , 1982). 11) : ? 12) : ­ , ­ . , -, , , ­ . (, 1996) : , , "", , " " . , "" ­ , , , .... , , -, , , , : (, " " .. (1989)); (, .. (2004) " "); (, .. (1989) ). , (, 1996). . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 48 70 10) : , -


.. : ... - , ? ­ ? 4.10. . , -. (. ) (. ) (. ). . ( ., 1994; 1997; Levich, 2000; , 2004; Fursova, Levich, 2007). ­ , . - (Levich, 1995). : · k K ( K = {1, 2, ..., m}) -. · k = 1 . · S si i I ( I = {1, 2, ..., w}) . · m1 = 1 S m k . · qi1 i "" qik k .
k

qik i
k . , : . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 49 70


.. : ...


iI

ni qik m k , k K ,

ni ­ i . ( ) m k

qik - , .. "" , . . (, 1978, 1982, 1996; 2008):

H (n1 , n2 , ..., nw ) =-n
( n =


i =1

w

ni n log i max n n


i =1

w

ni ).

:



H max


i =1

w

ni qik m k , k K ,


i =1

w

(1)

ni = 1,

ni 0, i I .

, " " (, 1980; 1982; ., 1994):

ni (m j , j J ) = n exp -
j


jJ

j qij .

J ­ K , ­ , n :

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 50 70


.. : ...

k n
k


iI

exp -

kK



k qik = 1, = 0, k K ,


iI

qik exp -

kK



k qik

k 0, k K .

( ­ ­ .) m , k K ni , i I k

, qik . ( ., 1994): m () 2 - 1 ,
k m

m

k =1

J K . , J , j J . (, (Levich, 1995) - , " " .) ( ., 1993; , , 1997; Alexeyev, Levich 1997):

ni

n

i -



m

k

m

l

,

qik

qil

i

. "" , , , , . H m , j J ( .,
j

1994):

H=


jJ

(m j , j J )m j .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 51 70


.. : ...

{

m j , j J

}



. , , H "" m , j J , j j

(1) "". " " (, , 2002):

H (m j , j J ) 0, j J , .. H m j
m .
j

" " (, , 2002): (1) l K :




i =1

w

ni qil min ,


i =1

w

ni qik m k , k K , k l , H H0, ni = n, ni 0, i I .

H 0 ­ " ", . , , , "" , " " . (Gibbs, 1902) . ­ . . 4.11. , ­ , . , , . , . . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 52 70


.. : ... "" (., , Nelson, 1966). , , , , ( ., 2000). . "" (, 1996). , p = m - m , m m ­ , L =l - l , l t =m + m :
+ - + - + + - + -

l
+

-

­ -

. , x =l + l (.

3.1 3.3),

(1 + a + b)

p L = + a -b, t x
+ -

a b m , m ,

l + l - .


p

t

= L

x

.

, , ­ , - . (, 1978; 1980; 1982; 2004; 1996; Levich, 2000) .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 53 70


.. : ... 5. , 5.1. , . Q - f , ( , ). -. , . ­ . . ­ , . , , . ( ) "" , . . - -. - ­ . , . , , . , . , , , , ; . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 54 70


.. : ... -, ; , "" . . . . -. ("" ). - , , , ­ . , , , . , , , .. "" -. . . , , , . ­ . "" ( ""). . ­ "", ­ "" . ­ . "" , . . -, . . . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 55 70


.. : ... . - , . , , - , . . , , , . . "" , : "" "" . .. "" , "" . , . . " " . . 5.2. , . : · · · · · · , . ­ . ­ , . , , ­ . , . , , , "" . · .

. . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 56 70


.. : ... · · ­ , . , , .. (, 2004). . . . , , . . , , -, , , . (, 1974; , 1996; 2008) : 1) ; 2) ( ) 3) (). () . , . , , , . , ­ . , , . , , . ­ . . 2 (2), 2005. . 224-293 __________ 57 70


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