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250 . . .

. . .
ISSN 0371-6791

LXXII

. . , . .

:

2003

524.35 , 72, . . 2003 . 84 c.
. . . . . . : . . , . , , ; ; ; -; . ( .. «», , ) . , : , , , , . , « », . . , , . Astrophysics of isolated neutron stars: radioquiet neutron stars and magnetars Sergei B. Popov; polar@sai.msu.ru; popov@pd.infn.it Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia; University of Padova, Italy Mikhail E. Prokhorov; mike@sai.msu.ru Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia Here we review present state of theoretical and observational exploration of isolated neutron stars. We mainly discuss objects which do not show usual radiopulsar activity. We include into our review dim X-ray sources in the Galactic disk and in globular clusters; compact X-ray sources in supernova remnants; anomalous X-ray pulsars; soft gamma repeaters; Geminga and geminga-like objects. Also we briefly discuss related types of objects: isolated black holes, quark (or so-called strange) stars and supernovae. We review basic physical processes connected with evolution of isolated neutron stars: cooling; magnetic field decay; period evolution; magnetospheric processes, accretion. We discuss evolution and population synthesis calculations of isolated neutron stars of different types. We present a large set of references for all problems mentioned in the review.

: ..-.. .. () ..-.. .. (, ) : .. - . ISSN 0371-6791 c , 2003 .

1 2 2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 - . . . . . . 2.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.3 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 2.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.5 (remnant) . . . . . . . . . 2.2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.7 . 2.2.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.10 . . . . . . 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 (fall-back) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.2 . . . . . . . . . 2.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 3 4 5 10 11 11 12 12 19 21 23 26 29 34 35 37 41 44 44 49 50 51 53 54

1

1
() 35- (, . 1968). -- (. ' . 1999, . 2000, . 2002, . 1993 http://wwwatnf.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/). , . , 0.033 , p 4.16 · 10-13 /. . 5.2 · 1012 ( , , ). 0.020 . -- 1000 ( 1054 ). , , . 90- (. . 1996) « ». , . . , ROSAT (. 2001), ( , . ), . - (. 2003). , .. -. . , (. 1999, . 2000 . 2002). , : , (), - (), , , . , (, ). , : , , , , . , , . , ( ), , , -2000 (« »), -1999 ( . 177), 2

-1997 (« »), -1998 (« »), : (1985), (1987), (1991), (1995), : . (1999), (2000), (2000), , . (2001), (2001). . .., , , , ( ), . , , . http://xray.sai.msu.ru/~polar/ns_review/ ( PostScript) http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1177217 ( HTML). . astroph/0205298.

2
. . , : I. · : , , ( ); · : ; · -: / ( , -); · : ; / ; II. · ; · ; 3

· : , ; · ; · : , ..; · ; · , « » ; III. · (fall-back); ; · ; · : , ; · . ( ) ( ), ( ), . , .. , , - ( . 2001, 2000, . 2000, 2001, 2002). , , , ( ., , . 1999, . 2001, . 2002 ). .

2.1

-- -- . - (. , 2002 , 2002). -, - , , ( ). (, RX J0720.4-3125 . . 2003) !

4

1. ( . 2000 )
a)

. . [] 61 79 91
b

N [10
20

H

log fX /f

V

c)

( . .)[c] (%)

ROSAT [./] RX J1856.5-3754 RX J0720.4-3125 RBS1223 (RX J1308.6+2127) RBS1556 (RX J1605.3+3249) RX J0806.4-4123 RX J0420.0-5022 RBS1774 (RX J2143+0654) 0.38 0.11 0.18 0.88 3.64 1.69 0.29

2 ]

2 1.3 2.4

4.4 4.6 5.0

-- (<4.5%) 8.39 (9%) 10.31 (20 ± 2%) --

92

1.1

4.4

78 57 90

2.5 1.7 4.6

> 3.4 > 3.3 >3

11.37 (6.2%) 22.69 (34 ± 14%) --

ROSAT ( . 4). (, 2002).
b) c)

a)

.

fX fV -- (ROSAT) , .

2.1.1 - . , , , -. ROSAT (.. « »). (MS 0317.7-6647) «», , . (., , 1990). (> 0.1 ROSAT ). (, , , . ) . (. . 1). , . 90- , ROSAT ( 1991, 1991, 1993, . 1993). , - 5

( ) (. . 1998, . 2000, , 1999; . 1996, . 2001). (log fX /fV > 3). , , . « » 1020 . . , (450 000 ) RX J1856.5-3754 ( . 2001) . . . (2002) p 10-14 RX J0720.4-3125 (. . 2002). . (2001) (0.7 - 2.0) · 10 -11 RBS1223 ( , 2002). RBS1223 . (2003) , . , (2 - 6)1013 . (2001) , . , (. 2001). 1031 - 1034 -1 . . k T 0.10.5 . (. ) , . ( ) . ( . . 2001). (. . 2001a). , , (. . 2). . (. . 2). , : ( . 2001), ( , , . . 1998), ( ) (fallback) ( 1989, 1998). . 512 (. . 2). (, p=0.325 p 7.1 · 10-12 Kes 75 ( . 2002), p=0.424 6

2. ( . 2000, 1998 ) CXO J2323+5848(Cas A) 1E 1613-5055 (RCW 103) 1E 0820-4300 (Pup A) 1E 1207.4-5209 (G296.5+10) . . . . , -- -- -- 0.424 . (2000) . (1998) . (1996) . (1996) . (2000) AX J0851.9-4617.4 (G266.2-1.2) . -- . (2001) (2000) 1E 1438.7-6215 (RCW 86) RX J0002+6246 (G117.7+0.6) RX J2020.2+4026 (G78.2+2.1 ) CXO J1852.6+0040 1 (Kes 79) PSR J1846-0258 (Kes 75) AX J1811-1926 (G11.2-0.3) RX J0205+6449 (3C58) RX J0007.0+7302 (CTA1) PSR J1930+1852 (G54.1+0.3) . . . . . . 1E 1841-045 (Kes 73) AX J1845-0300 (G29.6+0.1) -- 0.242 -- -- 0.325 0.065 0.065 -- 0.136 , 11.8 6.97 (1999) . (1999) (1999) 1E 2259+586 (CTB 109) SGR 1900+14 (G42.8+0.6) SGR 0526-66 (N49) SGR 1627-41 (G337.0-0.1) 6.98 5.16 8 6.41 (1999) (1999) (1999) (1999) . (2000) , (1999) , (1999) . (2002) . (2000) , (2002) . (2002) . (2000) . (2002)

G296.5+10, p (0.7 - 3) · 10-14 ( . 2002)). RCW 103 G29.6+0.1 , . . Cas A , . 3.4 . 2 . 7

( , 1680 .). . . 1999 . ( . 2000, . 2001). . - . . ( ) 2 · 1033 -1 6 · 1035 -1 . ( 1 2 ) . . , . , . (1996), . (1998), (2000) . (1989), . (2001), (1988) (. 2002). (1995,,). , , B1757-24 (, 2000). (1999). (1999) ( , ). (., , « »). (1986), . (1987), 15 , .., . «» , , (, 1995, . 1995) ( . 1979, . , 1987). , () (< 100 ) - (. . 2001). . . , , . (2003). 8

. 4 : SGR 1900+14 (p = 5.16 ), SGR 1806-20 (p = 7.47 ), SGR 1627-41 (p = 6.4 ), SGR 0525-66 (p = 8 ). (. . 2002, 1999, 1999, 2001). ( 2002). . SGR 1806-20 ( 2002). 1995 . 6-12 (1E 1048.1-5937 - 6.44 ; 4U 0142+61 - 8.69 ; 1E 1841-045 - 11.77 ; 1E 2259+586 - 6.98 ; 1RXS J170849.0400910 - 10.99 ; AX J1845-3000 - 6.97 ), ( 10 35 -1 ) , ; ( ), (.. ) (. 1999, 2001 . 2002). ( . 2002), . , ( ). ( ) . (, 2002, . 2000), ( . 2001, . 2001). (. . 2001, . 2001). ( RXTE) 1 10485937 ( . 2002, 2003). . 14 . , 2.4 · 1015 . (, ..) . , (. 2002). RXTE 45 ( 12 ) 1E 2259+586 (, 2002). . 4U 0142+61 ( . 2002). . , . 1E 1207.4-5209, ( . 2002, . 2002, . 2002, 2003). . (2003) ( ) 0.7, 1.4, 2.1 2.8 . 9

, 8 · 1010 , -- , 1.6 · 1014 . , (23) 1013 . SGR 180620 ( . 2002,). , , , ( 1015 ). . RXTE . , 1RXS J 170849-400910 ( . 2003), . ( , . ). (. 2000, , 1996) - 1973 . SAS-2. 1992 . 237 . . (2002). , , , . , . , (GLAST .) . , , -- 3EG J1835+5918 (, 2001, . 2002). , EGRET, 3EG J2227+6122, ( . 2001, . . 2003, EGRET 2003, EGRET). 2.1.2 . , , ( 1996). . , «» ( 110 ). ( 1997, 1997, 1998), - ( . 2000) (, , . astro-ph/0106435, .31). , (. . 1997). . « » (. 2003). 10

2.1.3 - - . (. , ). -. 1E 2259+586 , - ( . 2001). (2002) 1E 1048.1-5937. . (2002) - ( , .., - 50 ). . (2002) - SGR 1900+14. 1RXS J 170849-400910 - ( . 2003), . -. . . - . , Crab Vela ( . . 2003). 2.1.4 (. 2000). , ROSAT. (. . 1). (RX J1856.53754 RX J0720.43125, . . 2003). , RX J1308.6+2127 RX J1605.3+3249 ( . 2002, 2003). . . « » . , . . RX J1856.5-3754 , . . . . (2002) , (.. « »). . (2002) . RX J1605.3+3249 ( . 2003). . RX J1856.53754 (, , 11

(2001), ( . 2002), (, 2002)). 117 ± 12 . SGR 0526-66 ( 2001) ( ; . ). 4U 0142+61 ( . 2000). (2002) ( ). ( . 2002), ( ). . (1996). , . , , . (2001) H RX J1856.5-3754. . 6- ( . 1997, . 2001, . 2000 , 2001). , . ( ) .

2.2

2.2.1 (M > 810M ) . ( M 25M , -, , , .) . , 90% ( 1053 ) , , , , 1020 ( . 2001, . 2002). ( ) . SN1987a (. . 1987, . 1987, . 1988 , 1988). , 12

. : -- ( ) . , () 108 K, Ts > 106 K. 105 106 . , (, « »), . , , (, 1965, , 1965). , . ( 1977, . 1999) ( ) ( ) . - . : ; ; , . 1001000 , ( - , ., , . 2001). - , 100 . , . , , (., , 2002). : · - [, (1941); (1963)]. - -, . n p + e + e , p + e n + e , n + e+ p + e . (1)

, , , , . - -- , . , - , « » p F (n) pF (e) + pF (p), 13

. . ( 2 · 1015 -3 ) ( . 1991, . 1999). - ( 2002). · - [, (1964)]. , : n + n n + p + e + e , p + n p + p + e + e , n + p + e n + n + e , p + p + e p + n + e . (2) (3)

, . . , - , , . - . · -. : n+nn+n+ +, n+pn+p++, (4)

p+pp+p+ +. , -, () 12 (, 1979). . ( 1959 . , , 1964 ., .) - (, 1999) e+ee+e+ +. (5) . , .

· [ . (1976)]. - . N N + +. (6) - . 14

1976 ( . 1976), (1987), 1997 . -. , , - . · («») . . «» (., , . 2002). , , . (, 2001). . - -- «». ( c - , , ., , ( . 2002).) / . , . (., , .3 . 1999). , - , , ( . . 2002). : , , . ( 2002). . , , . : - -; ( ) ( . , 1986, . 2002, -- 2002); -- u, d s ( . , ., , , 2002). ( . 2001). 15

. 1. «» , -. - (- ) , . . / - ( , ) . , . - - . (. . 3) (, , ., , , 2002).

1.30 M

a)

b)

. 1. . (2001, 1999), . ( ) ( ) . -- () ( -- ) . , -- .

, , , - . -- - . «» . («» - , -, 16

3. . . (2002). lg t [] RX J082243 1E 120752 RX J0002+62 PSR 083345 (Vela) PSR 0656+14 PSR 0633+1748 (Geminga) PSR 105552 RX J1856.53754 5.73 5.95 5.88 5.72
+0.03 -0.04 +0.05 -0.06

lg T

s

a)

[K] 6.23 6.10 6.03 5.83
+0.02 -0.02 +0.05 -0.06 +0.03 -0.03 +0.02 -0.02

3.57 3.85 3.95 4.4
b)

H H H H

. (1999) . (1998) , (1999) . (2001)

c)

5.00 5.53

5.96 5.75

+0.02 -0.03 +0.05 -0.08

bb bb

. (1996) , (1997)

bb
d)

(1995) . (2001) . (2002) . (2002)

5.851 ± 0.002 PSR J0205+6449 (3C58)
a)

bb

2.91

e)

< 6.05

(H),

(bb)
b) c) d) e)

. (1997). . (1996). Si- ( . 2001). 1181 .

, ., , . 2002). (. 3) , , , , : ( ) ( ). , -, -, . . (2002), -- . (2003). ( . 1999, . 1999, . 2000, . 2001, 2002), ( . 2002). 17

( , . 2.2.2) . , . , - ( ). . . (, 1969, . 1993) , , - , , . e ± . , , , , (« ») T 106 - 107 K. , ( ). , , .. B12 > 0.2, p2 (7)

B12 B /1012 -- , p -- (, 1975). . 2.2.6. «» () B 1012 , p0 0.010.1 , 8 ( > 10 ) () 109 . (. 2.2.6). ( 106 ) p0 / B . (t > 107 ) . . 0.03-0.3 . . - . , , (. ). . , . , , (., . 1997, . 1997). . , 1011 , . 18

, . (1999), -- (, 2001). . , ( ) , ( ) . , (. 1997,). B L
.

=

B 2 4 · R 8 3

3 NS

·

1 B2 R = L 6L

3 NS

.

(8)

, B = 1015 L = 1033 - 1034 -1 106 . B = 1014 , 104 , , -, (.. , 1%, ), , -, . B < 3 · 1012 , ( ) . , - ( ., , 1999). , , . , , . (2000). 2.2.2 ( , ) (. , 2002, , 2003). , , , ( 1953, 1985) , . 1987 (. , 1978). ( . 1992, . 1996, , 1996 ). . (, 2001), (, 2001). ( . .. : http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/astro/Stars/ ). 19

. 2. . (2001). ( ) . 3 . ( -) . . M = 1.3 1.4 M , . - 1.3 1.5 M . . [: RX J1856.53754 500 000 ( 2002).]

, , , . , - , . . , ( 108 , , 1015 ). 20

. : , , « » («Si-ashes», ). , . , , . , , , 2030%. ( 10 23 ) . (T > 107 K) / ( > 108 /3 ) (. 2002 ). . , , CNO- . , : . (B > 1011 ) . . ... ( . 1992, 1995,, . 1995, . 1996, , 1997, . 1998, 2003) , 1014 , -- 1013 ( 2002, . . 1997). (, 2001) 1016 . , ( . 1996, , 1998, . 2002). 60- (, 1969, 1970). 90- . ( . 1994, . 1995). XMM ( ) (., , , 2002). 2.2.3 . - . (, 1969, 1990, , 1990, 1992, 1991, . 1993, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2001), -- 21

(, , 1959). (., , 1987). , , , ( ). . , , . , -- -- (.. , , ; , «» . , ). (., , , 1996). , , , , , . (. , 1995): · 108 , , (RA < RNS ) - ( RA -- ). · B > 2 BSh = 2.4 · 109 ( e2 / c 1/137 -- , BSh m2 c3 /( e) = 4.4 · 1013 -- ) e . , (, 1995, , 1997). (. 2.2.2). (. 2.2.1) (. 2.2.2). · BSh = 4.4 · 1013 < B 1018 . . ( 2 ), - ( e+ + e- ). BSh ) ( (, 1995). , (B BSh ) (h me c2 ). . 22

( 1018 ) . - . , , (2001), (2000), (2000), (2003) (. « » (2000) , (1983), ). (. 1996, 1995 .). . , , . ( . 2002, . 2001), -- - -- , (2002), () . J1847-0130 ( . 2003), 6.7 9.4 · 1013 , . (, XMM-) . . . (2001) -- , 1014 1015 «» 210 : 0.63 (B /10 14 ) (. 2003, 2002). , . ( . 2002,). 2.2.4 (, ..) . ( ) (. 1992). , . . . (., , . 2000, 2001 .). (1969). , , , . , , . ( ) (, 1997) (. 1992). , , ( . 2000, . 2000). 23

. 3. M = 10-15 M -1 (a) M = -16 M -1 (b) (, 1997). 10 RX J0720.4-3125 . p = P E ; -- p = PA . . . (1993).

. . , - ( 1992), 21000 (, 1997, . . 4). , . imp (. . 4). , imp , (, 1997), 108 . ( 2 · 109 imp ), . , (.. , , , ). . -, ( . 1992), . -, , , . ( . 1996), M < 10-14 M -1 . , . : 24

$

§ ¦ ё

@ & ¦ Ґ ё ' ! ¦ ¦ ¤8 76 5 ё

! " " ё ўЎ 9ё ўЎ © Ё

§ё ё

¦ ё ¦ ё Ґ ё

¦

¦ &

%$ # § ¦ ё ¦ Ґ ё ' ¦ ! 98 76 5 ё "

ё ўЎ

© Ё

¤ё ўЎ

¦ ё ¦ ё 21 0 43 Ґ ё §ё ё )(

. 4. (, 1997). 1, 2, 3 10 11 , 1012 1013 -3 , . Q = 0.001, -- Q = 0.01, -- Q = 0.1. Q -- , .

, , . - (1974), (, 2003, , 2003). . , «» (. 1985) . (2000, 2001,). (, 2002). (> 105 ). , , 1999). : ( 2002), (, 2002). ( . 2000) , (). , (Hall cascade). . ( . 1998, . 1998), -- (. , 2000 . 5). - «» . ( ) -- , , . (. ). 25

10 Decay time scale, yrs

10

10

9

10

8

10 26 10

7

10 10 10 Bottom magnetic moment

27

28

29

. 5. , , ( ). , td , , µ b ( ). µ0 = 1030 3 , tE , , 1010 . , . t H = td · ln (µ0 /µb ), tH = 1010 , .. . PE (µb ) = p(t = tcr ), tcr = td · ln (µ0 /µb ), «» . , . µ 0 = 1030 3 . - , µ 0 = 5 · 1029 3 . , , µ 0 = 5 · 1029 3 (, 2000).

, (, 1964 .). .. (, 1980, . 1983, . 1986). (, 1993, 1998). 2.2.5 (remnant) 30-40- . ( 1944, 1939, . 1977). 70- . (. 1970, . 1970), , . . -, . --

26

, ( ) (. . 1993). , M . , . , 1030 -1032 -1 . ( . 1993, , 1998), ( , . , ). , ( ) - . , : M = v . . : RG = 2GM , c2 s (9)

2 cs -- . , M = 4 RG cs -3/2 c-3 . M T . s . (-, 1980), . . (v > cs ) :

RG =

2GM . 2 c + v
2 s

(10)

, , :
2 = k (2GM ) . M 2 (c2 + v )3/2 s

(11)

, k , . . . ( . 2001). , (1970). , L < 10 -4 LE . , . (1995), , . 1017 10-24 -3 ( . 1995). 10-24 -3 30 20 -1 3 40 -1 , > 60 -1 . 27

( . 1992). . ( . 1999, . 2001, . 2003, . 2003) ( http://www.astro.cornell.edu/us-russia/). - 2 . 0. : Mdip m38 , Mdip (MB /µ2 ), m -- B -- . , M , . , : M B -1.3 . , , , . (1998). , - , . , 1010 -1 , 1010 , 5.4 · 1045 . . . , , . «», , - ( . 1990). - . . , , . , (remnant) (. . 2002, . 2001, . 2000, . 2000 ). , , . , .. . , (fall-back). . . , , , . , . 28

( . 2001). (. . 2002) , 10-5 M , ( 0.01M ). , ( ). . - - . (. . 2000, 2001) , . , ( . 2001, . 2001). 3. , 3 · 1013 - 1017 -1 . Vela . , « » , ( 2001). , , . «» (. , 2002 ). 2.2.6 . , ( , ..). . (. , 2001, , 2001, , 1986). ( . 1999) ( . . 2002, , ). .. r, ( . 2000, . 1998, . 2000, . 2000 . 1997, -- . 1999, 2001). , , . (fall-back). : (E), (P), (A) (G) (. 1987, . 1996). - «» . . , ( 2000, 1993). : tE 109 µ-1 n 30
-1/2

v

10

.

(12)

29

. 6. p - y , (. 1987, , 1995). , y = M /µ2 . . 1 -- , 2 -- (, ), 3 -- .

- (, 1975, 1970). , , . : Rl = c/ -- , Rst -- ( , RA , , . 1987), RG = (2GM )/v 2 -- Rco = (GM / 2 )1/3 -- . M 2 2 , c -- , -- , v 2 = v + cs , cs -- , v -- . : P E PA , . ( 1987): PE = 2 PA = 2
5/14

2k c4

t

1/4

µ2 vM µ2 M

1/4

,
3/7

Rl < R G , , RA < R G .

(13) (14)

(GM )

-5/7

2 µ -- , M RG v -- , -- , kt . p < PE , ; PE < p < PA , ; , p > PA Rst < RG , .

30

p > PA , Rst > RG , .. . , (. ). ( . 2001, . 2001). ( 2001). : p= 8 2 R6 B 2 (t) · , 3c3 I p (15)

R -- , I -- , B = µ/R 3 -- . . (. . 1993). ( , , , . , ). - ( 1970, , 1975). , (. 1987, , 1995). : dI µ2 = -kt 3 . (16) dt RA kt , . (, 1995) : . . , ( . 1998, . 1998), , (, 2000). , ( p > PA , ). . ( 1987), (, 1995, . . 1993). (2003) . , (, 1981). ( ), , . ( ), .. 31

( 104 ). , , RA = µ2 2M GM
2/7

(., , 1987). ( ) ( ) ( ; , .. , PA .). , , (1985) (., , . 1999) . : dI = Ksd + Kturb , dt µ2 Ksd = -kt 3 . Rco (17)

Ksd , , Kturb , - , . Kturb , , (. , 1995). , , , .. . , , . , , . . . (, 1995), , P eq . ( , ) ( ). ( . 2002) (. 7). , . 106 107 ( . 2002). .8. , 32

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

3

4

5

10

10

10

Periods, s
. 7. ( . 2002). : µ = 10 30 ·3 , n = 1 -3 , v = 10 -1 . 1.72 · 109 9.8 · 109 . tA 1.7 · 109 . , ( ). 10 2 104 6 · 107 . .

( 104 - 105 ). ( 1997, , 1997). «», , (. . 3), 10 . . 9. (2002). , .. . ( ) «» , ( 12 ). .

33

1

0.1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

10

2

10

3

10

4

10

5

10

6

10

7

10

8

Periods, s
. 8. ( . 2002). 140 -1 , . n = 1 -3 . () -- n = 0.1 -3 . (v < 60, 30, 15 -1 ) n = 0.1 -3 . .

2.2.7 , , . (.. ). -- () , . . . , (. . 1993). -- . alignment (). , -, (1970) , (1970). : ( - ) , . , . (. 1974, 1986, 1976, 1977). . (1993) . (. 2001, 1998). - .

34

t p0 pe pA

e

t

cr

lg t

Propeller

pcr pq e lg p

dt= RG v

/

. 9. . , p = P E , , , (p > P A ). , . t = t cr , . Peq , . dt = R G /v ( ., 2001).

. () (2002). 60- . ( . 2003). . 2.2.8 , , . ( 0.1 - 1 ) (. . 2000). . . 1 . 0.1 . , , 0.1 - 1 , , 10 . . : I = I0 exp (-
ISM

(E , Z ) · NH (n, r )) .

(18)

I I0 -- , , ISM -- , , 35

r

NH =
0

nH d -- -

. ISM n. , , , . E , Z . NH , r , ( n). . (18). ISM , , . (, , ), , . ( . 2000), () , . , . E < 5 - 10 , bf E . bf E -3 , , 3 E -3 . , bf EkeV 70 · 10-24 -2 E = 0.1 1000 · 10-24 -2 E = 10 ( c ). . . , , , , 70 80% ( . 1994, 1996). . , , . H2 . H2 2025% H I ( . 2000), , . , H2 , 5 . , , , 36

ISM . E , . , . -- . , (., , 1992). , E , > E > 10 NH 1022 -2 . NH = 1020 1022 -2 . , NH . , , , , , , . 2.2.9 . (. . 1996, . 2000). -. . , . , (, ). . , , , . (., , . 1996). (. 1990, . 1992, , 1993, 1994, 1994, . 1996). ( . 2000, , 2002). ( . 1995), ( . 1996). . 2000 (. 11) (, , ). , . ( ) ( 1994, 1997, 1998, 1997, 1997, 1999, 1998, . 2002, . .

37

Log N Log S for accretors
10 10 N (>S) 10 10 10
5

Velocity distribution
1 0 .8 fraction

-3/2

3

1

-1 Polar caps Total flux -14 log S -12 -10

0 .6 0 .4 0.2 0 0 50 100 Velocity km/s 150

-1

-3

-16

Temperature distribution
1 0.8 fraction 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 100 Tcap eV 1000 fraction

Accretion rate distribution
1 0 .8 0 .6 0 .4 0.2 0 10
7

10

8

10 10 10 Accretion rate g/s

9

10

11

10

12

. 10. ( . 2000). Log N Log S ( 100- ) 0.5-2 . , . 300 -1 . , .

1998). . . (. . 1999, . 2001), , ( . 1999, . 1992, . 1997). . (. . 1996), . (, 2000). , , ( . 1999, . 1992, . 1997) . . , . . , 38

Ejectors
100.0 0.25 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 100 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 200.0 400.0 600.0 0.00 0.0 0.60

Propellers

200.0

400.0

600.0

Accretors

Georotators

10

0.40

1

0.20

0.0

200.0 400.0 Velocity, km/s

600.0

0.00 0.0

200.0 400.0 Velocity, km/s

600.0

. 11. ( . 2000). (, , ) . -- µ30 = 0.5, -- µ30 = 1. µ -- . ( ).

(, 1994 (, 1994), . , 2002). , .. . : 108 , log B0 = 12.34, B = 0.34. B = Bi exp(-t/ ), : 1 1 logBi - logB0 . (19) · exp - 2 B 2 B ( ) ( 2001). , , , . , , , (. . 1993, ). , , , B= 39

Log N
10 10 10 10 10 10
4

-14
3

-13

-12

-11

N (>S) per steradian

2

ROSAT points absorbed coolers RBS limits Polar caps accretion P2000 point (r<140 pc)

1

0

-1

-3/2 10 10
-2 -3

-1
10
0

10

-2

10 counts/s

-1

10

1

Log S

. 12. Log N -- Log S ( 2001, , , . 2000 . 2 3 , ). ROSAT. « ». -- ROSAT . -- , . . , . (2000), -1 -3/2. , . ( , . . 2002) Log N -- Log S.

1/750 . . () 80- ( . 1989, , 1988). , - , , .. ( . 1993, 2000). (1995,,). (1995) , , . .. + . ( . 2002). , , 40

(. ) . . « », . , , -- , . . : «» «». , (/ ). ( 1995, ., 1996). , , - . «» ( . 2000). , , , . (., , . 2002) . . . -- ( 1 1048.1-5937 , 2.4 1015 ). . ( ), . (2002), (2001), (2002). 2.2.10 (r <1 ) ( 4.25 , 100 000 1.1 M . 2002) : , , (. . 4 . 2003). . -- 500-1000 , 150-250 . , , (. 1997). . , (. . 2000, 2002). Log N Log S (. 13, 14 . 2003,) . , , , « », 41

4. (< 1 ) (< 4.25 . ) , [] ROSAT, [./] RX J1856.5-3754 RX J0720.4-3125 RX J1308.6+2127 RX J1605.3+3249 RX J0806.4-4123 RX J0420.0-5022 RX J2143.7+0654 PSR B0633+17 3EG J1835+5918 PSR B0833-45 PSR B0656+14 PSR B1055-52 PSR B1929+10 PSR J0056+4756 PSR J0454+5543 PSR J1918+1541 PSR J2048-1616 PSR J1848-1952 PSR J0837+0610 PSR J1908+0734
a

P /10
-15

., []

a , [106 ]

-- 8.39 10.31 -- 11.37 22.69 -- 0.237 -- 0.089 0.385 0.197 0.227 0.472 0.341 0.371 1.962 4.308 1.274 0.212

3.64 1.69 0.29 0.88 0.38 0.11 0.18 0.54
c

-- 30 - 60 < 104 ? -- -- -- -- 10.97 -- 124.88 55.01 5.83 1.16 3.57 2.37 2.54 10.96 23.31 6.8 0.82

0.117 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.16 -- 0.294 0.288 1
b

d

0.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

[1,2] [1,3] [1,4] [1] [1,5] [1] [6] [7] [8] [7,9,10] [7,10,11] [7,10] [7,10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10] [10]

d

0.34 --

0.015 3.4
c c c c

d d

0.01 0.11 0.54 3.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.9 3.0 4.1

1.92 0.35

0.012 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.33

d e e e e e e e

0.998 0.793 0.684 0.639 0.956 0.722 0.584

) P /(2P ), RX J1856.5-3754

(, 2002)
b c

) PSR B1055-52 ( 0.9-1.5 ) ) ( + ) ) )

d e

[1] . (2000); [2] . (2002); [3] . (2002); [4] . (2001), (2003); [5] , (2002); [6] . (2001); [7] , (1997); [8] , (2001); [9] . (2001); [10] ATNF (http://wwwatnf.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/catalogue/) [11] . (2003);

42

2

disk+GB
3EG 1835 1 1920+10 RX 0420 RBS 1774

RBS

Log N

RBS 1223 1057-52 Geminga RX 0806 RX 0720 RBS 1556 0659+14 Vela

0

disk

RX 1856

-1 -2

-1 Log S, cts/s

. 13. Log N Log S ( . . 2003,). -- ROSAT . -- , « », PSR B1929+10 3EG J1835+5918 (, ). ROSAT (RBS) ( . 1999). : , (r disk = 3 , 270 . ). : , (rdisk = 3 , 250 . ).

. (. . 15) , , . , 16 17, . ( , ). , , (, 2003), (, 2001), ( . 2002). , .

43

. 14. Log N Log S . , . (2003) RBS ROSAT (BSC Bright Source Catalog), . 67 . , . , , ( ., 2003), ( . 2003,). . 2002, 300 , Hipparcos . (2002) . (1996) , , . , ( ) . ( ) , .. «» . « », , - . .

2.3

2.3.1 (fall-back) ( . . 1999), , , (. 2000, 1998, . 2001). (kick, . 2002) (. . 2003). . 44

. 15. (> 0.01 ROSAT ) . ( . 2003,), ( , , ). , , (. , , . 2000). . . , 12% 40 , 19% -- 30 . ±12 . ( . 1999, . 2003).

(, 1994, . 1997) . . , , (. , 2002). (1998) (1998), , , . , . (. 2002). , , , , . ( . 2002), . .. (supra-massive) , , (LIGO, VIRGO ..) , . 45

. 16. , . 0.0001 -3 . . , 2 16 . (kick) . (2002). 5 · 10 8 , . ( 8 ) 2.8 · 10 -4 . . (2003).

. 17. , . z. [exp(-z /75 p c) exp(-R/4 kp c)] . , , 4 . 2.1 · 10 -4 -3 .

. ( II Ib/c) . «» («bounce») ( -) , . . , 46

(. . 1998 ). , ( ) ( . 2001). , ( . 1994, . 1998). (., , . 1999 ). ( 1992) 2 , . , ( ) . . , ( 0.1M ), ( . 1984). , , . . , ( . , 2002). -- -- ..- 1970 . -- . . , . ( . 1998, 2000) , . , ( ) 0.010.1 . «», ( 1016 1017 ), . ( ). ( ), , . . «» 1.35 M ( 1999). , , Vela X-1 ( . 2003), , 2 M . ( 1995, 1999, . 2001). , , , , .. 47

( , ) , , . Vela X-1 . , . , . . - . , . ( . (1996) . (2002)). . . 1.27 M , 1.4-1.6 M . 8 11 . , . ( ), . 1.39 M , . , 8 - 11M . , ( 15-20 M ) (. . 14 21 . 2002). (, ), . . , . . , , . fall-back, ( 1989). (. 2001), , , , , (. , ). 70- ( 1971, . 1972). (. , 1991, . 1998). , . . , . , 48

. , .. . . . .. , : . « » ( , , .. , ; , , , ). PA , : PA 20µ
6/7 32

M M

-5/7

M M

-3/7 -1

.

(20)

. . . .., . . (., , , 2001, , , , ). , , . , fall-back «» , .., , ( , , , ). , , (.. ) . , , (, , ) , (, , , 2003). 2.3.2 . . 1). . , . . 49

2). ( -, ). , ( ). , ( . 2002). . 3). (., , , 1998 2001). , , (, RX J1856.5-3754 , . . 4). «» , , ! : . -. . : (1997), (2000) , (2002). , -- . : . . . (, « » .). , ( ) . .. (. . 1998, 1999). (2002, ) , . GAIA. ( . 2002). , , ( . 2001, . 2002). . 2.3.3 ( . , 1986). , 30 (. 1971). - - - (, 1993). . (1998) (2001). , , 50

. ( . . 2002, . . 1996). - , , , - . , , . , , . . (2003) , - . (2001) . ( fall-back, . ), , «» . .., , , . , . , 1 . «» . . (> 30 M ) , (., , 1998, ). , ( . 2002, , 2002). ( SDSS) . (2002). 2.3.4 ( ) . (). 70- . , , (1971), , , , , . , , (1970), (1978) (1984) ( , (1965), «», «» , .. 1965 . . 2001, . 2003 2002, , ). 51

, . , , . , . « » -- RX J1856.53754. ( . . 2001, . . 2002. Chandra XMM . 2003.) (2001) , . , . (2002), (2001), . (2002). ( 2002). 358 ( 2002). 0.065 ( . 2002). . (2002) , . : 4U 1820-30, SAX J1808.4-3658, 4U 1728-34, Her X-1, GRO J1744-28 (. 2002). (., , , 2000, 2001). , , .

52

3
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