Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://nuclphys.sinp.msu.ru/UFN/r948e.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Mon Apr 13 15:33:42 2009 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Oct 1 22:10:17 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: ISO8859-5 Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: ð ï ð ï ð ï ð ï ð ï ð ï ð ï ð ï ï ð ï ï ð ï ï ð ï ï ð ï ï ð ï ï ð ï

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PACS numbers: 01.60.+q

Ãã×ÖÛ ßàáÕáêÛäÞ×ààîè ÖáäåáÛàäåÔ Á×åãÒ ×áàÛÖáÔÛêÒ ?ÒâÛéî äÞ×Öæ×å ÔîÖ×ÞÛåï ×Õá ÛäÝÞñêÛå×Þïàæñ áÓòÚÒå×Þïàáäåï Ô â×ã×âÛäÝ×. Àà ÓîÞ áê×àï ÒÝÝæãÒåàîß Ýáãã×äâáàÖ×àåáß, Ôä×ÕÖÒ Óîäåãá áåÔ×êÒÞ àÒ âÛäïßÒ. ? äêÒäåïñ, áàÛ Û ÝáâÛÛ ×Õá áåÔ×åáÔ äáèãÒàÛÞÛäï. ?áâÛÛ ðåÛ äáèãÒàòÞÛäï ÛÚ êÛäåá Ö×ÞáÔîè äááÓãÒÙ×àÛÜ, êåáÓî ÔäâáßàÛåï, âãáÖáÞÙÒò àÒêÒåæñ â×ã×âÛäÝæ, á ÝÒÝÛè ÝáàÝã×åàîè ÔáâãáäÒè æÙ× ëÞÒ Ô à×Ü ã×êï Û å.Ö. ? ðåáß âÞÒà× Á.. ?ÒâÛéÒ áê×àï àÒâáßÛàÒ×å äÔá×Õá å×äåò, ÒÝÒÖ×ßÛÝÒ ÅÞ×Ýä×ò ?ÛÝáÞÒ×ÔÛêÒ ?ãîÞáÔÒ, ÒãèÛÔ ÝáåáãáÕá ×ì× âãÛ ×Õá ÙÛÚàÛ äáÖ×ãÙÒÞäò Ô áÓãÒÚéáÔáß âáãòÖÝ×. ? âáäÞ×ÖàÛ× ÕáÖî ßàáÕá× ÛÚ Ó×äé×ààáÕá ÒãèÛÔÒ ?ÒâÛéî, Ô áäàáÔàáß ÓÞÒÕáÖÒãò æäÛÞÛòß ×Õá ã×ç×ã×àåÒ, Á.?. ÂæÓÛàÛàÒ, ÓîÞá áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒàá Ô ÔÛÖ× áåÖ×Þïàîè ÝàÛÕ, Ô ÙæãàÒÞïàîè äåÒåïòè. Á.?. ÂæÓÛàÛà ÞñÓ×Úàá âã×ÖáäåÒÔÛÞ Ô àÒë× ãÒäâáãòÙ×àÛ× ßÒå×ãÛÒÞî â×ã×âÛäÝÛ Á.. ?ÒâÛéî ä ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔîß. ÀàÒ áèÔÒåîÔÒ×å ë×äåï Þ×å (ä 1929-Õá âá 1934-Ü ÕáÖ) Û äáÖ×ãÙÛå áÝáÞá ÖÔæè Ö×äòåÝáÔ âÛä×ß áÓáÛè ×× æêÒäåàÛÝáÔ. à Ûß×àÛ ?ÒßáÔÒ äàòå ä×ÜêÒä ÚÒâã×å, Ò ä à×Õá äÒßáÕá ü òãÞîÝ "à×ÔáÚÔãÒì×àéÒ" (áà æ×èÒÞ ÛÚ ÃÃÃÂ Ô 1933 Õ.). ? ÀÖ×ää×, Á×å×ãÓæãÕ× æÙ× âãáÔ×Ö×àî Û ÓæÖæå âãáÔáÖÛåïäò Ýáàç×ã×àéÛÛ, âãÛæãáê×ààî× Ý 90-Þ×åÛñ äá Öàò ãáÙÖ×àÛò ?×áãÕÛò ÅàåáàáÔÛêÒ. 1994-Ü ÕáÖ ü ðåá ÕáÖ äåáÞ×åÛò äá Öàò ãáÙÖ×àÛò Á×åãÒ ×áàÛÖáÔÛêÒ ?ÒâÛéî. ÁæÓÞÛÝÒéÛò â×ã×âÛäÝÛ ÖÔæè æê×àîè âã×ÖäåÒÔÞò×åäò ä×ÜêÒä áäáÓ×ààá æß×äåàáÜ. ?ì× ÓáÞïëÛÜ äßîäÞ áàÒ Ûß××å Ô äÔòÚÛ ä èÒãÒÝå×ãáß ßÒå×ãÛÒÞáÔ, âæÓÞÛÝæ×ßîè Ô à×Ü. ? âÛäïßÒè àÒèáÖòå äÔá× áåãÒÙ×àÛ× ÔÒÙàî× Òäâ×Ýåî àÒæêàáÜ ãÒÓáåî ?ÒßáÔÒ, ×Õá ÝáàåÒÝåî ä æê×àîßÛ ?ÒÔ×àÖÛëäÝáÜ ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ, Ôáâãáäî, äÔòÚÒààî× ä ÛÚÖÒàÛ×ß ×Õá ÛÚÔ×äåàáÜ ßáàáÕãÒçÛÛ âá çÛÚÛÝ× òÖãÒ, â×ãÔî× ß×äòéî ×Õá âã×ÓîÔÒàÛò ÚÒ ãæÓ×Ùáß âáäÞ× áÝåòÓãò 1933 Õ. ?ÒãòÖæ ä ðåÛß êÛåÒå×Þï àÒÜÖ×å ÚÖ×äï ÖáâáÞàÛå×Þïàî× ßÒå×ãÛÒÞî, äÔÛÖ×å×ÞïäåÔæñìÛ× á åáÜ âáÖÖ×ãÙÝ×, Ýáåáãæñ áÝÒÚîÔÒÞ Á.. ?ÒâÛéÒ äÔáÛß äááå×ê×äåÔ×ààÛÝÒß, áãÕÒàÛÚæò Ûè ÔîäåæâÞ×àÛò àÒ ãÒÚÞÛêàîè Ýáàç×ã×àéÛòè Û ä×ßÛàÒãÒè,

?äåæâÛå×Þïàî× ÚÒß×êÒàÛò Û â×ã×ÔáÖ âÛä×ß, Ò åÒÝÙ× Ýáßß×àåÒãÛÛ Ý àÛß äáäåÒÔÞ×àî ?.Ñ. Æã×àÝ×Þ×ß.

âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛñ Ûè äåÒå×Ü, ÛÚÖÒàÛ× ßáàáÕãÒçÛÜ, âáßáÕÒò Ûß ä âáÞæê×àÛ×ß ÔÛÚ Û å.Ö. ÁÛäïßÒ ?ÒâÛéî ?ÒßáÔæ ÖÒñåäò Ô â×ã×ÔáÖ× ä ÒàÕÞÛÜäÝáÕá. ÁãÛß×ãàá ä ä×ã×ÖÛàî 20-è ÕáÖáÔ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê ÖÛÝåáÔÒÞ Ö×ÞáÔî× âÛäïßÒ äÔá×ßæ ä×Ýã×åÒãñ, áàÛ äå×àáÕãÒçÛãáÔÒÞÛäï Û â×ã×â×êÒåîÔÒÞÛäï àÒ ÒàÕÞÛÜäÝáÜ ßÒëÛàÝ×. Å åÒÝáÜ âãáé×Öæãî ÓîÞ Û ×ì× áÖÛà ã×Úáà. ? âÛäïß× Ä.Å. ÅçÒàÒäï×ÔáÜ-Ïã×àç×äå Ô áåÔ×å àÒ Ôáâãáä á åáß, âáê×ßæ âÛäïßá Ý à×Ü àÒâÛäÒàá âá-ÒàÕÞÛÜäÝÛ, Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê ÚÒß×åÛÞ, êåá Ö×ÞÒ×å ðåá Û Ô äÞæêÒ× äÔáÛè ãæääÝÛè ÒÖã×äÒåáÔ, âáåáßæ êåá ðåá ÓæÖ×å Ûß æÖáÓà××, ê×ß ãÒÚÓÛãÒåï ×Õá ü äÝÒÙ×ß åÒÝ ü äÔá×áÓãÒÚàîÜ âáê×ãÝ. Éåá ÝÒäÒ×åäò ?ÒßáÔÒ, åá áà âÛäÒÞ ?ÒâÛé× âá-ãæääÝÛ, êÒäå×àïÝá ÔäåÒÔÞòò Ô âÛäïßá ÛàáäåãÒààî× äÞáÔÒ. ÀàÛ äáèãÒà×àî Ô å×Ýäå× Û Ô à×ß Ù× âãÛ à×áÓèáÖÛßáäåÛ ÖÒ×åäò Ûè â×ã×ÔáÖ àÒ ãæääÝÛÜ òÚîÝ. ?ÒÖá áåß×åÛåï, êåá ?ÒßáÔ êÒäåá âã×à×Óã×ÕÒÞ âãÒÔÛÞÒßÛ ÕãÒßßÒåÛÝÛ, âãÛê×ß ðåá áåàáäÛåäò ÝÒÝ Ý ãæääÝáßæ, åÒÝ Û Ý ÒàÕÞÛÜäÝáßæ (à×ß×éÝáßæ, ÖÒåäÝáßæ...) òÚîÝÒß. ? ðåáß âÞÒà× áà äÞæÙÛÞ áÓí×Ýåáß ÖãæÙ×äÝÛè âáÖëæêÛÔÒàÛÜ, Ý Ýáåáãîß áåàáäÛÞäò ÓáÞ×× ê×ß å×ãâÛßá. ÃááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÛ× áÕã×èÛ âãÛ âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛÛ æäåãÒàòñåäò Ó×Ú äâ×éÛÒÞïàîè áÕáÔáãáÝ. ?Þò áäÔ×ì×àÛò äááåÔ×åäåÔæñì×Õá â×ãÛáÖÒ ÙÛÚàÛ ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔÒ ßî ÔÝÞñêÛÞÛ Ô ðåæ â×ã×âÛäÝæ âÛäïßá ?×áãÕÛò ÅàåáàáÔÛêÒ ÁÒÔÞæ ÃÛÕÛÚßæàÖáÔÛêæ Ïã×àç×äåæ, ÔäåÒÔÛÔ ×Õá Ô èãáàáÞáÕÛê×äÝÛÜ ãòÖ. Ààá âáðåáßæ áåÝãîÔÒ×å âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛñ. ?ä× âÛäïßÒ äáâãáÔáÙÖÒñåäò Ýáßß×àåÒãÛòßÛ. ?×äÝáÞïÝá äÞáÔ, âã×ÖÔÒãòñìÛè ðåæ âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛñ. Çáãáëá ÛÚÔ×äåàá, êåá Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê, âãÛ×èÒÔëÛÜ Ô ÅàÕÞÛñ Ô 1921 Õ., Ý Ýáàéæ 20-è ÕáÖáÔ äåÒÞ áÖàÛß ÛÚ Ô×ÖæìÛè äáåãæÖàÛÝáÔ ?ÒÔ×àÖÛëäÝáÜ ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ Ï. Â×Ú×ãçáãÖÒ. ?ß ÓîÞ âáÞæê×à ãòÖ çæàÖÒß×àåÒÞïàîè ã×ÚæÞïåÒåáÔ (äÔ×ãèÔîäáÝÛ× ßÒÕàÛåàî× âáÞò Û âáÔ×Ö×àÛ× Ô àÛè ß×åÒÞÞáÔ, ã×ÒÞÛÚáÔÒààÒò ÛÖ×ò âáß×ì×àÛò Ô åÒÝÛ× âáÞò ÝÒß×ãî ?ÛÞïäáàÒ Û å.Ö.). ? ÅàÕÞÛÛ ëÛãáÝæñ ÛÚÔ×äåàáäåï ä ä×ã×ÖÛàî 20-è ÕáÖáÔ âãÛáÓã×Þ Û ?ÞæÓ ?ÒâÛéî (Kapitza-Club) ü ×Õá âáäåáòààá Ö×ÜäåÔæñìÛÜ ä×ßÛàÒã, Ô ãÒÓáå× ÝáåáãáÕá âãÛàÛßÒÞÛ æêÒäåÛ× Ô×ÖæìÛ× çÛÚÛÝÛ ÅàÕÞÛÛ Û à× åáÞïÝá ÅàÕÞÛÛ. ?Ò ÚÒä×ÖÒàÛòè ðåáÕá ÝÞæÓÒ à× ãÒÚ ÔîäåæâÒÞ Û ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔ. ÃÔáÜ â×ãÔîÜ ÖáÝÞÒÖ
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á å×áãÛÛ ãÒÖÛáÒÝåÛÔàîè òÖ×ã, Ô Ýáåáãáß áà âãÛÔÞ×Ý ÝÔÒàåáÔæñ ß×èÒàÛÝæ ÖÞò áÓíòäà×àÛò âãáé×ääÒ a-ãÒäâÒÖÒ, ÓîÞ äÖ×ÞÒà àÒ 209-ß ÚÒä×ÖÒàÛÛ ?ÞæÓÒ ?ÒâÛéî 22 òàÔÒãò 1929 Õ. ?ì× ãÒàïë×, Öá âãÛ×ÚÖÒ ?ÒßáÔÒ, á ×Õá ãÒÓáå× âá a-ãÒäâÒÖæ ãÒääÝÒÚÒÞ, ÔÛÖÛßá, äÒß Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê (Ý äáÙÒÞ×àÛñ, Ô áåÞÛêÛ× áå âãÒÔÛÞÒ, àÒ ðåáå ãÒÚ çÒßÛÞÛò ÖáÝÞÒÖêÛÝÒ à× àÒÚÔÒàÒ). 18 àáòÓãò 1930 Õ. àÒ 265-ß ÚÒä×ÖÒàÛÛ ?ÞæÓÒ ?. ?Òåäáàáß äÖ×ÞÒàá äááÓì×àÛ× á ãÒÓáå× ?ÒßáÔÒ âá äÔ×ãèåáàÝáÜ äåãæÝåæã× äâ×ÝåãÒ aêÒäåÛé. ÃááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÒò äåãÒàÛêÝÒ æÝãÒë×àÒ çáåáÕãÒçÛ×Ü ?ÒßáÔÒ, ÝáåáãîÜ, ãÒäâáÞáÙÛÔëÛäï àÒ áÖàáÜ ÛÚ Ô×ãëÛà ÅÞïâ, ÖáâÛäîÔÒ×å âáäÞ×ÖàÛ× äåãáêÝÛ ðåáÜ äåÒåïÛ (çáåáÕãÒçÛò äÖ×ÞÒàÒ Â. ÁÒÜ×ãÞäáß, ÝáåáãîÜ Ôß×äå× ä ?ÒßáÔîß Û . ÂáÚ×àç×ÞïÖáß äáÔ×ãëÒÞ Ô ÛñÞ× 1930 Õ. ÒÞïâÛàÛäåäÝÛÜ âáèáÖ). 11 Ûñàò 1934 Õ. ?ÒßáÔ ÔîäåæâÛÞ ä ÖáÝÞÒÖáß áÓ áåãÛéÒå×Þïàáß âãáåáà×. ?ãæÕÒò äåáãáàÒ "áÓì×äåÔ×ààáÜ" Ö×òå×ÞïàáäåÛ Á×åãÒ ×áàÛÖáÔÛêÒ Ô ÅàÕÞÛÛ äáäåáòÞÒ Ô æâáßòàæåáÜ Ôîë× âáÖÖ×ãÙÝ× äÔáÛè Ú×ßÞòÝáÔ. Àà äáÖ×ÜäåÔáÔÒÞ Ûè âãÛÕÞÒë×àÛñ Ô ?ÒÔ×àÖÛëäÝæñ ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛñ. Ð.?. ÇÒãÛåáà, ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔ, ?. ?. ÃÛà×ÞïàÛÝáÔ, Å.?. ×ÜâæàäÝÛÜ âáâÒÞÛ Ô ðåæ ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛñ âãÛ âãòßáÜ âáÖÖ×ãÙÝ× ?ÒâÛéî. ? âãÛß×êÒàÛÛ Ý âæÓÞÛÝæ×ßîß âÛäïßÒß æâáßÛàÒ×åäò ãÒÓáåÒ ?ÒâÛéî ÝÒÝ ã×ÖÒÝåáãÒ ß×ÙÖæàÒãáÖàáÜ ä×ãÛÛ ßáàáÕãÒçÛÜ âá àáÔáÜ çÛÚÛÝ×, ÛÚÖÒÔÒÔë×Üäò Ô ÛÚÖÒå×ÞïäåÔ× ?ÞÒã×àÖáà-Áã×ää (Ôåáãîß ã×ÖÒÝåáãáß ä×ãÛÛ ÓîÞ âãáç×ääáã Â. ÆÒæÞ×ã). À ?ÒßáÔ× æ àÒä ü âáÝÒ êåá ü àÒâÛäÒàá áê×àï Û áê×àï ßÒÞá. ÅÝÒÙ×ß, êåá Ô 1928 Õ. áà ÓîÞ ÝáßÒàÖÛãáÔÒà Ô ?×ãßÒàÛñ, Ô ?eååÛàÕ×à. ÁãáÔ×Þ åÒß Ôä×Õá ÖÔÒ ß×äòéÒ, Ø àá ÚÒ ðåá ÝáãáåÝá× Ôã×ßò æäâ×Þ ÔîâáÞàÛåï Û ÖáÞáÙÛåï àÒ ä×ßÛàÒã× ?ÒÝäÒ ?áãàÒ ãÒÓáåæ âá a-ãÒäâÒÖæ, ÝáåáãÒò äãÒÚæ Ù× âãÛà×äÞÒ ×ßæ ëÛãáêÒÜëæñ ÛÚÔ×äåàáäåï äã×ÖÛ ÝáÞÞ×Õ. ÀàÒ âáäÞæÙÛÞÒ âãÛêÛàáÜ âãÛÕÞÒë×àÛò ?ÒßáÔÒ Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à, ÕÖ× áà àÒêÒÞ ãÒÓáåÒåï Ô ?àäåÛåæå× ?ÛÞïäÒ ?áãÒ, âáÚàÒÝáßÛÞäò ä ×Õá ÝáÞÞ×ÕÒßÛ Û äáåãæÖàÛÝÒßÛ. ÄÒß ?ÒßáÔ âãáÖáÞÙÛÞ äÔáÛ ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò âá ÝÔÒàåáÔáß×èÒàÛê×äÝáÜ å×áãÛÛ a-ãÒäâÒÖÒ. ? åÒß Ù× áà àÒêÒÞ ãÒÓáåÒåï Ô áÓÞÒäåÛ äåãæÝåæãî ÒåáßàáÕá òÖãÒ, àÒß×åÛÞ Ýáàåæãî ÝÒâ×ÞïàáÜ ßáÖ×ÞÛ. ÁáÞæêÛÔ âá ã×Ýáß×àÖÒéÛÛ ?áãÒ âãÛÕÞÒë×àÛ× Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ, áà âá ÖáãáÕ× Ô ÅàÕÞÛñ áÓäæÙÖÒÞ ðåáå Ôáâãáä Ô ×ÜÖ×à× ä Ïã×àç×äåáß.

? äáÙÒÞ×àÛñ, ×ÖÔÒ ÞÛ æÖÒäåäò ÝáàêÛåï ãÒàïë× Þ×åÒ ü áê×àï åãæÖàá åÒÝÛ× âáå×àéÛÒÞî Ý åãæÓÝ× âãÛÞáÙÛåï. ?áÚßáÙàá, êåá Û Ô×äàáÜ áâòåï âãÛ×Öæ äñÖÒ, æÙ áê×àï ÚÖ×äï èáãáëá, ÖÞò ðåáÕá ò âáäÞÒÞ àÒ Öàòè ÚÒòÔÞ×àÛ× Ô ÂáääÛñ ä âãáäïÓáÜ á ÖÒÞïà×Üë×Ü äæÓäÛÖÛÛ. ?×ãáòåàáäåï, èáåò Û à×ÓáÞïëÒò (ÝÒàé×ÞòãäÝÛÜ PotenZialschwelle ("âáå×àéÛÒÞïàîÜ ÓÒãï×ã")), àá Ôä× Ù× áåÞÛêàÒ áå àæÞò. ?äÞÛ áäåÒàæäï ×ì× ÚÒÕãÒàÛé×Ü, åá àÒÖ×ñäï àÒÔ×äåÛåï ?Òä ×ì× ãÒÚ Ô×äàáÜ (à× Ôá Ôã×ßò ÝÒàÛÝæÞ). É×ã×Ú à×Ö×Þñ áåÓîÔÒñ Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à Û Ó×ãæäï ÚÒ Ö×åÒÞïàîÜ âáÖäê×å "òÖãÒ-ÝÒâ×ÞïÝÛ", 3 ä×ÜêÒä ðåÒ ßáÖ×Þï Ôä× ÓáÞ×× Û ÓáÞ×× Ô×ãáòåàÒ. ÁáÝÞáà Ôä×ß ?ÒëÛß, ?Òë ?. ?ÒßáÔ
1. ? ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ ?ÒßáÔ âãÛ×èÒÞ ÛÚ ×ÜÖ×àÒ, ÕÖ× âãáÓîÞ áÝáÞá à×Ö×ÞÛ (æ×èÒÞ ÛÚ ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×àÒ äãÒÚæ âáäÞ× ?áÔáÕá ÕáÖÒ). 6 òàÔÒãò áà âáäåÒÔÛÞ äÔáñ âáÖâÛäï àÒ ÖáäÝ×, äåáòÔë×Ü Ô ÝáßàÒå× ÖÞò Õáäå×Ü Ô Öáß× Ïã×àç×äåÒ àÒ æÞÛé× ?×Þîè ÂáÚ (Witte Rosenstraat, 57). ?Ò ðåáÜ ÖáäÝ× ãÒäâÛäîÔÒÞÛäï ÔîÖÒñìÛ×äò çÛÚÛÝÛ â×ãÔáÜ åã×åÛ àÒë×Õá Ô×ÝÒ. ?äåï àÒ à×Ü Û âáÖâÛäï Á.. ?ÒâÛéî. 2. Â×êï ÚÖ×äï ÛÖ×å á ãÒÓáåÒè ?. ?áÝãáçåÒ Û Ï. ÅáÞåáàÒ âá äááãæÙ×àÛñ æäåÒàáÔÝÛ (ÞÛà×ÜàáÕá æäÝáãÛå×Þò ü åãæÓÝÛ) ÖÞò ÓáßÓÒãÖÛãáÔÝÛ òÖ×ã ÛäÝæääåÔ×ààá æäÝáã×ààîßÛ âãáåáàÒßÛ. ÂÒÓáåÒ ÓîÞÒ ÔîâáÞà×àÒ Ô 1932 Õ. Ô ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ Â×Ú×ãçáãÖÒ. ?îÞÒ áäæì×äåÔÞ×àÒ åãÒàäßæåÒéÛò òÖ×ã ÞÛåÛò æäÝáã×ààîßÛ âãáåáàÒßÛ 7 1 4 3 Li 1 H 3 22 He . ? 1932 Õ., à×äÝáÞïÝá âáÚÖà××, äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÛÜ ã×ÚæÞïåÒå ÓîÞ âáÔåáã×à Ô ÇÒãïÝáÔäÝáß çÛÚÛÝá-å×èàÛê×äÝáß ÛàäåÛåæå× (Å.?. ?ÒÞïå×ã, ?.?. Òåîë×Ô, Å.?. ×ÜâæàäÝÛÜ, ?.?. ÃÛà×ÞïàÛÝáÔ). ? 1951 Õ. ?áÝãáçå Û ÅáÞåáà ÓîÞÛ æÖáäåá×àî ÚÒ äÔáÛ ãÒÓáåî ?áÓ×Þ×ÔäÝáÜ âã×ßÛÛ âá çÛÚÛÝ×. 3. À ãáÞÛ ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔÒ Ô äáÚÖÒàÛÛ ÝÒâ×ÞïàáÜ ßáÖ×ÞÛ òÖãÒ äß. äåÒåïñ ?.Ñ. Æã×àÝ×Þò "?Òâ×ÞïàÒò ßáÖ×Þï òÖãÒ" Ô Ýà.: ?×Þ×àÛ× òÖ×ã ü 50 Þ×å. ?×ÙÖæàÒãáÖàÒò Ýáàç×ã×àéÛò Ô ×àÛàÕãÒÖ×, ÃÃÃÂ, 16û20 áÝåòÓãò 1989 Õ. (ÂÒÖÛ×ÔîÜ Ûà-å Ûß. ?.?. ÇÞáâÛàÒ, 1992), å. 1, ä. 128û132.

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K?benhavn 15 Febr. 1929

?ÒßáÔ ü Ïã×àç×äåæ
105 Castle Street, Cambridge 24 January 1929

?áãáÕáÜ ÁÒÔ×Þ ÃÛÕÛÚßæàÖáÔÛê! ?áå æÙ× Ôåáãæñ à×Ö×Þñ äÛÙæ Ô Cambridg'e1 , ÕáÔáãÛÞ äá ßàáÕÛßÛ "ãÒÖÛáÒÝåÛÔÛäåÒßÛ" Û æÚàÒÞ âáãòÖáêàá àáÔîè Ô×ì×Ü. ? äáÙÒÞ×àÛñ, ßàáÕÛ× Ûàå×ã×äàî× ãÒÓáåî ×ì× à× Ýáàê×àî Û Ûß×ñåäò ÞÛëï âã×ÖÔÒãÛå×Þïàî× ã×ÚæÞïåÒåî. ÃÒßá× ÚÒÓÒÔàá×, âáÙÒÞæÜ, âáâîåÝÛ âáÞæêÛåï ÛäÝæääåÔ×ààî× a-êÒäåÛéî Ô 106 ÔáÞïå. ÃÝáãáäåï ß×àïëÒò, ê×ß "áÓîÝàáÔ×ààÒò", àá ÚÒåá ÔáÚßáÙàá ÓæÖ×å Ûß×åï ÝáÞáääÒÞïàæñ äÛÞæ åáÝÒ (áÝáÞá Åßâ×ãÒ!). Ñ âáÖäêÛåîÔÒñ Ô×ãáòåàáäåï Zerstummerung (ãÒäì×âÞ×àÛò Ø òÖ×ã) Û ÖÞò ðåáÜ äÝáãáäåÛ âáÞæêÒ×åäò à× åÒÝ ßÒÞá, Ò âãÛ åÒÝáÜ âÞáåàáäåÛ a-âáåáÝÒ ãÒÚÓÛÔÒàÛ× ÓæÖ×å Ô×äïßÒ Û Ô×äïßÒ äÛÞïàîß. ÀäáÓ×ààá ÚÒÓÒÔàá, êåá åáÕÖÒ ßáÙàá ä åÒÝÛß Ù× æäâ×èáß äáÚÖÒåï H-ÞæêÛ Û áäæì×äåÔÛåï ãÒÚÓÛÔÒàÛ× ÒåáßáÔ H-êÒäåÛéÒßÛ (a ÓæÖæå ÔîÞ×åÒåï!), Û ðåá æÙ× ßáÙ×å ÖÒåï ßàáÕá ÖÞò å×áãÛÛ òÖãÒ.2

?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! ÁáäîÞÒñ ?Òß áååÛäÝÛ. ?áÓãÒÞäò Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à ä é×Þîß Ôáãáèáß âãÛÝÞñê×àÛÜ: ëåáãß Ô Ã×Ô×ãàáß ßáã×, "åãÛ Öàò Ôá ÞïÖÒè Ô âãáÞÛÔ×". ?áÔáÞ×à â×ã××ÚÖáß æÙÒäàá. ?ÒêÒÞ âÛäÒåï ÝàÛÙÝæ; ?áã, Ô×ãáòåàá, àÒâÛë×å âã×ÖÛäÞáÔÛ×.1 Å àÒä Ô àÒêÒÞ× ßÒãåÒ ÓæÖ×å äáÚÔÒàÒ Ýáàç×ã×àéÛò âá å×áãÛÛ òÖãÒ. ÁáÞæêÛÞ Ôê×ãÒ âÛäïßá, êåá Ô âãáäÛßîè ßàáñ Ö×àïÕÒè ?ÒãÝáßâãáäáß áåÝÒÚÒàá (ðè, ÂÒä×ò, ÂÒä×ò!), àá... ÅÓãÒß Æ×ÖáãáÔÛê 2 Ô ÔÛÖ× åòÙ×ÞáÜ ÒãåÛÞÞ×ãÛÛ ÚÒäåÒÔÛÞ â×ã×äßáåã×åï Û å×â×ãï, ÝÒÙÛäï, ÖÒñå. ? ÕÒÚ×åÒè âÛëæå (Ô "ÁãÒÔÖ×" ×à[ÛàÕãÒÖäÝáÜ] áâòåï ÓáÞïëæìÒò äåÒåïò ä æåÔ×ãÙÖ×àÛ×ß, êåá ãÒÖÛáÒÝåÛÔàáäåï à× Ûß××å àÛê×Õá áÓì×Õá ä ãÒÖÛáå×Þ×ÕãÒçáß!), Ò àÒäê×å Ö×à×Õ, åÒÝ à× åáÕá... ÁáÝÞáà Ôä×ß ?ÒëÛß, Your G. Gamow P.S. Á×ã×ÖÒÜå× ?ÛãÛÞÞæ ?ßÛåãÛ×ÔÛêæ 3 , êåá ×Õá âÛäïßá ò áåáäÞÒÞ.
1. ?ÛÖÛßá, ?ÒßáÔ àÒêÒÞ æÙ× åáÕÖÒ ãÒÓáåÒåï àÒÖ äÔá×Ü ÝàÛÕáÜ, Ôîë×Öë×Ü Ô 1931 Õ. Ô ÅàÕÞÛÛ (äß. âãÛß×ê. 1 Ý âÛäïßæ áå 1.03.31). Á×ãÔîß ×× âãÛÓÞÛÙ×àÛ×ß ÓîÞÒ ä×ãÛò äåÒå×Ü "Àê×ãÝ ãÒÚÔÛåÛò æê×àÛò á äåãá×àÛÛ ÒåáßàáÕá òÖãÒ" Ô "Åäâ×èÒè çÛÚÛê×äÝÛè àÒæÝ". Á×ãÔÒò ÛÚ àÛè áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒàÒ Ô 1930 Õ. (å. 10, ä. 531). ? 1930 Õ. ÔîëÞÒ à×ÓáÞïëÒò ÝàÛÙÝÒ ?ÒßáÔÒ "Ååáßàá× òÖãá Û ãÒÖÛáÒÝåÛÔàáäåï" (?.; .: ???, 1930).


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881

2. ÅÓãÒß Æ×ÖáãáÔÛê ?áçç×, ÖÛã×Ýåáã ÆÛÚÛÝá-å×èàÛê×äÝáÕá ÛàäåÛåæåÒ. 3. ?ÛãÛÞÞ ?ßÛåãÛ×ÔÛê ÃÛà×ÞïàÛÝáÔ ÛÚ ÇÒãïÝáÔäÝáÕá ÆÄ?. Ãß. á à×ß ÖÒÞ×× Ô ðåáÜ â×ã×âÛäÝ×.

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ÅäåãáàáßÛê×äÝÒò áÓä×ãÔÒåáãÛò ÃÛß×ÛÚ, ?ãîß 13 Ûñàò 1929 Õ.

?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! ?áå ò æÙ× é×ÞîÜ ß×äòé Ô ÂáääÛÛ ü ä×ÜêÒä âãÛ×èÒÞ Ô ?ãîß ÞÒÚÛåï âá ÕáãÒß Û ÝæâÒåïäò. ÁáÖ ÔÞÛòàÛ×ß "ÒäåãáàáßÛê×äÝáÜ ÛàÖæÝéÛÛ" ÚÒàòÞäò à×ßàáÕá "Ôàæåã×ààáäåòßÛ" ÚÔ×ÚÖ ü Sterne und Kerne (ÚÔ×ÚÖî Û òÖãÒ) 1 Û ã×ÒÝéÛ×Ü "ðÞ×Ýåãáà+âãáåáà=áÖàá âæäåá× ß×äåá"... 2 ?ÛÖÒÞÛ ÞÛ ?î ãÒÓáåæ ÃÝáÓ×ÞïéîàÒ (Z.f. Phys.<1929> Bd. 54. H. 9/10) á âãáàÛÝÒñì×Ü ãÒÖÛÒéÛÛ 3 ü áê×àï Ô×Öï ÚÒÓÒÔàá hn åáêàá äß×ãÛåï, Ò à× âá ÝÒÝáßæ-åá åÒß âáÕÞáì×àÛñ. Å à×Õá ßÒÕàÛåàáÕá âáÞò à× èÔÒåÛÞá, êåáÓî ðÞ×Ýåãáàî Ô ÖæÕæ äáÕàæåï û Ôáå Ô ?ÒëÛè Óî âáÞòè âáâãáÓáÔÒåï! ?î à× äáÓÛãÒ×å×äï? 4 <...> ?ÒÝ æäâ×èÛ ?áÝãáçåÒ ä ÛäÝæääåÔ×ààîßÛ a-ÞæêÒßÛ? 5 Å ß×àò ä×ÜêÒä Ýá×-êåá àáÔá× âá å×áãÛÛ. ?äåÒåÛ, Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê, æ ß×àò Ý ?Òß âãáäïÓÒ. Ñ âáÞæêÛÞ ÂáÝç×ÞÞ×ãáÔäÝÛ× ÒàÝ×åî 6 Û, åÒÝ ÝÒÝ ÅÓãÒß Æ×ÖáãáÔÛêÒ ä×ÜêÒä à×åæ (áà Ô ?äâÒàÛÛ Û, ÝÒÙ×åäò, ×Ö×å Ô ÑâáàÛñ), åá ò âáäÞÒÞ Ûè R.H. Fowler'y (ÆÒæÞ×ãæ) ä âãáäïÓáÜ æäåãáÛåï ÝÒÝ-ÞÛÓá Cambridge'äÝÛßÛ äÛÞÒßÛ. ?× ÚàÒñ, ÚÒäåÒÞ ÞÛ âÒÝ×å ×Õá ×ì× Ô ÅàÕÞÛÛ, ÛÞÛ áà æ×èÒÞ Ô ÅçãÛÝæ. ?áÙ×å Óîåï, ?î àÒâÛëÛå×, ÝÒÝ æäåãáÛÞáäï ðåá Ö×Þá. ÀåÔ×å áå Education Bowrd (ÁãÒÔÞ×àÛ× áÓãÒÚáÔÒàÛò <ÂáÝç×ÞÞ×ãáÔäãáÔäÝáÕá çáàÖÒ>) ÖáÞÙ×à, âá-ÔÛÖÛßáßæ, âãÛÜåÛ Ô Cambridge ü to the proposer (Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ ü Ý ÞÛéæ, âã×ÖÞÒÕÒÔë×ßæ <ßáñ> ÝÒàÖÛÖÒåæãæ). ?áÙ×å Óîåï, ?î ßáÕÞÛ Óî æäåãáÛåï, êåáÓî ß×àò ä×ÜêÒä Ù× ÛÚÔ×äåÛÞÛ, Ò åá Ô×Öï ÆÒæÞ×ãÒ à× ÓæÖ×å Ô Cambridge Öá ÝáàéÒ ä×àåòÓãò. ?á äÝáãáÕá äÔÛÖÒàÛò áä×àïñ. ?Òë ?. ?ÒßáÔ P.S. ÁáÝÞáà ?ÒëÛß.
1. ÁáÖ "ÒäåãáàáßÛê×äÝáÜ ÛàÖæÝéÛ×Ü" ?ÒßáÔ, Ô×ãáòåàá, âáàÛßÒ×å äÔáÛ ÝáàåÒÝåî ä ÒàÕÞÛÜäÝÛßÛ ÒäåãáàáßÒßÛ. 2. ?ÒâáßàÛß, êåá Ô 1929 Õ. âáÚÛåãáà à× ÓîÞ áåÝãîå, Û Ô ã×ÒÝéÛÛ ÒààÛÕÛÞòéÛÛ, äÔòÚÒààáÜ ä ÚÒèÞáâîÔÒàÛ×ß ÖîãÝÛ Ô åÒÝ àÒÚîÔÒ×ßáß áÝ×Òà× äáäåáòàÛÜ ä áåãÛéÒå×ÞïàáÜ ðà×ãÕÛ×Ü (?ÛãÒÝ), çÛÕæãÛãáÔÒÞ âãáåáà. Áã×ÝãÒäàîÜ ðäÝÛÚ ðåáÕá ÔáâãáäÒ ?ÒßáÔ ÖÒÞ Ô äÔá×ß âÛäïß× áå 3 òàÔÒãò 1930 Õ. ÛÚ ?×ßÓãÛÖÙÒ, ÒÖã×äáÔÒààáß Å.Æ. ?áçç×. Ãß.: ?áçç× Å.Æ. ?äåã×êÛ ä çÛÚÛÝÒßÛ (.: ?ÒæÝÒ, 1983), ä. 189û191. 3. ?ß××åäò Ô ÔÛÖæ ãÒÓáåÒ ?.?. ÃÝáÓ×ÞïéîàÒ "À àáÔáß ÔÛÖ× áê×àï Óîäåãîè g-Þæê×Ü". ? âãáé×ää× ÔîâáÞà×àÛò ðåáÜ ãÒÓáåî ×× ÒÔåáã äÖ×ÞÒÞ áåÝãîåÛ× ÞÛÔà×Ü ÝáäßÛê×äÝÛè Þæê×Ü. 4. ?Ö×äï ã×êï ÛÖ×å áÓ áâîåÒè ?.?. ÃÝáÓ×ÞïéîàÒ, âãáÔáÖÛÔëÛèäò Ô ÝÒß×ã× ?ÛÞïäáàÒ, âáß×ì×ààáÜ Ô ßÒÕàÛåàá× âáÞ×. ?Ö×ò áÓ ÛäâáÞïÚáÔÒàÛÛ äÛÞïàîè ßÒÕàÛåàîè âáÞ×Ü ÖÞò ÛääÞ×ÖáÔÒàÛò ÚÒãòÙ×ààîè êÒäåÛé ÓîÞÒ ÔîäÝÒÚÒàÒ Û áäæì×äåÔÞ×àÒ Á.. ?ÒâÛé×Ü Ô àÒêÒÞ× 20-è ÕáÖáÔ. ? ×Õá ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ× ÓîÞÛ ÖáäåÛÕàæåî ã×ÝáãÖàî× âá Ô×ÞÛêÛà× ßÒÕàÛåàî× âáÞò. 5. Ãß. âãÛß×ê. 2 Ý âÛäïßæ Á.Ã. Ïã×àç×äåæ. 6. Áã×å×àÖ×àåÒß (ÝÒàÖÛÖÒåÒß) àÒ âáÞæê×àÛ× äåÛâ×àÖÛÛ ÂáÝç×ÞÞ×ãáÔäÝáÕá çáàÖÒ ÔîäîÞÒÞÛ äâ×éÛÒÞïàî× ÒàÝ×åî. ÀàÛ ÖáÞÙàî ÓîÞÛ Óîåï âáÖâÛäÒàî ÖÔæßò ÞÛéÒßÛ ü å×ß, Ýåá ã×Ýáß×àÖæ×å ÝÒàÖÛÖÒåÒ, Û å×ß, Ýåá ðåæ ÝÒàÖÛÖÒåæãæ âáÖÖ×ãÙÛÔÒ×å. ? äÞæêÒ× ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔÒ ðåá ÓîÞÛ, äááåÔ×åäåÔ×ààá, Å.?. ?ãîÞáÔ Û Ð.Å. ?ãæåÝáÔ. ?è âã×ÖäåÒÔÞ×àÛ× ÓîÞá âáÖÖ×ãÙÒàá ãòÖáß Ý×ßÓãÛÖÙäÝÛè çÛÚÛÝáÔ, Ô åáß êÛäÞ×

Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê ?ÒâÛéÒ Û ?×áãÕÛÜ ÅàåáàáÔÛê ?ÒßáÔ (?×ßÓãÛÖÙ, àÒêÒÞá 30-è ÕáÖáÔ) Û Â×Ú×ãçáãÖáß. Ãß. áÓ ðåáß: Æã×àÝ×Þï ?.Ñ., ?ÙáÚ×çäáà Á. ÃáÔ×åäÝÛ× çÛÚÛÝÛ ü äåÛâ×àÖÛÒåî ÂáÝç×ÞÞ×ãáÔäÝáÕá çáàÖÒ (ÅÆ? 160 (11) 103û134 (1990)).

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
Moskva 9 September 1929

?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! ? äÞ×Öæñìæñ äæÓÓáåæ (28 Sept. [ä×àåòÓãò]) ò Ôî×ÚÙÒñ ÛÚ ×àÛàÕãÒÖÒ 1 Ô ÅàÕÞÛñ. Áá ÖáãáÕ× ò èáêæ, áÖàÒÝá, áäåÒàáÔÛåïäò àÒ åãÛ-ê×åîã× Öàò Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à×, âáäßáåã×åï äåÒãÛàæ ?áãÒ. ÄÒß Ù× ò ÖæßÒñ âáÞæêÛåï ÒàÕÞÛÜäÝæñ ÔÛÚæ ü æ àÒä ÚÖ×äï, ÔÔÛÖæ áåäæåäåÔÛò ÝáàäæÞïäåÔÒ, ðåá áê×àï äÞáÙàá, Ò Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×àäÝáß ÝáàäæÞïäåÔ× ß×àò æÙ× ÚàÒñå ü ò åÒß âáÞæêÒÞ æÙ× ÔÛÚæ ÚÛßáÜ. ?äÞÛ Rutherford (Â×Ú×ãçáãÖ) Û Fowler (ÆÒæÞ×ã) æÙ× Ô×ãàæÞÛäï ÛÚ ÅçãÛÝÛ ü äâãáäÛå× Ûè, âáÙÒÞæÜäåÒ, ÝÒÝ Þæêë× äÖ×ÞÒåï. Ñ ÖæßÒñ ÚÒâáÞàÛåï Û áåáäÞÒåï ÒàÝ×åî ÖÞò ÔÛÚî åáåêÒä Ù× âá âãÛ×ÚÖ× Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à. ?æßÒñ, êåá Ö×Þá à× ÚÒåòà×åäò ü Ô×Öï Ô âãáëÞîÜ ãÒÚ êæåï ÞÛ à× Ô âòåï Öà×Ü Ôä× äÖ×ÞÒÞÛ. ?á äÝáãáÕá äÔÛÖÒàÛò. ?Òë Joe
?áÜ ÒÖã×ä: .?. ÒàÖÒæ (ÖÞò ß×àò). ÄãáÛéÝÒò õ 29, ÝÔ. 41, ×àÛàÕãÒÖ ü Öá 28 ä×àåòÓãò. ÁáäÞ× 28 ä×àåòÓãò: Inst. for teoretisk. Fysik. Blegdamsvej 15. K?benhavn.


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[ÅÆ?. 1994

1. ?ÒßáÔ Ô×ãàæÞäò ÛÚ ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×àÒ Ô ×àÛàÕãÒÖ Ô×äàáÜ 1929 Õ. ?áÔÒò ×Õá âá×ÚÖÝÒ ÓîÞÒ äÔòÚÒàÒ ä âáÞæê×àÛ×ß ÂáÝç×ÞÞ×ãáÔäÝáÜ äåÛâ×àÖÛÛ.

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?-ãæ ?. ?ÒßáÔæ ê×ã×Ú âãáç. ?. ?áãÒ ÅàÛÔ×ãäÛå×å, ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à

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21 àáòÓãò 1930 Õ.

30 ä×àåòÓãò 1929 Õ.

?áÜ ÖáãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, ò åáÞïÝá êåá âãÛ×èÒÞ Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ Û æÚàÒÞ, êåá âãáç×ääáã ÆÒæÞ× ã Û âã áç ×ää áã Â×Ú ×ã çáã Ö × ì× à× Ô×ã àæÞÛ äï Û Ú ÐÙàáÜ ÅçãÛÝÛ. ÀàÛ áÙÛÖÒñåäò ÚÖ×äï ê×ã×Ú à×äÝáÞïÝá Öà×Ü ü ÝáãÒÓÞï, àÒ Ýáåáãáß áàÛ âÞîÔæå, áê×àï áâÒÚÖîÔÒ×å. ÉåáÓî æäÝáãÛåï âáÞæê×àÛ× ?Òë×Ü ÔÛÚî, É×ÖÔÛÝ âÛë×å Ô ?ÛàÛäå×ãäåÔá ÛàáäåãÒààîè Ö×Þ Û âãáäÛå, êåáÓî ðåÒ ÔÛÚÒ ÓîÞÒ áåâãÒÔÞ×àÒ Ô ÁáäáÞïäåÔá ?×ÞÛÝáÓãÛåÒàÛÛ Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à× ü ä å×ß, êåáÓî ?î ßáÕÞÛ äñÖÒ âãÛ×èÒåï ÝÒÝ ßáÙàá äÝáã××. ? àÒÖ×ÙÖ× ÔäÝáã× æÔÛÖ×åïäò ä ?ÒßÛ, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ

?áãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, Ôáå ò Û âáäîÞÒñ ?Òß âÛäïßá. ÃâÒäÛÓá ÚÒ áååÛäÝÛ ?ÒëÛè ãÒÓáå Û ?Òëæ Ýáãá åÝæñ äåÒåïñ. ? à× Óî èá å× Þáäï âáÓáÞïë× æÚàÒåï á ?Òä Û ÒàÖÒæ ü ÝÒÝáÔî ÔÒëÛ âÞÒàî Û êåá Ôî Ö×ÞÒ×å×? ?ß×äå× ä Ù×àáÜ ßî äáÔ×ãëÛÞÛ áê×àï âãÛòåàæñ âá×ÚÖÝæ Ô ÂáääÛñ, Ò å×â×ãï ò ãÒÓáåÒñ ÔáÔäñ. Ñ ÔÛÖ×Þ ÃÛà×ÞïàÛÝáÔÒ Û ßàáÕÛè ÖãæÕÛè ?ÒëÛè ÖãæÚ×Ü, Ýáåáãî× ëÞñå ?Òß äÔáÛ ä×ãÖ×êàî× âãÛÔ×åî. à àÒÛÞæêëÛßÛ âáÙ×ÞÒàÛòßÛ Ô ÙÛÚàÛ Û ãÒÓáå×, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
11 Martz 1931 ?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! Àê×ÔÛÖàá, ?î ä×ÜêÒä in charge of the book (ÚÒàòåî Ö×Þáß á <ßá×Ü> ÝàÛÕ×) 1 , åÒÝ ÝÒÝ, àÒäÝáÞïÝá ò ÚàÒñ, Fowler æ×èÒÞ. Ááä×ßæ âáäîÞÒñ ?Òß ÖÔ× áäåÒÔëÛ×äò ÝÒãåÛàÝÛ, Ýáåáãî× ò ÚÒÓîÞ âãÛÞáÙÛåï Ý ãæÝáâÛäÛ. ?ÛÖ×ÞÛ ÞÛ ?î ßÒàæäÝãÛâå, ÝÒÝ áà ?Òß âáàãÒÔÛÞäò Û ÝáÕÖÒ ò ßáÕæ áÙÛÖÒåï Ýáãã×Ýåæã? à âãÛäæìÛß ßà× çÛàÒàäáÔîß Õ×àÛ×ß (äáÕÞÒäàá æåÔ×ãÙÖ×àÛñ Mrs Kapitza) 2 ßà× áê×àï èáå×Þáäï Óî âáÞæêÛåï êåá-àÛÓæÖï ÔãáÖ× ÒÔÒàäÒ âáãòÖÝÒ 20 çæàåáÔ äå×ãÞÛàÕáÔ. Ñ ÓîÞ Ô òàÔÒã× ä ?áãáß àÒ ÞîÙÒè Ô ?áãÔ×ÕÛÛ, Ýáà×êàá, âãáåãÒàÙÛãÛÞäò Û ä×ÜêÒä ÝæÝæñ. ?ÒâÛëÛå×, âáÙÒÞæÜäåÒ, ßáÙàá ÞÛ ðåá æäåãáÛåï âáäÝáã××? Ñ áäåÒñäï Ô ?áâ× 3 Ôä× Þ×åá, Ô×ãáòåàá, ×Öæ àÒ KernWoche (òÖ×ãàæñ à×Ö×Þñ) Ô Zurich Û Ô áÝåòÓã× ü àÒ Ø ?àå×ãàÒéÛáàÒÞïàîÜ ÝáàÕã×ää Ô ÂÛß×, á Ýáåáãáß ?î, Ýáà×êàá, äÞîèÒÞÛ. ?åá âãÛÕÞÒë×à ÛÚ Cambridge? ? àÒÖ×ÙÖ× àÒ äÝáãîÜ áåÔ×å & with love from all people here [Û ä ÞñÓáÔïñ áå Ôä×è ÚÖ×ëàÛè] Your Joe Gamow

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?-ãæ ?. ?ÒßáÔæ, ?àäåÛåæå å×áã×åÛê×äÝáÜ çÛÚÛÝÛ, ?Þ×ÕÖÒßäÔ×Ü 15, ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à

11 áÝåòÓãò 1929 Õ.

?áãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, ä×ÕáÖàò ò âáÞæêÛÞ ?Òëæ å×Þ×ÕãÒßßæ Û æÙ× â×ã×ÕáÔáãÛÞ ä ÆÒæÞ×ãáß. ?î ä àÛß Ö×ÞÒ×ß Ôä×, êåá ßáÙàá, êåáÓî æäÝá ãÛ åï Ö ×Þ á ä ?Òë ×Ü ÔÛ Úá Ü, Û àÒÖ ×× ßäò, êåá ?î âáÞæêÛå× ×× àÒ äÞ×Öæñì×Ü à×Ö×Þ×. ?áÜ áâîå ä ÔÛÚÒßÛ âáÝÒÚîÔÒ×å, êåá Ûè âáÞæê×àÛ× Ôä×ÕÖÒ ÚÒàÛßÒ×å áÝáÞá ÖÔæè à×Ö×Þï. ?ä× ßî àÒÖ××ßäò ÔäÝáã× æÔÛÖ×åï ?Òä ÚÖ×äï, Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ×. à ä×ãÖ×êà×ÜëÛßÛ âãÛÔ×åÒßÛ, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
Blegdamsvej 15, K?benhavn 30 Oktober 1930

Dear Á..! ÁãÛÔ×å ÛÚ ?áâÒ. ?ÒÝ âãáëÞÒ âá×ÚÖÝÒ Ô ÂæäïßÒåæëÝæ? ?ÒÝ ?Ûã [Û] Eddi? 1 Éåá àáÔ×àïÝáÕá Ô Cambridge? Your Joe ÁãÛÔ×å Ôä×ß Cambridge'éÒß áå ßàáÕÛè Kopenhagen'é×Ô.
1. ?ÛãÛÞÞ ?ßÛåãÛ×ÔÛê ÃÛà×ÞïàÛÝáÔ, ÝáåáãîÜ Ô ÝÒê×äåÔ× äåÛâ×àÖÛÒåÒ ÂáÝç×ÞÞ×ãáÔäÝáÕá çáàÖÒ Ô ðåá Ôã×ßò ãÒÓáåÒÞ æ Â×Ú×ãçáãÖÒ, Û ×Õá Ù×àÒ, ÏÖÖÛ ÅÞïçã×ÖáÔàÒ ÃÛà×ÞïàÛÝáÔÒ (?æâ×ã).

1. ?àÛÕÒ ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔÒ "The Constitution of Atomic Nuclei and Radioactivity" æÔÛÖ×ÞÒ äÔ×å Ô ÅàÕÞÛÛ Ô 1931 Õ. Ô ?×ÙÖæàÒãáÖàáÜ ä×ãÛÛ ßáàáÕãÒçÛÜ âá çÛÚÛÝ× (The International Series of Monographs in Physics). ÀåÔ×åäåÔ×ààîßÛ ã×ÖÒÝåáãÒßÛ ðåáÜ ä×ãÛÛ ÓîÞÛ Â. ÆÒæÞ×ã Û Á.. ?ÒâÛéÒ. ÀàÒ ÛÚÖÒÔÒÞÒäï Ô ÀÝäçáãÖ×, ÛÚÖÒå×ÞïäåÔáß ?ÞÒã×àÖáà-Áã×ää. ? ðåáÜ ä×ãÛÛ Ô â×ãÔáÜ âáÞáÔÛà× 30-è ÕáÖáÔ âãÛ áê×ÔÛÖàáÜ ÒÝåÛÔàáÜ âáÖÖ×ãÙÝ× Á.. ?ÒâÛéî ÔîëÞÛ ÝàÛÕÛ äáÔ×åäÝÛè çÛÚÛÝáÔ û äÒßáÕá ?ÒßáÔÒ, ?.?. Ã×ß×àáÔÒ (1935) Û Ñ.?. Æã×àÝ×Þò (1932, 1934, 1936). Á×ãÔáÜ ÝàÛÕáÜ, ÛÚÖÒààáÜ Ô ðåáÜ ä×ãÛÛ, ÓîÞÒ ÚàÒß×àÛåÒò ßáàáÕãÒçÛò Á.Å.?. ?ÛãÒÝÒ "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics" ("ÁãÛàéÛâî ÝÔÒàåáÔáÜ ß×èÒàÛÝÛ") (1930). Á×ãÔîÜ ×× ãæääÝÛÜ â×ã×ÔáÖ âáòÔÛÞäò Ô 1932 Õ. ÀàÒ à×áÖàáÝãÒåàá â×ã×ÛÚÖÒÔÒÞÒäï æ àÒä Û âáÚÖà××. 2. ÅààÒ ÅÞ×Ýä××ÔàÒ ?ÒâÛéÒ, Ù×àÒ Á×åãÒ ×áàÛÖáÔÛêÒ. 3. ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à×.


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883

?áâÛò âÛäïßÒ ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔÒ Á.. ?ÒâÛé× áå 11 ßÒãåÒ 1931 Õ.


884

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[ÅÆ?. 1994

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?ÒÝ ßàáÕá ðåá äáäåÒÔÛå? ?Ò àÒÛäÝáã×ÜëÛÜ áåÔ×å ÓæÖæ áê×àï ÓÞÒÕáÖÒã×à. Yours very truly Joe Gamow 17 ßÒãåÒ 1931 Õ. P.S. ÁãÛÔ×å Ôä×ß ?ÒëÛß (Ô ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ Û ÖáßÒ). P.S.2. ?Ö×äï ÙÒãÝá ü ßáåáéÛÝÞ Û Bade-Anzuge (ÝæâÒÞïàî× Ýáäåñßî) âã×ÔÒÞÛãæñå â×ã×Ö Ôä×ß áäåÒÞïàîß. P.S.3. Ñ àÒêÒÞ âáÞæêÒåï endgultige (áÝáàêÒå×Þïàî×) Ø Ýáãã×Ýåæãî ÝàÛÙÝÛ. ?îÕÞòÖòå áàÛ Ô×äïßÒ ãÒÖæÙàá. P.S.4. ?æÖ×å× Ô ÂÛß×? 4
1. Áá×ÚÖÝÒ ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔÒ àÒ ?áàÕã×ää Ô ÂÛß× (11û18 áÝåòÓãò 1931 Õ.) à× äáäåáòÞÒäï. (Ïã×àç×äå âÛäÒÞ âá ðåáßæ âáÔáÖæ Å.Æ. ?áçç×: "Äá, êåá ?ÒßáÔ, Ô Ýáàé× ÝáàéáÔ, Ôä× Ù× à× äßáÕ âãÛ×èÒåï, ÔîÚÔÒÞá, Ýáà×êàá, áê×àï Û áê×àï ÓáÞïëá× äáÙÒÞ×àÛ× æ Ôä×è å×è, Ýåá Ûàå×ã×äæ×åäò ßáÞáÖáÜ ãæääÝáÜ çÛÚÛÝáÜ" (Ïã×àç×äåû?áçç×. ?ÒæêàÒò â×ã×âÛäÝÒ 1907û1933 (.: ?ÒæÝÒ, 1990) ä. 226). ÁáÖÕáåáÔÞ×ààÒò ?ÒßáÔîß äåÒåïò "?ÔÒàåáÔÒò å×áãÛò äåãá×àÛò òÖãÒ" ÓîÞÒ, âá ×Õá âãáäïÓ×, ÖáÞáÙ×àÒ ?×ÞïÓãñÝáß. ? äÔá×Ü ÒÔåáÓÛáÕãÒçÛÛ ?ÒßáÔ âÛë×å, êåá, ÝÒÝ ×ßæ äÝÒÚÒÞÛ Ô ?áäÝÔ×, áåÝÒÚ Ô ãÒÚã×ë×àÛÛ âá×èÒåï Ô ÂÛß ÓîÞ äÔòÚÒà ä å×ß, êåá à×äÝáÞïÝá ãÒà×× äáÔ×åäÝÛè æê×àîè à× âãÛÕÞÒäÛÞÛ àÒ ?áàÕã×ää âÒßòåÛ ?×Õ×Þò Ô ?×ãßÒàäÝæñ ÅÝÒÖ×ßÛñ û Û ðåá ÓîÞ áåÔ×åàîÜ Ö×ßÒãë. ?ÒßáÔ, Ôâãáê×ß, äáßà×ÔÒ×åäò Ô áäàáÔÒå×ÞïàáäåÛ ðåáÜ Ô×ãäÛÛ: Ô 1932 Õ. ×ßæ ÓîÞá áåÝÒÚÒàá Ô âá×ÚÖÝ× Ô ÃÊÅ (ÝæÖÒ ×Õá âãÛÕÞÒäÛÞ ÉÛÝÒÕäÝÛÜ æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×å). ? æâáßòàæåáÜ ÒÔåáÓÛáÕãÒçÛê×äÝáÜ ÝàÛÕ× âáß×ì×àÒ çáåáÕãÒçÛò áåÝãîåÝÛ, âáÞæê×ààáÜ ?ÒßáÔîß áå æêÒäåàÛÝáÔ ?áàÕã×ääÒ Û áåâãÒÔÞ×ààáÜ 17 áÝåòÓãò, Ô ÝáåáãáÜ ÔîãÒÙÒ×åäò äáÙÒÞ×àÛ× âá âáÔáÖæ ×Õá áåäæåäåÔÛò àÒ ÝáàÕã×ää×. ÁãÛÔ×Ö×ß çÒßÛÞÛÛ çÛÚÛÝáÔ, âáÖâÛäÒÔëÛè ðåæ áåÝãîåÝæ (à×Ýáåáãî× çÒßÛÞÛÛ, Ôâãáê×ß, ãÒäëÛçãáÔÒåï à× æÖÒÞáäï ÛÚ-ÚÒ âÞáèáÕá ÝÒê×äåÔÒ çáåáÕãÒçÛÛ): Á. ?Þ×ÝÝ×å, ?. ?áã, ?. ?ÒåÒÕÛà, ?. ?×ÜÚ×àÓ×ãÕ, Ã. ?ÒæÖäßÛå, Á. ?×ÓÒÜ, Å. ?áßâåáà, ?. ?ñãÛ, Â. ?ÛÞÞÛÝ×à, ?. ÁÒæÞÛ, À. ÂÛêÒãÖäáà, ?. ÂáääÛ, Â. ÆÒæÞ×ã, Ï. Æ×ãßÛ, Á.Ã. Ïã×àç×äå (çÒßÛÞÛÛ ?ÒåÒÕÛàÒ Û Ïã×àç×äåÒ àÒ ÝÒãåáêÝ× àÒâÛäÒàî âá-ãæääÝÛ). ?â×êÒåÞòñìÛÜ äâÛäáÝ! 2. ÁÞÒàÛãæ×ßÒò âá×ÚÖÝÒ ÛÚ ÂÛßÒ ÖáßáÜ ê×ã×Ú ?áàäåÒàåÛàáâáÞï ÓîÞÒ äÔòÚÒàÒ à× åáÞïÝá ä Ù×ÞÒàÛ×ß âáäßáåã×åï ðÝÚáåÛê×äÝÛ× äåãÒàî, àá Û ÚÒ×èÒåï Ô ÀÖ×ääæ, êåáÓî âáÔÛÖÒåïäò ä áåéáß, Åàåáàáß ?ÛèÒÜÞáÔÛê×ß ?ÒßáÔîß. 3. ?×ß×éÝá× ÛÚÖÒàÛ× ÝàÛÕÛ à× äáäåáòÞáäï. 4. ? ÂÛß Á.. ?ÒâÛéÒ à× âá×èÒÞ (äß. ×Õá âÛäïßá ?ÒßáÔæ áå 11.07.1931).

?áãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, ò áãÕÒàÛÚáÔÒÞ ÒÔÒàä ÚÒ ?Òëæ ÝàÛÕæ Ô ãÒÚß×ã× 20 çæàåáÔ ä å×ã ÞÛ àÕ áÔ, Û á àÛ Ó æÖæå áåâ ãÒÔÞ× à î ? Òß à ×â á äã ×Ö äåÔ×ààá áå ÛÚÖÒå×ÞïäåÔÒ ?ÞÒã×àÖáà-Áã×ää. ÄÒßáëàÛ× äáåãæÖàÛÝÛ àÒâÛäÒÞÛ äÞ×Öæñì××: "?ÒÓáãìÛÝ ãÒÓáåÒ×å ä×ÜêÒä ä ×Õá (?ÒßáÔÒ) ãæÝáâÛäïñ, Ò ê×ãå×ÙàÛÝÛ ü ä ãÛäæàÝÒßÛ. Å àÒä Ûß××åäò áÖàÒ à×ÓáÞïëÒò åãæÖàáäåï. ?î âáßàÛå×, êåá ?ÒßáÔ âáß×êÒ×å â×êÒåÝáÜ ä ê×ã×âáß Û ÝáäåòßÛ å× êÒäåÛ <äÔá×Ü ÝàÛÕÛ>, Ô Ýáåáãîè áà ß×à×× æÔ×ã×à, Ò ò âã×ÖÞáÙÛÞ âáß×êÒåï Ûè ä âáßáìïñ ÚÔ×ÚÖáê×Ý. 1 ?Òë× ÚÒåãæÖà×àÛ× äÔòÚÒàá ä å×ß, êåá àÒß áäåÒ×åäò à×òäàîß, ÕÖ× Ù× ÚÒÝÒàêÛÔÒ×åäò äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÒò êÒäåï "äáßàÛå×ÞïàáÕá" å×ÝäåÒ. ?äÞÛ áÝÒÙ×åäò ÔáÚßáÙàîß ðåá âãáòäàÛåï, åá, ÖæßÒñ, ò äßáÕ Óî âáß×åÛåï ðåá ÚÔ×ÚÖáêÝáÜ Û áÝáàêÒàÛ×ß ÒÓÚÒéÒ Ô å×Ýäå×. ?á Ôä×, êåá ò ßáÕæ ä×ÜêÒä äÖ×ÞÒåï, ðåá áåß×åÛåï àÒêÒÞá äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÛè âÒääÒÙ×Ü ÚÔ×ÚÖáêÝÒßÛ, Ò äÒßáßæ ?ÒßáÔæ âã×ÖáäåÒÔÛåï äÖ×ÞÒåï åá Ù× ä <äááåÔ×åäåÔæñìÛßÛ> áÝáàêÒàÛòßÛ ü æÙ× Ô Ýáãã×Ýåæã×". Ááðåáßæ ò Óî èáå×Þ, êåáÓî ?î ÔîòäàÛÞÛ Ôáâãáä ä ðåÛßÛ äáßàÛå×ÞïàîßÛ êÒäåòßÛ å×ÝäåÒ. Ñ àÒÖ×ñäï, êåá ?î äÒßÛ âáß×åÛå× Ýáà×é ðåÛè âÒääÒÙ×Ü Ô Ýáãã×Ýåæã×. Ñ ãÒÖ äÞîëÒåï, êåá Ôä× æ ?Òä èáãáëá. ?î ÚÖ×äï Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ× åãæÖÛßäò áê×àï àÒâãòÙ×ààá. à äÒßîßÛ ä×ãÖ×êàîßÛ âãÛÔ×åÒßÛ, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ
1. ÏåÒ â×êÒåÝÒ âã×ÖäåÒÔÞ×àÒ àÒ çáåáÕãÒçÛÛ, äàòåáÜ ä âÛäïßÒ ?ÒßáÔÒ ?ÒâÛé× áå 11.03.1931 Û âáß×ì×ààáÜ Ô àÒäåáòì×Ü âæÓÞÛÝÒéÛÛ.

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Blegdamsvej 15. Copenhagen 27 June 1931

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?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! Das ist naturlich Geldfrage, aber Sie brauchen nicht Ø zufurchten (?áâãáä âáÜÖ×å åáÞïÝá á Ö×àïÕÒè, àá ?Òß à× Ø àæÙàá âæÕÒåïäò). Ñ èáêæ åáÞïÝá âáâãáäÛåï ßà× àÒâÛäÒåï ÔáÚßáÙàá åáêàá, àÒ ÝÒÝæñ äæßßæ áå Oxford Press ò ßáÕæ Ô Ýáà×êàáß ÛåáÕ× ãÒääêÛåîÔÒåï. ? ä×àåòÓã× ò ×Öæ áåäñÖÒ Ô ?×ãßÒàÛñ Û Ô ä×ã×ÖÛà× áÝåòÓãò ÖáÞÙ×à Óîåï Ô ÂÛß× àÒ òÖ×ãàáß ÝáàÕã×ää× 1 . ÀååæÖÒ ê×ã×Ú ?áàäåÒàåÛàáâáÞï Ô ÂáääÛñ 2 . ÁãÛàÛßÒò åÒÝÙ× Ôá ÔàÛßÒàÛ×, êåá à× ÛäÝÞñê×àÒ ÔáÚßáÙàáäåï, êåá ßà× âãÛÖ×åäò áâÞÒêÛÔÒåï DoppelFahrkarte (ÓÛÞ×åî åæÖÒ Û áÓãÒåàá), ò ãÒääêÛåîÔÒñ äÛÖ×åï Ô êÛäåáß ÔÛÖ× àÒ ÓáÓÒè àÒ âáÞâæåÛ. Ñ ßáÕæ ÖáÔáÞïàá Þ×ÕÝá æäåãáÛåï ÚÖ×äï ê×ã×Ú ?áãÒ ÚÒ×ß àÒ ÞñÓæñ äæßßæ, àá áàÒ à× ÖáÞÙàÒ âã×ÔÚáÜåÛ "êÛäåáÕá ÓÒãîëÒ" áå ßá×Ü ÝàÛÙÝÛ. Ááä×ßæ äÞ×ÖæñìÛ× Ôáâãáäî: 1) ?Ò ÝÒÝæñ äæßßæ ò ßáÕæ ãÒääêÛåîÔÒåï áå ClarendonPress, âãÛàÛßÒò Ôá ÔàÛßÒàÛ×, êåá ò æÙ× âáÞæêÛÞ ÒÔÒàä Ô 20 çæàåáÔ äå×ãÞÛàÕáÔ? 2) ?ÚÖÒå×ÞïäåÔá Hirtzel äááÓìÛÞá ßà×, êåá âá ÚÒÝÞñê×ààáßæ ÛßÛ ä Clar. Press (?ÞÒã×àÖáà-Áã×ää) ÖáÕáÔáãæ ÖáèáÖ áå à×ß×éÝáÕá â×ã×ÔáÖÒ åÒÝÙ× àÒâãÒÔÞò×åäò Ô Oxford 3 .

11 ÛñÞò 1931 Õ.

?áÜ ÖáãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, ò åáÞïÝá êåá Ô×ãàæÞäò ä áåÖîèÒ Ôá ÆãÒàéÛÛ. Éåá ÝÒäÒ×åäò ?Òë×Ü à×ß×éÝáÜ ÝàÛÕÛ, åá ò ÔÞáÙÛÞ äñÖÒ âãá×Ýå äáÕÞÒë×àÛò ß×ÙÖæ ÛÚÖÒå×ÞïäåÔáß ÀÝäçáãÖäÝáÕá æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×åÒ Û à×ß×éÝÛß ÛÚÖÒå×Þ×ß ü áàá äááåÔ×åäåÔæ×å åÒÝáßæ Ù× äáÕÞÒë×àÛñ á ÝàÛÕ× ?ÛãÒÝÒ 1 . Ñ ðåá äáÕÞÒë×àÛ× âáäîÞÒñ, Ýáà×êàá, êåáÓî âãÛÔÒåàîß áÓãÒÚáß âã áÛà çáã ßÛãá ÔÒåï ?Òä, Û åÒÝ áàá Û ÖáÞ Ùàá ?ÒßÛ ãÒääßÒåãÛÔÒåïäò. ?×ßéî ÓæÖæå âÞÒåÛåï 7% áå âãáÖÒÙàáÜ é×àî; áå ðåáÜ äæßßî ?î âáÞæêÛå×, ÝÒÝ ßÛàÛßæß 2/3, Ò ßáÙ×å, Û 3/4. Éåá ÝÒäÒ×åäò ÕáàáãÒãÒ ÚÒ ?Òëæ ÝàÛÕæ, åá ×× åÛãÒÙ, ÔáÚßáÙàá, ÓæÖ×å ãÒÔ×à 2000, âãÛê×ß â×ãÔîÜ ÚÒÔáÖ äáäåÒÔÛå 1000 ðÝÚ×ßâÞòãáÔ, Ò áäåÒÞïàÒò åîäòêÒ ßáÙ×å Óîåï Öáâ×êÒåÒàÒ Ô å×ê×àÛ× à×äÝáÞïÝÛè âáäÞ×ÖæñìÛè Þ×å. ÏåÛ éÛçãî ò âãÛÔáÙæ åáÞïÝá ÖÞò ?Òë×Õá äÔ×Ö×àÛò, Û ò à× ßáÕæ âáãæêÛåïäò ÚÒ àÛè, âáäÝáÞïÝæ áàÛ ÚÒÔÛäòå áå åáÕá, ÝÒÝ ÓæÖ×å âãÛàòåÒ ?ÒëÒ ÝàÛÕÒ.


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?áÞïëá× ?Òß äâÒäÛÓá ÚÒ ßÛÞî× âáÚÖãÒÔÞ×àÛò Û âáÙ×ÞÒàÛò. ?Þò ß×àò ÓîÞá áê×àï à×áÙÛÖÒààîß åá, êåá ò æäÞîëÒÞ á àÒß×êÒ×ßîè ÛÚß×à×àÛòè Ô ?Òë×Ü ÙÛÚàÛ ü èáå×Þ Óî æÚàÒåï áå ðåáß à×ßàáÕá âáÖãáÓà×× 2 . Ñ à× äáÓÛãÒñäï ×èÒåï Ô ÂÛß Û ÓæÖæ àÒèáÖÛåïäò Ôä× Ôã×ßò Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ× ü ÚÒ ÛäÝÞñê×àÛ×ß åáÞïÝá áÖàáÜ à×Ö×ÞÛ Ô Ýáàé× ÛñÞò, ÝáÕÖÒ àÒß×ã×ÔÒñäï âáÓîÔÒåï Ô ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ Êå×ãàÒ Ô ?ÒßÓæãÕ×. à äÒßîßÛ ä×ãÖ×êàîßÛ âãÛÔ×åÒßÛ Û àÒÛÞæêëÛßÛ âáÙ×ÞÒàÛòßÛ, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ
1. À ÝàÛÕ× Á.Å.?. ?ÛãÒÝÒ (ßàáÕáÝãÒåàá â×ã×Ô×Ö×ààáÜ àÒ ãæääÝÛÜ òÚîÝ) äß. âãÛß. 1 Ý âÛäïßæ ?ÒßáÔÒ áå 11.03. 1931. 2. ÀäåÒ×åäò à×òäàîß, á ê×ß ÚÖ×äï ÛÖ×å ã×êï. ?Úß×à×àÛò Ô ÙÛÚàÛ ?ÒßáÔÒ, Ýáåáãî× ßáÕÞÛ Óîåï äÔòÚÒàî ä ÓÒÞÞáåÛãáÔÝáÜ ×Õá Ô ÅÝÒÖ×ßÛñ àÒæÝ ÃÃÃÂ, âãáÛÚáëÞÛ ÚàÒêÛå×Þïàá âáÚÖà××, Ò âáÖÕáåáÔÝÒ Ý ÛÚÓãÒàÛñ, Ô Ýáåáãæñ èáå×ÞÛ ÔáÔÞ×êï Á.. ?ÒâÛéæ, ü áä×àïñ 1931 Õ. (äß. ?áã×ÞÛÝ ?.?., Æã×àÝ×Þï ?.Ñ. ?ÒåÔ×Ü Á×åãáÔÛê ?ãáàëå×Üà (?.: ?ÒæÝÒ, 1990), ä. 88). Ïåá Û à× ÛÚß×à×àÛò Ô ä×ß×Üàáß âáÞáÙ×àÛÛ ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔÒ: äá äÔá×Ü ÓæÖæì×Ü Ù×àáÜ, ñÓáÔïñ ?ÒèßÛàé×ÔáÜ, áà âáÚàÒÝáßÛÞäò áä×àïñ 1931 Õ. ?ÒâÛéÒ ÓÞÒÕáÖÒãÛå ?ÒßáÔÒ ÚÒ âáÚÖãÒÔÞ×àÛò Ô äÔòÚÛ ä ãáÙÖ×àÛ×ß ×Õá ßÞÒÖë×Õá äîàÒ ÅàÖã×ò (êÞ.-Ýáã. ÂÅ? Å.Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ, ã. 9 ÛñÞò 1931 Õ.).

ÕáÖî. With kind regards also to Mrs Kapitza from myself and Ro, yours very truly Joe Gamow (à ä×ãÖ×êàîßÛ âãÛÔ×åÒßÛ åÒÝÙ× Û ß-ä ?ÒâÛé× áå ß×àò Û áå Po 4 , ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë ?Ùá ?ÒßáÔ). P.S. ÁÛëÛå× âá Ôîë×æÝÒÚÒààáßæ ÒÖã×äæ. ?Þò ?Òë×Ü ÝáÞÞ×ÝéÛÛ The Crocodile, I Ö'ÅÝåÛÞï 5 Ïåá ÓîÞá, ÕÖ× âÞ×ì×åäò ?ÛÞ, Ãã×ÖÛ åÒÜàáÜ âáÝãîåîè ßáÕÛÞ, ?ÒÖ ÝáåáãáÜ æê×àî× ÓÛÞÛäï. ?ãáÝáÖÛÞ, ÝãáÝáÖÛÞ, ÝãáÝáÖÛÞ ÁáÞñÓÛÞ ÒàÕÞÛêÒàÝæ ßÛää ÅÛÞÞÛä. ?ãáÝáÖÛÞ, ÝãáÝáÖÛÞ, ÝãáÝáÖÛÞ ?îÓÛÔÒÞäò ÓæÝÔÒÞïàá ÛÚ äÛÞ, ÉåáÓ âáàãÒÔÛåïäò êáâáãàáÜ ÞðÖÛ. ?ÚÔÛÔÒÞäò, ÝÒÝ ãÒà×àîÜ Ó×ä, ? ÛÚ ÝáÙÛ äåÒãÒå×Þïàá Þ×Ú; ×Ú, Þ×Ú... Û ÔîÞ×Ú. Åè, ßÛää ÅÛÞÞÛä, ßÛää ÅÛÞÞÛä! Å ÝáÕÖÒ àÒäåæâÛÞÒ âáãÒ æ×ÚÙÒåï, ?ãáÝáÖÛÞ ßáÜ à× äåÒÞ àÛ ãîÖÒåï, àÛ ÔÛÚÙÒåï (ÅçãÛÝÒàéî àÒ àÒä à×âáèáÙÛ), ? ßÛää ÅÛÞÞÛä, âãÛë×Öë×Ü âãáìÒåïäò àÒ âÞòÙ, Àà àÒ ÖáÓãæñ âÒßòåï âáÖà×ä äÒÝÔáòÙ ?Ú äÔá×Ü ÝãáÝáÖÛÞáÔáÜ ÝáÙÛ, ü ÄáÜ, ÛÚ ÝáåáãáÜ âá ÔáÞ× à×Ó×ä Àà Þ×Ú, Þ×Ú Û ÔîÞ×Ú ü Åè, ßÛää ÅÛÞÞÛä, ßÛää ÅÛÞÞÛä! ÐÓÐ Å ßÛäå×ã ÇáâÝÛàä, äæâãæÕ ðåáÜ ÖÒßî, ? ê×ßáÖÒà× åáß ÔáÚÛå àáäÝÛ Û âÛÙÒßî, ü ?æÙêÛàî ü èÒßî! The Crocodile, II ÅÕàÛÔé×Ô 6 ÅÖÛÔÛå×Þïàá ßÛÞ ÙÛÞ ÖÒ ÓîÞ ÝãáÝáÖÛÞ ü ÄÒÝ, ÒãëÛàÒ ê×åîã×, à× ÓáÞ×. ? ÙÛÞÒ ÖÒ ÓîÞÒ, åáÙ× áê×àï ßÛÞÒ ?×ÕãÛåòàÝÒ âá Ûß×àÛ ?áÞÞÛ. ? Ôáå ãÒÚ ðåÒ ?áÞÞÛ-Ö×ÔÛéÒ ?Òèáå×ÞÒ äÞ×ÕÝÒ áäÔ×ÙÛåïäò. ?, ÔîÓãÒÔ êÒäáÝ ß×ÙÖæ Ö×Þ, ?Ò ã×êÝæ àÒâãÒÔÛÞÒäï. ?ãáÝáÖÛÞ àÒ à×× âáäßáåã×Þ, ÀàÒ ×ßæ áê×àï âáàãÒÔÛÞÒäï ü ? áà ×× äí×Þ. Å äí×ÔëÛ, âãáßáÞÔÛÞ: "Ïè-ßÒ! ?ÒÝ ßÛÞÒò ?áÞÞÛ âã×ÝãÒäàÒ!" ñÓáÔï ÝãáÝáÖÛÞáÔ äÔá×áÓãÒÚàÒ! The Crocodile, III (äáÞÖÒåäÝÒò) Áá æÞÛéÒß èáÖÛÞÒ ?áÞïëÒò ?ãáÝáÖÛÞÒ, ÀàÒ, áàÒ ... ü ?âãáê×ß, ?î ðåá ÚàÒ×å×!
1. ?.Å. ?ÒßáÔ Ôß×äå× ä Ù×àáÜ, . ?ÒèßÛàé×ÔáÜ, çÛÚÛÝáß âá áÓãÒÚáÔÒàÛñ, æ×èÒÞÛ ÛÚ ÃÃÃÂ Ô áÝåòÓã× 1933 Õ.

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
L' Institute de Radium 11 rue P. Curie, Paris

15 Nov. 1933 ...ÃàáÔÒ Ô××å ÔáÞÛ ÖÛÝáÜ
?Ò ß×àò âãáäåáã, ? äßáÞáÜ Û Ú×ßÞòàÛÝáÜ ÁÒèà×å äåÒãîÜ ?áã. Å. ÄáÞäåáÜ Ó

?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! ?áå æÙ× ß×äòé, ÝÒÝ ßî "âá åæ äåáãáàæ ãæÓ×ÙÒ" Û êæÔäåÔæ×ß ä×Óò áåÞÛêàá 1 . Ñ áâòåï æäÛÞ×ààá ÔÚòÞäò ÚÒ ãÒÓáåæ, ÚÒÓãáë×ààæñ ÚÒ âáäÞ×ÖàÛ× ÖÔÒ ÕáÖÒ, Ô å×ê×àÛ× Ýáåáãîè ßî ÕÞÒÔàîß áÓãÒÚáß ÚÒàÛßÒÞÛäï âãáÓÞ×ßáÜ â×ã×äÝÒÝÛÔÒàÛò ê×ã×Ú âáå×àéÛÒÞïàîÜ ÓÒãï×ã, áÝãæÙÒñìÛÜ 1/6 ßÛãÒ. Ã×ÜêÒä ò èáêæ ÛÖåÛ âá ?ÒëÛß äåáâÒß Û, ×äÞÛ ÔáÚßáÙàá, â×ã×ÜåÛ Ô åÒÝ àÒÚîÔÒ×ßá× "KapitzaZustand" ("äáäåáòàÛ× ?ÒâÛéî"), å.×. ÙÛåï ÚÒ ÕãÒàÛé×Ü ä äáÔ×åäÝÛß âÒäâáãåáß. ?ÒâÛäÒÞ Ô ?áäÝÔæ, âãáäò Ô ùrm expressions (Ýã×âÝÛè ÔîãÒÙ×àÛòè) âãáÖÞ×àÛò ÝáßÒàÖÛãáÔÝÛ àÒ ÕáÖ. ?ÒÖ×ñäï, êåá åÒß âáÜßæå, êåá áåÝÒÚîÔÒåï à×ÔîÕáÖàá 2 . Ã×ÜêÒä ò Ô ÁÒãÛÙ× ÖáÞÙ×à âãáê×äåï à×äÝáÞïÝá Þ×ÝéÛÜ Ò Ô ?àäåÛåæå× H. Poincare (ÅàãÛ ÁæÒàÝÒã×), êåá ä çÛàÒàäáÔáÜ åáêÝÛ Úã×àÛò âáÚÔáÞÛå àÒß áäåÒåïäò ÚÖ×äï Öá ?áÔáÕá ÕáÖÒ. ?áã âãÛÕÞÒäÛÞ ß×àò âãÛ×èÒåï Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à Ô×äàáÜ, Ò âãáß×ÙæåáÝ (òàÔÒãï, ç×ÔãÒÞï, ßÒãå) ßà× Óî èáå×Þáäï âãáÔ×äåÛ Ô Cambridge. ?áã æÙ× ÕáÔáãÛÞ ä ?ãáÝáÖÛÞáß 3 Ô ?ãñää×Þ× âá ðåáßæ âáÔáÖæ ü Ô äßîäÞ× ÔáÚßáÙàáäåÛ âáÞæê×àÛò ÖÞò ß×àò ÝÒÝáÜ-ÞÛÓá äåÛâ×àÖÛÛ. ?á ðåáå Ôáâãáä ÖÞò ß×àò ×ì× à× äáÔä×ß òä×à, Û ò èáêæ âãáäÛåï ?Òä ãÒÚæÚàÒåï äåáãáàÝáÜ, ÝÒÝ áÓäåáÛå Ö×Þá Û à× àæÙàá ÞÛ àÒß ÓæÖ×å âá âãÛ×ÚÖ× Ô ÅàÕÞÛñ ÔÛåÒåïäò æ ÖáÓãîè ÚàÒÝáßîè. ?ÒÖ×ñäï ?Òä äÝáãá æÔÛÖ×åï Û ãÒääÝÒÚÒåï á àÒëÛè ÚÒèÔÒåîÔÒñìÛè âãÛÝÞñê×àÛòè ÚÒ âáäÞ×ÖàÛ×
?ÒßáÔ éÛåÛãæ×å äåãáçæ ÛÚ "?ÞïÛ ?æãáßéÒ" Å.?. ÄáÞäåáÕá. Àà ü Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à× Û àÒß×ÝÒ×å ÚÖ×äï á ?áã×.
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886

Á?Â?Á?Ã?Å ?.Å. ?Å?À?Å ? Á.. ?ÅÁ?ÈÍ

[ÅÆ?. 1994

2. ? âãáäïÓ× ?ÒßáÔÒ ÓîÞá áåÝÒÚÒàá. Àê×àï Ûàå×ã×äàæñ åáêÝæ Úã×àÛò àÒ ðåá ÔîäÝÒÚÒÞ Á.. ?ÒâÛéÒ Ô âÛäïß× ?ÛÞïäæ ?áãæ ÛÚ ?×ßÓãÛÖÙÒ 15 àáòÓãò 1933 Õ. ÁãÛÔ×Ö×ß ÔîÖ×ãÙÝæ ÛÚ ðåáÕá âÛäïßÒ (âáÞàáäåïñ áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒààáÕá Ô ÝàÛÕ×: ?ÒâÛéÒ Á.. ÁÛäïßÒ á àÒæÝ× (?.: ?áäÝáÔäÝÛÜ ãÒÓáêÛÜ, 1989) ä. 25û26): "?×ÔáÚÔãÒì×àÛ× ?ÒßáÔÒ Ô ÂáääÛñ êã×ÚÔîêÒÜàá ÚÒåãæÖàÛå âáÞæê×àÛ× ãÒÚã×ë×àÛÜ àÒ Ôî×ÚÖ ÖÞò å×è ßáÞáÖîè ãæääÝÛè çÛÚÛÝáÔ, Ýáåáãî× èáå×ÞÛ Óî æêÛåïäò ÚÒ ÕãÒàÛé×Ü. Ïåá âã×ÖäåÒÔÞò×åäò ßà× áäàáÔàîß ÖáÔáÖáß âãáåÛÔ âáÖáÓàáÕá ëÒÕÒ. Ã×ÜêÒä âãÛß×ãàá Ö×äòåï ßáÞáÖîè çÛÚÛÝáÔ èáå×ÞÛ Óî Ôî×èÒåï ÚÒ ÕãÒàÛéæ, Û ðåáå Ôáâãáä ãÒääßÒåãÛÔÒ×åäò Ô àÒäåáòì×× Ôã×ßò. ?á ×äÞÛ ?ÒßáÔ áäåÒà×åäò Ô ?Ôãáâ× Ó×Ú ãÒÚã×ë×àÛò ãæääÝáÕá âãÒÔÛå×ÞïäåÔÒ, ðåá áê×àï Ûß âáÔã×ÖÛå. ?Ò ßáÜ ÔÚÕÞòÖ, ÔîÜåÛ ÛÚ ðåáÕá ÚÒåãæÖàÛå×ÞïàáÕá âáÞáÙ×àÛò ßáÙàá åáÞïÝá áÖàÛß äâáäáÓáß ü àÒ âã×ÓîÔÒàÛ× ?ÒßáÔÒ Ô ?Ôãáâ× àÒÖá âáÞæêÛåï ãÒÚã×ë×àÛ× Ô ÂáääÛÛ. Å êåáÓî ÖáÓÛåïäò ðåáÕá, àÒÖá, êåáÓî ?ÒßáÔ âáÞæêÛÞ äÞæÙ×ÓàîÜ áåâæäÝ èáåò Óî àÒ ÕáÖ. ?Ò ÔåáãáÜ ÕáÖ âáÞæêÛåï ãÒÚã×ë×àÛ× ÓæÖ×å Þ×Õê×. ? åÒÝ Ö×ÜäåÔáÔÒåï Öá å×è âáã, âáÝÒ ×Õá áåäæåäåÔÛ× à× äåÒà×å âáèáÖÛåï àÒ èãáàÛê×äÝá× ÚÒÓáÞ×ÔÒàÛ×, Ý Ýáåáãáßæ æÙ× âãÛÔîÝÞÛ!" 3. Çáãáëá ÛÚÔ×äåàá, êåá Á.. ?ÒâÛéÒ àÒÚîÔÒÞ åÒÝ Â×Ú×ãçáãÖÒ Û Â×Ú×ãçáãÖ ÚàÒÞ áÓ ðåáß. 4. ÃÔáñ Ù×àæ Ô âÛäïßÒè Ý ÖãæÚïòß Û ÚàÒÝáßîß ?ÒßáÔ àÒÚîÔÒÞ Po ü âá àÒÚÔÒàÛñ äááåÔ×åäåÔæñì×Ü ÓæÝÔî Õã×ê×äÝáÕá ÒÞçÒÔÛåÒ. ?îÓáã ðåáÕá âãáÚÔÛìÒ áà àÛÕÖ× à× âáòäàò×å. ? âÛäïßÒè áà ÚÒâÛäîÔÒ×å ×Õá ÞÒåÛàäÝÛßÛ ÓæÝÔÒßÛ Ro, Ô ÒÔåáÓÛáÕãÒçÛÛ ü Rho. 5. Ö'ÅÝåÛÞï ü âä×ÔÖáàÛß ãæääÝáÕá âáðåÒ, â×ä×ààÛÝÒ Û â×ã×ÔáÖêÛÝÒ Å.Å. Æã×àÝ×Þò (1890û1942). ?àå×ã×äàá, êåá áà, ä áÖàáÜ äåáãáàî, ÓîÞ ÒÔåáãáß ÚàÒß×àÛåáÜ â×äàÛ "?Òãë ?æÖ×ààáÕá", Ò ä ÖãæÕáÜ ü ×ÖÔÒ ÞÛ à× â×ãÔîß â×ã×ÔáÖêÛÝáß àÒ ãæääÝÛÜ òÚîÝ "ÅÞÛäî Ô äåãÒà× êæÖ×ä" . ?ðããáÞÞÒ. 6. ÅÕàÛÔé×Ô ü ãæääÝÛÜ âáðå ?.Ñ. ÅÕàÛÔé×Ô (1888û1932).

?ÒâÛéÒ ü ?ÒßáÔæ
J. Gamow, Esq. Institute de Radium, 11 Rue Pierre Curie

19 Ö×ÝÒÓãò 1933 Õ.

?áãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, ò à ÒÖ× ñ äï æÔ ÛÖ × åï ?Òä Ú Ö× ä ï, Ô ? × ßÓ ãÛ Ö Ù× . É åá Ù × ÝÒäÒ×åäò åáÕá, ÕÖ× ßáÙàá áäåÒàáÔÛåïäò Ô áàÖáà×, åá åæå ò à× áê×àï-åá ßàáÕÛß ßáÕæ Óîåï ?Òß âáÞ×Ú×à, åÒÝ ÝÒÝ ßà× à×ÛÚÔ×äåàî ?ÒëÛ åã×ÓáÔÒàÛò. ?äÞÛ ã×êï ÛÖ×å áÓ á Ö à Û è - Ö Ô æ è ä æ å Ý Ò è , å á ß á Ù à á á ä å Òà á ÔÛ å ï ä ò Ô Ý Ò Ý á ß àÛ ÓæÖï áå×Þ × à ×âá ÖÒÞ× Ýæ á å ÂÒä ä×Þ -ÃÝÔ× ã (R ussel Square), ü ß×äå×, ãÒäâáÞáÙ×ààáß Ô é×àåã× áàÖáàÒ; æäÞáÔÛò åÒß èáãáëÛ×. ? áÖàáß ÛÚ áå×Þ×Ü ò Ô äÔá× Ôã×ßò á äå ÒàÒÔ ÞÛ ÔÒÞ ä ò ü ð åá á å× Þ ï " ?Òé Û áà ÒÞ ï" (N ati on al Hotel) àÒ Åââ×ã-?×ÖçáãÖ-ÁÞ×Üä (Upper Bedford Place). ?äÞÛ ?î èáåÛå× ÙÛåï Ô ßÒÞ×àïÝáß áå×Þ× äá Ôä×ßÛ æÖáÓäåÔÒßÛ, åá âáÓÞÛÚáäåÛ áå ÃÝáåê-ðÖÛ (Scotch La d y ), à Ò Á × ß Ó ãÛ ÖÙ -Ã Ý Ô × ã, 4 (P e m b r id g e Sq ua r e , 4 ), Ûß××åäò áå×Þï "? áßßáÖáã" (Commodor Hotel ). ?Õ á ÒÖã×ä ?î ßáÙ×å× àÒÜåÛ Ô ÞáàÖáàäÝáÜ å×Þ×çáààáÜ ÝàÛÕ×. Àà à×ßàáÕá áåÖÒÞ×à áå é×àåãÒ áàÖáàÒ Û àÒèáÖÛåäò ãòÖáß ä ?ÒÜÖ-ÁÒãÝáß (Hyde-Park). à àÒÛÞæêëÛßÛ âáÙ×ÞÒàÛòßÛ Ý ÂáÙÖ×äåÔæ Û ?áÔáßæ ?áÖæ, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ

?ÒâÛéÒ ü ?ÒßáÔæ
?-ãæ ?. ?ÒßáÔæ ?àäåÛåæå ÂÒÖÛò, æÞ. Áï×ãÒ ?ñãÛ, 11 ÁÒãÛÙ Blegdamsvej 15, K?benhavn 20 àáòÓãò 1933 Õ.

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
13 March 1934

?áãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, äâÒäÛÓá ÚÒ ?Òë× âÛäïßá Û ÚÒ Ôä× âãÛäÞÒààî× ?ÒßÛ äåÛèÛ. Ñ ãÒÚÕáÔÒãÛÔÒÞ ä ?ãáÝáÖÛÞáß á ?Òë×ß ÔÛÚÛå×. Àà ÓæÖ×å áê×àï ãÒÖ ?Òä ÔÛÖ×åï ÚÖ×äï, Û ò âáàòÞ åÒÝ, êåá áà àÒâÛäÒÞ ?Òß äÒßáßæ á ?Òë×ß âãÛ×ÚÖ× äñÖÒ. Ñ âáàòÞ åÒÝÙ×, êåá áà áÓ×äâ×êÛå ?Òß à×áÓèáÖÛßî× äã×ÖäåÔÒ ü ÖæßÒñ, ðåá ÓæÖæå 35 çæàåáÔ äå×ãÞÛàÕáÔ, àÒ Ýáåáãî× ?î ÚÖ×äï Û äßáÙ×å× ÙÛåï. Ñ àÒÖ×ñäï, êåá ?î ÖáÔáÞïàî âã×ÓîÔÒàÛ×ß ÚÒ ÕãÒàÛé×Ü. ?ÒÝ Ö×ÞÒ æ ?Òë×Ü Ù×àî ä áäÔá×àÛ×ß òÚîÝÒ? ?åÒÝ, Ô àÒÖ×ÙÖ× æÔÛÖ×åï ?Òä ÚÖ×äï, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë Á. ?ÒâÛéÒ

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
Institute de Radium, 11 Rue Pierre Curie Paris 10 Dec. 1933 ?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! ?î ã×ëÛÞÛ âãáÔ×äåÛ âãÒÚÖàÛÝÛ Ô áàÖáà×. Ááðåáßæ âãÛ×Ö×ß åæÖÒ 23-Õá, Ò Ô Cambridge åãáà×ßäò 8-Õá. Ñ ÓæÖæ ?Òß áê×àï âãÛÚàÒå×Þ×à, ×äÞÛ ?î, ÝÒÝ äåÒãîÜ ÒàÕÞÛÜäÝÛÜ äâ×é, äááÓìÛå× ßà×, Ô ÝÒÝáß áå×Þ× Ô áàÖáà× àæÙàá áäåÒàáÔÛåïäò: êåáÓî à× áê×àï ÖáãáÕá. Love & Kisses from Ro. I am remaining, Sir, your obidient servant Joe Gamow [ÁãÛÔ×åî Û âáé×ÞæÛ áå Âá. à ðåÛß, Ãðã, ò áäåÒñäï ?ÒëÛß âáÝáãàîß äÞæÕáÜ ?Ùá ?ÒßáÔ].

?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! ?áå æÙ× ÝÒÝ ãÒÚ ß×äòé, ÝÒÝ ßî âãáß×àòÞÛ ÚÒÝáâå×Þî× äå×àî ÝáÞÞ×ÖÙ×Ü àÒ Ú×Þ×àî× (CuO2 ) ÝãîëÛ Û ëâÛÞÛ ä×Õá ÓÞÒÕáäÞáÔ×ààáÕá ÕáãáÖÒ. ÁãáéÔ×åÒñå varme p?lser (å×âÞî× âÛãáÙÝÛ 1 ) (×äÞÛ ?î Ûè à× ×ÞÛ, åá ?Òß Ôä× ãÒÔàá à× áÓíòäàÛåï), ping-pong àÒ ÓÛÓÞÛáå×êàáß äåáÞ× Ô ?àäåÛåæå× Û ÖÛäÝæääÛÛ á å×áãÛÛ b-ãÒäâÒÖÒ. Ñ ÔÚòÞäò ä×ãï×Úàá ÚÒ ä×Ü ß×ãÚáâÒÝáäåàîÜ ßÛãáÔáÜ Ôáâãáä 2 , Ò Ro àÒêÒÞÒ ãÒÓáåÒåï æ ÑÝáÓä×àÒ, ß×ãÛå b-ÒÝåÛÔàáäåï ãæÓÛÖÛò Û ì×ÕáÞò×å Ó×Þáäà×Ùàîß èÒÞÒåáß. ?î æÙ×, Ô×ãáòåàá, äÞîèÒÞÛ áå Fowler'Ò, êåá ò âáãÔÒÞ ä Òß×ãÛÝÒàéÒßÛ (áàÛ, äÔáÞáêÛ, à× èáåòå ÝàÛÙÝæ àÒ ÔîàÛßÒñìÛèäò äåãÒàÛéÒè â×êÒåÒåï) Û âáÖÕáåÒÔÞÛÔÒñ good old fationed (Ô ÖáÓãáß äåÒãáß Öæè×) Ôåáãá× ÛÚÖÒàÛ× áÝäçáãÖäÝáÜ ÝàÛÙÝÛ 3 . Ã×ÜêÒä ò ÚÒÝÒàêÛÔÒñ äåÒåïñ ÖÞò "Nature" á äáÔã×ß×ààáÜ òÖ×ãàáÜ å×áãÛÛ Û èáêæ âáäÞÒåï ×× Fowler'y ä âãáäïÓáÜ âãáåÒìÛåï Ô "Nature" 4 . ÉÛäåæñ âãÛÓîÞï ÚÒÔ×ìÒñ ?Òß, ü à× ä×ãÖÛå×äï, Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê, àá ßî ä×ÜêÒä ÖÒÙ× àÒ âÒâÛãáäÒè ðÝáàáßÛß Û Ô ÝÛàá åáÞïÝá ãÒÚ Ô à×Ö×Þñ èáÖÛß. ÅÔáäï, Ô Åß×ãÛÝ× ãÒÚÓáÕÒå××ß ü åáÕÖÒ ÞÒçÒ ÓæÖ×å. Åß×ãÛÝÒàäÝá× âæå×ë×äåÔÛ× ÔâáÞà× äâÞÒàÛãáÔÒàá Û ÖÒÙ× ÓÛÞ×åî æÙ× ÚÒÝÒÚÒàî. ?î ×Ö×ß "Majestic"'oß (56598 åáàà) Û âá ÖáãáÕ× áäåÒàáÔÛßäò Ô áàÖáà× àÒ âÒãæ Öà×Ü (11 Û 12 Ûñàò). ?ÒÖ×ñäï âáä×åÛåï Cambridge Û âáÚÖãÒÔÛåï òÖãáìÛâÒå×Þ×Ü ä âáäÞ×ÖàÛßÛ æäâ×èÒßÛ. ÁãÛÔ×å áå àÒä áÓáÛè ?Òß áÓáÛß. ?Òë Joe P.S. ÁáäÞ×Öàòò ä×àäÒéÛò: Bohr ×Ö×å áÝáÞá â×ãÔáÕá ßÒò âá ßÒãëãæåæ LeningradûMoskwa [åÒÝ Ô âÛäïß×!]ûKhar-


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887

kow ÖÞò âãÛàòåÛò æêÒäåÛò Ô ÖÛäÝæääÛÛ Ô ä×ß âáäÞ×Öà×ß ÕáãáÖÛëÝ×. à àÛß ÖÔÒ ÒâáäåáÞÒ ü Rosenfeld & Klein. ÅÞÞÛÞæÜò, ÒÞÞÛÞæÜò... ÅßÛàï 4 .
1. ÃÞáÔÒ p?lser Ô ÖÒåäÝá-ãæääÝáß äÞáÔÒã× à×å. ?ÛÖÛßá, Ûß××åäò Ô ÔÛÖæ postej ü âÛãáÙáÝ. 2. ?áâãáäÒß äáÔã×ß×ààáÜ å×áãÛÛ b-ãÒäâÒÖÒ âáäÔòì×àÒ äåÒåïò ?ÒßáÔÒ "À äáäåáòàÛÛ å×áãÛÛ b-ãÒäâÒÖÒ àÒ ä×ÕáÖàò (20 ßÒò 1934 Õ.)", áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒààÒò Ô "Zs. Physik" (1934, Bd 89, H. 9/10, S. 592û596). 3. ?åáãá× ÛÚÖÒàÛ× ÝàÛÕÛ ?ÒßáÔÒ, äæì×äåÔ×ààá ãÒäëÛã×ààá× Û ÖáâáÞà×ààá×, ÔîëÞá âáÖ àÒÚÔÒàÛ×ß "Structure of Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Transformation" Ô 1937 Õ. Ô åáß Ù× ÛÚÖÒå×ÞïäåÔ×, êåá Û â×ãÔá×. ? ÃÊÅ áàÒ ÛÚÖÒàÒ à× ÓîÞÒ. 4. ?ß××åäò Ô ÔÛÖæ äåÒåïò ?ÒßáÔÒ "ÃáÔã×ß×ààî× ÛÖ×Û á äåãá×àÛÛ òÖ×ã" (Modern ideas on nuclear constitution), áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒààÒò Ô àáß×ã× "Nature"áå 19 ßÒò 1934 Õ. 5. Áá×ÚÖÝÒ ?áãÒ Û ×Õá ÒääÛäå×àåÒ . ÂáÚ×àç×ÞïÖÒ (À. ?Þ×Üà âá×èÒåï à× äßáÕ) áäæì×äåÔÛÞÒäï. ?áàç×ã×àéÛò, á ÝáåáãáÜ æâáßÛàÒ×å ?ÒßáÔ, û ðåá 2-ò Ýáàç×ã×àéÛò âá å×áã×åÛê×äÝáÜ çÛÚÛÝ×. Ãß. áÓ ðåáß Ô äåÒåï× ?.Ñ. Æã×àÝ×Þò "?ÛÞïä ?áã Û äáÔ×åäÝÛ× çÛÚÛÝÛ" (Ô äÓ.: ?ÛÞïä ?áã Û àÒæÝÒ ÇÇ Ô×ÝÒ (?Û×Ô: ?ÒæÝáÔÒ ÖæßÝÒ, 1988), ä. 16û27, áäáÓ×ààá ä. 20û25).

1. ÁáäÞ× áåÝãîåÛò âáÚÛåãáàÒ áÓäæÙÖÒÞäò Ôáâãáä áÓ áåãÛéÒå×Þïàîè âãáåáàÒè (Û ÖÒÙ× à×ÜåãáàÒè); äß., àÒâãÛß×ã, äÓ.: ÁáÞï ?ÛãÒÝ Û çÛÚÛÝÒ ÇÇ Ô×ÝÒ (?.: ?ÒæÝÒ, 1990), ä. 204. ?ÒßáÔ ãÒääßÒåãÛÔÒÞ ÔáÚßáÙàáäåï äæì×äåÔáÔÒàÛò "ÔàæåãÛòÖ×ãàîè âãáåáàáÔ". Ãß. ×Õá äåÒåïñ "ÀåãÛéÒå×ÞïàîÜ âãáåáà" (The negative Proton) Ô "Nature" ÚÒ 2 Ûñàò 1935 Õ. 2. Ãß. âãÛß×ê. 4 Ý âÛäïßæ ?ÒßáÔÒ ?áãæ áå 13.03.1934. 3. ÅààÒ ÅÞ×Ýä××ÔàÒ ?ÒâÛéÒ. 4. Ãß. âãÛß×ê. 4 Ý âÛäïßæ ?ÒßáÔÒ ?áãæ áå 13.03.1934.

?ÒâÛéÒ ü ?ÒßáÔæ
?-ãæ ?. ?ÒßáÔæ ?Þ×ÕÖÒßäÔ×Ü, 15, ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à, ?ÒàÛò.

15 ßÒò 1934 Õ.

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
Blegdamsvej 15 Copenhagen 6 May 1934

?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê! É×ã×Ú ß×äòé ò ×Öæ Ô Ann-Arbor êÛåÒåï Þ×ÝéÛÛ àÒ ÖÔÒ ß×äòéÒ Û âãá×ÚÖáß àÒÖ×ñäï àÒÔ×äåÛåï Cambridge. ÁÒãáèáÖ ("Majestic") ÛÖ×å 13 Ûñàò, åÒÝ êåá Ô ?Òë×ß ßÛÞáß ÕáãáÖÝ× àÒÖ×ñäï àÒ Õáäå×âãÛÛßäåÔá 12-Õá. ?äÞÛ âæÓÞÛÝÒ ×ì× à× ãÒÚí×Ö×åäò àÒ Þ×åàÛ× ÝÒàÛÝæÞî, åá äßáÕæ âãáê×äåï ÖáÝÞÒÖ á ÙÛÔáåã×â×ìæì×ß Ôáâãáä× áÓ áåãÛéÒå×Þïàîè âãáåáàÒè 1 . ÅÔî, æÔî, àÒëÛ ÖÒÞïà×ÜëÛ× âÞÒàî áâòåï à×áâã×Ö×Þ×ààî, åÒÝ ÝÒÝ à×ÖÒÔàá áæã×àä àÒâÛäÒÞ ?áãæ, êåá ÖáÞÞÒã âáÞÚ×å ÔÔ×ãè äÞÛëÝáß ß×ÖÞ×ààá Û êåá Ô ðåáß ÕáÖæ æäåãáÛåï ß×àò Ô ?ÒÞÛçáãàÛÛ àÛÝÒÝ à× ÓæÖ×å ÔáÚßáÙàá. ?áã ä×ÜêÒä Ô ÃÃà(×àÛàÕãÒÖû?áäÝÔÒû ÇÒãïÝáÔ) 2 Û Ô×ãà×åäò åáÞïÝá 27-Õá; åáÕÖÒ ÓæÖ×ß áÓäæÙÖÒåï, ÕÖ× ßà× ÓÞÛÙÒÜëÛÜ ÕáÖ Óîåï. ?×èáãáëÛ× Ý×ßÓãÛÖÙäÝÛ× òÖãeààÛÝÛ à× èáåòå ß×àò êÞ×àáß ÝÒÝáÕáØ ÞÛÓá ÚÒèæÖÒÞáÕá ÝáÞÞ×ÖÙÒ ÔîÓãÒåï! ?æ, ÖÒ ÝÒÝ-àÛÓæÖï Ôä× æäåãáÛåäò. ÃÒßá× áÓÛÖàá×, êåá ä×ÜêÒä ßà× Ô Åß×ãÛÝæ âãÛÖ×åäò ×èÒåï áÖàáßæ, áäåÒÔÛÔ Ro Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×à×, ÛÓá ÖÔÒ áÓãÒåàîè ÓÛÞ×åÒ (ÖÔÒ ÓÛÞ×åÒ åæÖÒ Û áÓãÒåàá. ü ?.Æ.) ê×ã×Ú áÝ×Òà æÙ ÓáÞïàá ÝæäÒñåäò. ?ß×ñåäò, Ýáà×êàá, Û âã×Ûßæì×äåÔÒ: æêÒäåÛ× Ô ?áâ×àÕÒÕ×àäÝáÜ (ä×àåòÓãï) Û áàÖáà-?×ßÓãÛÖÙäÝáÜ Ýáàç×ã×àéÛòè (áÝáàêÒå×Þïàá ÞÛ áàÒ àÒÚàÒê×àÒ?), àá Ôä× ðåá åæäÝà××å â×ã×Ö âáå×ã×Ü ÔáÚßáÙàáäåÛ â×ã×ä×êï Òß×ãÛÝÒàäÝÛÜ ÝáàåÛà×àå Ô äáÓäåÔ×ààáß ÒÔåáßáÓÛÞ×. ?æ, âáÝÒ ü Öá äÝáãáÕá äÔÛÖÒàÛò. ÁáÝÞáà Åà× 3 áå àÒä áÓáÛè. ?Òë Joe P.S. (1) Ñ âãáäÛÞ âÛäïßáß Fowler'a àÒâÛäÒåï Ô Foreign Ofùce á ÔÛÚÒè. ?äÞÛ ×Õá à×å Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ×, äÖ×ÞÒÜå× ?î, âáÙÒÞæÜäåÒ (ÖÔ× ÔÛÚî ÖÞò ß×àò Û Ro àÒ ÔäòÝÛÜ äÞæêÒÜ). P.S. (2) ?áò áÓÚáãàÒò äåÒåïò Ô Nature â×êÒåÒ×åäò (Ûß×Þ Ýáãã×Ýåæãî) 4 . Â×ÖÒÝéÛò, áÖàÒÝá, àÛê×Õá à× âÛë×å á ÕáàáãÒã× (ÖáÞÕ ?Òß), àá àÒÖ×ñäï Ôä× Ù×, êåá áà ÓæÖ×å.

?áãáÕáÜ ?ÒßáÔ, ò áê×àï ãÒÖ, êåá ?î äáÓÛãÒ×å×äï Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ, Û ßî ÓæÖ×ß áê×àï âãÛÔ×åäåÔáÔÒåï, ×äÞÛ ?î ÔîäåæâÛå× Ô àÒë×ß ?ÞæÓ× Ô â á à × Ö ×Þ ï àÛ Ý , 11 Û ñ à ò, ä Ö á ÝÞ ÒÖ á ß á ? Òë ×ß à × ÕÒ åãáà× 1 . Ñ áãÕÒàÛÚæñ ÚÒä×ÖÒàÛ× ä×ßÛàÒãÒ ÝÒÝ ãÒÚ àÒ ðåá êÛäÞá. Ñ äáÙÒÞ×ñ, êåá ?ÒëÒ Ù×àÒ à× äßáÙ×å âá×èÒåï ä ?ÒßÛ àÒ ÖãæÕæñ äåáãáàæ áÝ×ÒàÒ, àá ò àÒÖ×ñäï, êåá Ôä× Ô Ýáàé× ÝáàéáÔ æäåãáÛåäò äÒßá äáÓáÜ. Ã×ÜêÒä æ àÒä ÚÖ×äï àÒèáÖÛåäò ×ÜâæàäÝÛÜ Û ò áÙÛÖÒñ âãÛ×ÚÖÒ ?áçç× 2 ü åáÙ× Ô Ûñà×. ?åÒÝ, Öá Ôäåã×êÛ ÚÖ×äï Ô ?×ßÓãÛÖÙ× Û ä ä×ãÖ×êàîßÛ âãÛÔ×åÒßÛ, ÛäÝã×àà× ?Òë ?ÒâÛéÒ
1. Ãß. âãÛß×ê. 1 Ý âÛäïßæ ?ÒßáÔÒ áå 6.05.1934. 2. ?Ò ÝáàÕã×ää× Ô áàÖáà× Å.Æ. ?áçç×, âá-ÔÛÖÛßáßæ, à× ÓîÞ (áå ÃÃààÒ à×ß âãÛäæåäåÔáÔÒÞ Å.?. ÅÞÛèÒàáÔ), èáåò Û âã×ÖäåÒÔÛÞ åæÖÒ ÖÔ× äÔáÛ ãÒÓáåî, áâæÓÞÛÝáÔÒààî× Ô åãæÖÒè ÝáàÕã×ääÒ.

?ÒßáÔ ü ?ÒâÛé×
K?benhavn. 22 Mai 1934

?áãáÕáÜ Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê, Û åÒÝ, ò Öá ÝÞÒÖ îÔÒñ Ô â áà × Ö× Þïà ÛÝ 11-Õ á. À .? .! Ñ , Ô×ãáòåàá, âãÛ×Öæ Ô Cambridge Ô âáà×Ö×ÞïàÛÝ æåãáß Û âãáÓæÖæ é×ÞîÜ Ö×àï, Ò ÔáÚßáÙàá, Û áäåÒàæäï â×ã×àáê×ÔÒåï. ÃÝÒÙÛå× ?ãáÝáÖÛÞæ Û ?áÝãáçåæ, êåáÓî áàÛ Ý ßá×ßæ âãÛ×ÚÖæ âáÓáÞïë× òÖ×ã àÒÓÛÞÛ. ÁãÛÔ×å Åà× 1 Û ×ÜâæàäÝáßæ 2 . ?Òë Joe ?ÒßáÔ
1. ÅààÒ ÅÞ×Ýä××ÔàÒ ?ÒâÛéÒ. 2. Å.?. ×ÜâæàäÝÛÜ âãáÔ×Þ Ô ÅàÕÞÛÛ, Ô ÞÒÓáãÒåáãÛÛ æ Â×Ú×ãçáãÖÒ, áÝáÞá âáÞæåáãÒ Þ×å (ä Òâã×Þò 1934 Õ. âá áÝåòÓãï 1935 Õ.).

ÁÛäïßÒßÛ ßÒò 1934 Õ. â×ã×âÛäÝÒ ?ÒâÛéî ä ?ÒßáÔîß âã×ãîÔÒ×åäò ü ÖãæÕÛè âÛä×ß ?ÒßáÔÒ Û ?ÒßáÔæ Ô ÒãèÛÔ× Á.. ?ÒâÛéî à× áÓàÒãæÙ×àá. ?ÒßáÔ ÔäÝáã× áÓáäàáÔÒÞäò Ô ÃÊÅ, äåÒÔ âãáç×ääáãáß æàÛÔ×ãäÛå×åÒ ?ÙáãÖÙÒ ?ÒëÛàÕåáàÒ. Á×åã ×áàÛÖáÔÛê, âãÛ×èÒÔ Ô áåâæäÝ áä×àïñ 1934 Õ. Ô ×àÛàÕãÒÖ, ÓîÞ ÞÛë×à ÔáÚßáÙàáäåÛ Ô×ãàæåïäò Ô ÅàÕÞÛñ Û ÖáÞÕÛ×, ÖáÞÕÛ× ÕáÖî áäåÒÔÒÞäò, ÝÒÝ ðåá æ àÒä àÒÚîÔÒÞáäï, "à×Ôî×ÚÖàîß". ? ×Õá ÓæßÒÕÒè äáèãÒàÛÞáäï, ÝÒÝ ßÛàÛßæß, ÖÔÒ âÛäïßÒ, ÝÒäÒñìÛèäò ?ÒßáÔÒ. ÀåãîÔáÝ ÛÚ áÖàáÕá âÛäïßÒ âãÛÔ×Ö×à Ô âãÛß×êÒ-


888

Á?Â?Á?Ã?Å ?.Å. ?Å?À?Å ? Á.. ?ÅÁ?ÈÍ

[ÅÆ?. 1994

àÛÛ 2 Ý âÛäïßæ ?ÒßáÔÒ áå 15 àáòÓãò 1933 Õ. ?åáãá× âÛäïßá äÔòÚÒàá ä ÔîÖÔÛÙ×àÛ×ß ?ÒßáÔÒ ü àÒ ÔáÞà× ×Õá òÖ×ãàîè ÝÔÒàåáÔáß×èÒàÛê×äÝÛè æäâ×èáÔ ü Ô Ö×ÜäåÔÛå×Þïàî× êÞ×àî ÅÝÒÖ×ßÛÛ àÒæÝ ÃÃÃÂ. à âãáäïÓáÜ á âáÖÖ×ãÙÝ× ÝÒàÖÛÖÒåæãî ?ÒßáÔÒ Ý ?ÒâÛé× áÓãÒåÛÞäò 25 àáòÓãò 1931 Õ. .?. ÒàÖÒæ. Àà âãáäÛÞ ?ÒâÛéæ "ÔáäèÔÒÞÛåï ?ÙáààÛ", âáâãáäÛåï á åáß Ù× Â×Ú×ãçáãÖÒ Û å.Ö.

?ÒâÛéÒ áåÔ×åÛÞ ÒàÖÒæ âÛäïßáß áå 25 àáòÓãò 1931 Õ.: "?áãáÕáÜ ÒàÖÒæ, êåá ÅÝÒÖ×ßÛñ áßáÞáÖÛåï âáÞ×Úàá, Ò äáÕÞÒä×à. Éåá ?ÙáààÛ ü âáÖèáÖòìÒò áÓ×Úïòàïò Ù×Þ×Úa ü áê×àï ÔáÚßáÙàá. ?á ò à× ÖáÝåáã ?áãáàáÔ Û à× Ô äÔáÛ Ö×ÞÒ äáÔÒåïäò à× ÞñÓÞñ. ?Òë ?ÒâÛéÒ" (éÛåÛãæ×åäò âá Ýà.: ?áã×ÞÛÝ ?.?., Æã×àÝ×Þï ?.Ñ. ?ÒåÔ×Ü Á×åãáÔÛê ?ãáàëå×Üà (?.: ?ÒæÝÒ, 1990) ä. 88).

LETTERS EXCHANGED BY G A GAMOW AND P L KAPITZA The Letter exchange between P Kapitza and G Gamow is published here for the ùrst time. From it, one can learn about Kapitza's activity in helping his Russian friends and colleagues, his work as the coeditor of one of the most prestigeous series of Clarendon Press (Cambridge) books of physics. G Gamow presents himself at one of the most interesting periods of his life (1929û1934) in the full brilliancy of his personality. Received 6 June 1994

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