Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://mgumus.chem.msu.ru/ru/researches/Seminars/perminova-19102006.pdf Дата изменения: Mon Dec 11 13:00:25 2006 Дата индексирования: Mon Oct 1 21:40:54 2012 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: m 8

« »
. ..

..



· · · ·

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


(Kleinhempel, 1970)
O OH O HOOC OH COOH N Fe OH O OH H O
2+ 2+

OH O HOOC OH OH O O
-

OH OH O CH3 NH NH NH NH2 NH2 OH CH3 O O COOH COOH NH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 O OH OH OCH
3

OH

HOOC OH

H O O

NH

O

-

OH NH2 H3C

OH

O

OH O O O H O
-

O NH2

CH2OH O O O

H

Fe

O

O O O

OH Si O OH
+

O

CH3 O CH2 HH OO OH N H ON O O H O OH O OH O OH OH HO HN

O

O O NH2 CH2OH OH O OH Si H OH O HO N C O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O HN COOH CH CH2 O H OH H OH H CH3 OH NH CH2 N O

OH O O O COOH NH CH2 O NH

K
-

+

O O

NH CH2 NH CH2 CH2 O

NH HO OH

Al Al O O

OH O H O

O Si O

Fe O H NH2 O O H O 2+ Fe
-

H O

H

H3CO

NO OH O

2

Fe O OH

2+

O
-

-

O O

H H CH2OH O COOH O CH3

O H

O OH O

OH NH2 OH O N

H3CO H H O CH2 O O CH2OH O O O O CH2 O CH2OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2OH O O CH2OH

HO H3C

NH HO HO

O OH

NO2 OH H2N

OH O

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



COOH CAr-OH >C=O - - - CH
n


LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY











LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



+ Mn+
OH

M·


s - Na, K, Li NH4+ - p - a, Mg, Ba, Sr, Al



OH

d, f - Fe, Cu, Pb, Co, Ni, Zn, Pu, Np





LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



{-n}m+ m·M+n {M·}
m

- - : ,

(/): , . () ~ 1

(/):

[ ] K= [ ] [ ]

[M], [], [M·] ­ , M

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



{-n}m+ m·M+n {M·}
m

- - : ,

(/): , . () ~ 1

(/):

[ ] K= [ ] [ ]

[M], [], [M·] ­ , M

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



Surface Sorption by Solids and Colloids

1. Complexation (Mechanism) of metal ion 2. Surface displacement of hydroxides These are specifically favored by hydrated metals (where MLZ+ chelate); such as we have discussed. Zn(H2O)x+2 ; Mn(H2O)x+2; Pb(H2O)x+2 Displacement of either 1. H+ or 2. 0H1. M-OH + MLz+ <---> M-OMtL(z-1) + H 2. M-OH + MLz+ <---> M-MtL(z-1) + OH
Wiley & Sons, Inc., NY, NY, pgs. 104-105, 192, 1990. pg. 1-41 overview

+ ­

Ref. Surface Complexation Modeling - Hydrous Ferric Oxide, David Dzombak and Francois Morel, John

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



O OH O HOOC OH COOH N Fe OH O OH H O
2+ 2+

OH O HOOC OH OH O
-

OH OH O CH3 O COOH COOH NH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 O

OH

HOOC OH

H O

NH

O

OH O O
-

H

Fe

O

H O
-

O O O

OH Si O OH
+

O

O

O CH2 HH OO

Al Al O O

OH O H O

O Si O

Fe O H NH2 O O H O 2+ Fe
-

H O

H

NH NH O O OH NH O H3C NH2 NH2 OH CH2OH NH2 O OH OCH3 O OH O OH CH3 O O O O NH2 O CH2OH NH2 OH O O OH CH3 Si O H COOH OH O HO NH CH2 N NH CH2 NH NH C O CH2 CH2 CH2 N CH2 O CH2 O HO H OH ON CH2 CH2 NH O OH HN N NO2 H3CO O OH COOH
-

OH

K O
-

+

O O

O H O OH O

HN Fe
2+

CH O
-

CH2 H OH H OH H

O O

O O

H H CH2OH O COOH O CH3

O

O H

HO H3C

OH O

O OH O HO

OH NH2 OH O N

H3CO CH3 H H O CH2 O O CH2OH O O O O CH2 O CH2OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2OH O O CH2OH

OH O OH

NH HO HO OH

OH NH CH2

O OH

NO2 OH H2N

OH O

[] []

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



Surface Sorption by Solids and Colloids

Colloids and Colloidal Particles Particles from 1 to 0.0001 micrometers (µm) Generally classified as Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Associated Hydrophilic generally made up of proteins, polymers humic acids, etc. Having great affinity for water Hydrophobic clay, soil and other charged particles that have an active electrically charged double layer and are settled by the addition of salt to neutralize the charge. They do not settle or agglomerate naturally without a change in the water conditions. Associated colloids are made up of self assembling particles such as lipids and soaps with a hydrophobic portion and a hydrophilic portion. They self assemble into micelles in water.
LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



Flocculation involves formation of bridges of chemical bonds forming flocs which are bridges between colloidal particles. Polyelectolytes such are bridged by metal ions on the surface of the colloid and aggregation is achieved. These polyanions are polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylamide, polyethylene imine, polyacrylate etc.

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


Organic Compound Adsorption Organic compounds are also adsorbed
Like dissolves like is the rule of thumb. Non-polar organics are adsorbed by non-polar sediment components Polar organics are absorbed by more polar groups Usually attributed to: van der Waals forces induced dipole interactions hydrogen bonding charge transfer complexation, and hydrophobic interactions Example: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) The Freundlich isotherm X = K Cn Where:
LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


Organic Compound Adsorption Organic compounds are also adsorbed
Like dissolves like is the rule of thumb. Non-polar organics are adsorbed by non-polar sediment components Polar organics are absorbed by more polar groups Usually attributed to: van der Waals forces induced dipole interactions hydrogen bonding charge transfer complexation, and hydrophobic interactions Example: 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) The Freundlich isotherm X = K Cn Where:
LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



+ KOC




:

:

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



- +
K
OC

-·



;



:

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


- -
+ + ne ; FE0 = 0.15 ­ 0.79 V :
100 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100

Pu(V), % C(HS) = 0 m g/L C(HS) = 100 m g/L T ime, min
150 200





LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



:
Ox
Ox

Fe(III)

solid

-e

+e -e
Red

+e -e
Fe(II)
aq

+e

U(VI)

aq

Red

U(IV)

s





LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



· · · ·

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY




O OH O HOOC OH COOH N Fe OH O OH H O
2+ 2+

OH O HOOC OH OH OH OH

OH

HOOC OH

H O O
-

NH

O

-

OH O O O H O
-

H

Fe

O

O O O

Si O

OH OH
+

O

CH3 O CH2 N H ON O

O

Al Al O O

OH O H

O Si O

HH H OO H O Fe O H NH2 O O H O 2+ Fe
-

OH

O COOH COOH NH NH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 OH NH O O OH O NH H3C NH2 NH2 OH CH2OH NH2 O OH OCH3 O OH O + OH CH3 O K O O NH2 O CH2OH NH2 OH O O O OH O Si O H COOH HO OH O NH CH2 NH CH2 NH NH N C O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O CH2 O HO OH CH2 CH2 NH O HN N NO2 H3CO OH COOH O O CH3 HN
2+

O

O H O

CH O
-

CH2 H OH H OH H

O O

O O

H H CH2OH O COOH O CH3

Fe O OH

O

HO H3C

O

O H

OH O

O OH O HO

OH NH2 OH O N

H3CO CH3 H H O CH2 O O CH2OH O O O O CH2 O CH2OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2OH O O CH2OH

OH O OH

NH HO HO OH

OH NH CH2

O OH

NO2 OH H2N

OH O



LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY







LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY




- :
OH
O OH O HOOC OH COOH N Fe OH NH O
2+

oxidation
OH O H O
-

O
O OH OH COOH N Fe OH O OH H O
2+ 2+

reduction
OH O H O O
-

OH
O OH OH COOH N Fe OH NH O
2+

OH O HOOC OH OH O O
-

OH

HOOC OH

HOOC OH OH O OH O CH3

OH OH O COOH COOH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 NH O
OH HOOC OH

OH OH OH O

HOOC OH

O HOOC

OH OH O CH3 NH NH NH NH2 NH2 OH CH3 O O NH O

O HOOC

HOOC OH OH O O CH3

H O O

OH H O
2+

H

Fe

O O

OH Si OH
+

OO

Al Al OO O Si O

OH O H

HO H3C

NH NH OO OH NH O H3C NH2 NH2 OH OH CH OH NH2 2 OO OH OCH O 3 O OH O + OH CH3 O K OO O O NH2 O CH OH NH2 H 2 OH OO OH O O O CH3 Si H COOH O O O OH N O O HO NH CH2 NH NH CH2 NH O CH2 C O CH2 CH2 CH2 O CH2 O CH2 N HO HH H H OH ON CH CH H OO NH O22 O OH HN N NO Fe 2 H3CO O OH O COOH H NH2 CH CH2 O O HN O O O H H CH OH H 2 O OH H 2+ O Fe O 2+ COOH O O Fe OH H OH O O CH3 O O O H3CO OH OH OH O H NH2 O OH CH3 H OH O CH OH CH OH 2 2 CH OH 2 HO OH H NH OO OO OO H O OH O OO OO HO NH CH2 O CH2 OH OH HO CH2 CH2 O N OH NO OH 2 OH H2N O O O O

NH

O

-

O

OH NH2 H3C

OH

OH O O O H O
-

O NH2

CH2 OH O O O

H

Fe

O

O O O

Si O

OH OH
+

O

CH3 O CH2 HH OO Fe NH2 O H O OH O OH O OH OH NO2 OH H2N N H ON O O H HN

O

O O NH2 CH2OH OH O OH Si H OH O HO N C O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O HN COOH CH CH2 N O

NH NH NH NH2 NH2 OH CH3 O

O

COOH COOH NH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 O OH OH OCH
3

O OH H O
2+

OH NH2 H3C

OH

COOH COOH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 O OH OH OCH
3

OH O O
-

H OH O O K
+

Fe

O NH CH2 NH CH2 CH2 O

COOH NH CH2 O

O O

O O O

Si O

OH OH
+

NH HO OH

H O

H

Al Al O O

Al Al O O

OH

NH H3 CO NO OH O O O O OH H CH3 OH H H O CH2 O O H3CO CH2OH O O O O CH2 O CH2 OH O O
2

OH O H

O H O Fe
2+ -

OH O H O

O Si O H H CH2OH COOH O CH3 HO H3C CH2 OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2OH

O Si O

O O H

Fe O OH

2+

O
-

-

O

H OH NH2 H OH

O OH O HO

O O O CH2OH NH2 OH O CH3 Si OH O O HO CH2 C O CH2 CH2 N HH H H ON OO CH2 CH2 H O O OH HN Fe O O COOH H NH2 HN CH CH2 O O H O O H H 2+ O Fe 2+ O O Fe H OH OH O O O OH OH O H NH2 O OH H OH O HO NH OH O O H O O
-

O

CH2 OH O O NH2 O H H N CH2 N O O

OH O O

K
-

+

O

COOH O NH CH2 NH CH2 NH NH CH2 CH2 O O HO NH H3 CO NO OH O O O O H H CH2OH COOH O CH3
2

O O

OH

OH CH3 OH H H O CH2 O O

H3CO CH2OH O O O O CH2 O CH2 OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2OH

O OH

HO H3C

HO O OH HO OH OH NO2 OH H2N OH O N

NH HO HO

O

NH CH2

O CH OH 2 OH

OH O N OH NH

CH2

O

O

OH

Oxidants
Fremy`s salt - (SO3K)2NO Fenton reagent - H2O2+Fe2+ Elbs reagent - K2S2O8

Reductants
Na2SO3 Na2S2O4

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


-

HO * OH
n
OH 2 OH O HOOC
2

OH
O OH
2

OH
O O

HO
2

O H HO COOH OH NH CH H O OC H O H NH O O
2

( ) - (Powhumus) :HQ - 1g:100 mg; 1g:250 mg; 1g:500 mg :CH2O - 1g:4mmol; pH 5.5; T= 60 oC
LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

OH

H

O O

O Si O

O

H

O

Si

Al

O

H3 C

HO

OH

OH

OH

Fe

OH

OH

Al

HOOC

O H

2+

+

O

NH

O

-

Fe

OH

HO

O

-

-

H O

O

2+

O

H O

O HOOC

HO

-

O H

H

O

O

OH

O H

O OH

O

H

H OO

O

H O O

NH

Fe

O C H2

OH H NH
2

O

O

OH

-

NO2 OH H2 N OH Fe O COOH
2+

N

OH

O

N H ON

CH

O

H O

OH

O

3

O

O

O H

-

NH2

H O

O

O

OH

O HN HO Fe O
2+

O

O

C

OH O O
-

O

O

O O NH2 CH2 OH OH O OH Si H OH N

COOH

-

C H

HO

O

O

N CH 2 C H2 NH2 OH O OH NH2
2 CH CH

OH

HOOCOH

C H2

OH

H

HN

H

NH

H

2

CH 2 OH OO

N

H3 C

OH

CH2

OH

C H2 OH C H3 C O H3 O

H H

H3 CO

O

CH O

O OH OH
2

CH2 OH O

N H C H2 NH CH 2 O CH2

CH3

O

OH

OH

OH

NH NH NH2 NH2 OH

O

O H3 CO O NH NO O O
2

OH

O HOOC HC Fe

HOOC O HC

2

H C

H O HC O

N

OH

CH2 O O O O O NH NH NH O COOH CH 2 COOH COOH NH CH2 OH O O OH O OH O NH O

2 H H C H OH

OH OC H3

CH2 CH 2 NH

OH

OH CH2 COOH
3 O CH

OH OO

2

O
-

O O CH
3 COH

H H

HO H H N 2HN HONH HO N HO H

HN NO O O OH O HO O
2+

CH OH

H C

n
O O

H

O O
3

HC O O
2

O O CH NH 2 H O CH OH O OH O Si C
2

2+

H

Fe

O HO

*

OH

O

O
2

O

-

O K O
+

CH2 OH O O O

CH2 OH

O

OH

H

O

H
-

O H

O O
3 2

O HC C H

O HH O O Fe
2

O N N H HO
2

H H O O H HO O O H OH HN O

+

HCHO

+
OH
*

OH

Al Al O O O Si H
-

+

H O NH O OK
+

O 2 HN CH CH O2 2 HC H O N C N H 2C HN HN H HN COOH O COOH
2

H
2 2

O

2

HC

CO

HC HC NO HC NHO OH OH H O
2

2

O
3

O C OH HH

C H

O O

Si O O O Fe

-

3

HO

O HO

Fe O O O

O

H

O HO H
2 2

O 2 HN O

3

HC O2 OH CH
3 3 2

O HN

O

COOH H O O O
-

-

O

2+

H

O

H

OH 2 H

O 2 HC 2 OH O

O N

3

HO HN 3 CH H N OH O NH H O

HO O O O H

O HN H O CH OH O

OH
H CH H O

CH OH 2 O HO

CH OH 2 O O

HO

COOH O

O H

2+

O

n

O H NO O H2 N O O

N OH COOH H HO O

OH




CHP OFr RFr OEl REl OFe RFe HQ100 HQ250 HQ500 PC100 PC250 PC500 BQ100 BQ250 BQ500


HA of leonardite CHP oxidized with Frmy's salt OFr reduced with Na 2 SO 3 CHP oxidized with Na 2S 2 O 8 OEl reduced with Na 2 SO 3 CHP oxidized with H2 O 2 /Fe 2+ OFe reduce d with Na 2 SO 3 CHP:HQ co - polymer 1g:100mg CHP:HQ co - polymer 1g:250mg CHP:HQ co - polymer 1g:500mg CHP:PC co - polymer 1g:100mg CHP:PC co - polymer 1g:250mg CHP:PC co - polymer 1g:500mg CHP:BQ co - polymer 1g:100mg CHP:BQ co - polymer 1g:250mg CHP:BQ co - polymer 1g:500mg

HQ - ; PC ­ ; BQ- -
LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



ArOH ( )
5 4 3 2 1 0 m m o l/g

CHP

OE l RE l

OFr

RFr

HQ250

HQ500

OF e RF e

0

BQ100

ArO (
20 15 10 5 0 C ,%

13

C )

OEl

OFr

RFr

REl

P

HQ100

HQ250

HQ500

OFe

RFe

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

BQ50 0

BQ100

PC1 00 PC 250 PC 500

CH

BQ250 BQ500

PC100

PC250

HQ10

PC 500


13C


C=O CO O C ArO C
Ar

C

al k

O

CHn

B Q 100

PC 1 0 0

HQ 100

RF r

OF r

CHP

20 0

15 0

10 0

50

0

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


-

D
red

+ Fe(CN)

3­ 6

ox + Fe(CN)

6

4­

є (Fe(CN)63­/ Fe(CN)64­) = 0,543 V
0.9 420 K3Fe(CN)6 0.6

-:
q= C (K 3Fe(CN) 6 ) C

0.3 K4Fe(CN)6 0 400 425 450 475



, nm
500

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


- «-»
4.0

Re dox c apac ity, mmol/g

3.0

-, mmol/g

2.0

1.0

3,0 Redox capacity, mmol/g
0.0

HQ 1 H 00 Q 25 H0 Q 50 0

00

50 00

B Q 10 BQ 0 2 BQ 50 50 0

CH P

O Fr RF r

O El RE l

OF e R Fe

2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0,5

2 q, mmol/g0,88 R=

PC 1 P C2 PC 5

R2 = 0.88 ArOH, mmol/gg Ar-O , mmol/ H
1,5 2,5 3,5 4,5

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



OH O

Eє = 700
OH
OH

O
O

Eє = 470
OH O

OH OH OH

OH O

OH

Eє ~ 130-400
OH O

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



Root length, % of control 120 100 80 60 0 5 15 30 50 100 Concentration of HS, mg/L 120 100 80 60 0 5 15 30 50 100 CHP-HQ100 CHP-HQ250 CHP-HQ500 CHP-PC100 CHP-PC250 CHP-PC500

: -: : : 72 , T = 25oC; pH 6.4

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY




-

<

<

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY




!

>

>


> <

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



30

20%

80%

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY




OH
+

O
Cl

NaOH
O

O
+ NaCl


O
O
t NaOH


O OH

O OH

O

O

_ O_ CH CH2
+

NH

NH

_ CH CH2 CH CH
n

2

___
2

2

O



N H OH

n

CH CH2_ N H O OH

+

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY





OH

OH

OH

+ 2=
OH

H2C2O4
OH
H N

OH

+ N4(C2)

6



OH

OH

+ 2=
OH OH

NaOH 150-220
OH

OH OH O

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



OH



OH

OH

+
CH2 OH H H O CH2 O
2 CH OH OO

HCHO
OH
OO OO O O SiOH O Si O Al Al HO H3 C OH OH O Fe H
+

OH
O OH O HOOC OH COOH N Fe OH O OH H O
2+ 2+

: POLYORGS

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

OH

H

H O

OH

OH

Fe

HOOC

2+

O

O

O

OH O

N H

-

-

H O

-

HO

O HOOC

2+

HH HO HO O Fe O H N2 H O

O

HO
OH HOOC OH

OH

O H

O

O OH

O

O CH2

O

OH O

NH

OH NO OH 2 H2 N O H O H O OH

OH OH COOH OH HOOCH O N O OH O OH 2+ H COOH Fe COOH O O O NH NH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 OH O NH O CH3 OO OH NH O H3 C NH2 NH2 O H CH OH 2 NH2 3 OO OH OC H OH O OH 3 + CH O OO O -K CH OH 2 NH2 O NH2 OO OH O H O O CH3 H O COOH Si O O NH CH2 NH NH CH2 NH HO OHN C O CH2 CH2 CH2 N CH2 O CH2 O HO H OH ON CH2 CH2 NH O OH HN N 2 NO H3 CO O OH COOH 2 CH CH O O HN O O 2 H H CH OH H 2+ O H O COOH O Fe O O O CH3 OH H OH O O H3 CO H OH O OH O NH2 CH3 H 2 CH OH CH OH 2 OO OO OO OO CH2 CH2 OH O HO O OH NH

O

OH N

O
2 CH OH OH

OH O HOOC OH OH O O
-

OH OH O CH3 NH NH NH NH2 NH2 OH CH3 O O NH O

O

H O O

NH

O

-

OH NH2 H3C

OH

COOH COOH NH CH2 CH2 NH2 O OH OH OCH
3

OH O O O H O
-

O NH2

CH2 OH O O O

H

Fe

O

O O O

Si O

OH OH
+

O

CH3 O CH2 HH OO Fe NH2 O H O OH O OH O OH OH NO2 OH H2N N H ON O O H HN

O

O O NH2 CH2OH OH O OH Si H OH O HO N C O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O HN COOH CH CH2 N O

OH O O

K
-

+

COOH O NH CH2 NH CH2 NH NH CH2 CH2 O O HO NH H3 CO NO OH O O O O H H CH2OH COOH O CH3
2

O O

H O

H

OH

Al Al O O

OH

O H O Fe
2+ -

OH O H O

O Si O

O O H

Fe O OH

2+

O
-

-

O

H OH H OH H CH3 OH NH CH2 H H O CH2 O

O OH O HO

OH NH2 OH O N

H3CO CH2OH O O O O O CH2 O CH2 OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2 OH O O CH2OH

HO H3C

NH HO HO

O OH

OH O



CONCEPT OF A FLUX METER: Segmented Porous Device Comprised of Sorbent(s) Contains Resident Tracers Inserted into a Well

Water Table

Monitoring Well

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


!

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY







-



LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY



: · (U.S. DOE) ( RUC2-20006-MO-04); · ( KR-964); · NATO Collaborative linkage grant (#980508)

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY


!

LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY