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Future Optical/UV Science

April 11, 2003 Steven Beckwith


Creating a future science strategy
What we know that we know
Strategies are straightforward (e.g. galaxy formation, search for solar systems) "Killer aps" possible early on, usually eroded with time

What we know that we don't know
Strategies are possible, because we are creative (e.g. dark matter)

What we don't know that we don't know
Strategies are impossible We discover this stuff by expanding our ability to look

"You can observe a lot by watching."
Yogi Berra, American baseball player & coach
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Telescopes & Discoveries
After Fig. 3.10 in Cosmic Discovery, Martin Harwit

1010
CCDs Mount Palomar 200" Russian 6-m Mount Wilson 100"

108 Sensitivity Improvement 106 over the Eye 104

Telescopes alone
Photography

1600

Galileo

1700

1800

Rosse's 72"

102

Herschell's 48"

Huygens eyepiece Slow f ratios

Short's 21.5"

1900

Year of observations

Hubble Space Telescope Next Generation Space Telescope

Photographic & electronic detection

2000


Intellectual trends
Uncover ("discover") the unseen
Catalog the Adduce the Understand universe physical laws the reason for it all

Local to the distant, minor to major components
Solar system Milky Way galaxies recombination Planets Stars Galaxies Structure

"Local" questions
How & why do planets form? What do they look like? What makes planets evolve into habitable worlds

The quest for distance drove us to large light buckets The need for resolution & dynamic range drives to large apertures in space.
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Flagship Science Themes:
Dark Energy, Dark Matter, the Early Universe, Exoplanets & Life
Dark energy: · Map the expansion history · Look for changes in"cosmic pressure" Dark matter · Map its distribution · Search for plausible candidates (lab?) Early universe: · Galaxy & star formation/evolution to z ~ 20 · Black hole creation to z ~ 20 Exoplanets & Life: · Planet formation, disk physics and evolution · Discovery and study of exo-planets · Genesis of life: planet atmospheres



ma tte r

w, quintessence

L* ev olutio n 4/15/2003

z

reionization

5


Dark Energy: , w
GOODS

Dark energy: SN Ia
ACS: 200 SN Ia per year to z ~ 2 (1 yr HST dedicated) Strong test of acceleration interpretation and search for systematics

Instr. #SN Now 40 2008? 200 "SNAP" 2000

t(yr) 4 1 2

w(%) 25 10 5 (w)

.

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1 yr HST with ACS: >200 SN Ia

6


Dark Energy
Dark energy:
Phase 1: confirm with SN Ia (HST, SNAP) Phase 2: distinguish (wx = -1) or changing wx > -1 Phase 3: what is this stuff? Instr. Now ACS SNAP #SN 40 200 2000 t(yr) 4 1 2 w(%) 25 10 5 (w)

.

We have tools in hand or underway to address w(t) on the decade timescale
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Weak lensing: structure 1 z=3

Initial structure studies will involve wide-field maps of galaxies for the effects of weak lensing.

~1 °

z=0

G ro un dba se d

We do not know the nature of dark matter. Depending on what we find, we may need general purpose observatories to understand its nature.

z=1

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Angular scales to 1° to redshifts >3 allow actual measurement of gravitational structure

Structure develops as dark matter coagulates under its own gravity
8

sp ac eu ni qu e


Renaissance after Dark Ages
"Dark Ages"
young galaxy

Here Now
S2

z~ 610

H II
TIGM ~ 104 K t
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HI
TIGM ~ 4z K z

z~ 10

3

Drawing courtesy of Michael Fall, STScI

z~

Big Bang
9

S1

(re) combination


Galaxy Formation/Evolution
Galaxy formation:
Exploring the re-ionization epoch with HST & JWST JWST will give us basic ingredients to z ~ 20 (with mid-IR) Imaging of early black-hole creation

HST NICMOS 0.2"

SIRTF IRAC 2"

Galaxies at z > 0.5 need very large, filled aperture imagers
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Looking for Extraterrestrial Life
What we know we know
"I'll tell you something else I think. I think there are other bowls somewhere out there with intelligent life just like ours."

Frank Modell ©1987 The New Yorker

There is a solar system We have an example of a life-supporting planet


Terrestrial Planet Finder
Searching for signs of life:

2

H2O

O

3

CO

2

0

10 20 Wavelength (µm)

30

Separate light from Earth-like planets from stars

Search for signatures of life: oxygen, methane & disequilibrium chemistryaaaaaa

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High contrast imaging science
Contrast vs. angle: HST CODEX I (peak) I (wing) AGB, PPNe, PNe
0.3" 1.0" 2.5" 1.5 x 10 1.5 x 10 1.5 x 10
-10 -10 -10

10-4 3 x 10 2 x 10

-6 -7

HR 4796a: HST NICMOS

Winds, shells from 20 ­ 200 R* @ 1 kpc Direct imaging of grain formation radii

Unification of AGN, QSOs
Study host galaxies to z > 1 100x fainter than ACS Line-of-sight Ly clouds BL Lacs, radio loud AGN

Gravitational lenses
Diameter of Neptune's orbit

Separations 0.3-3" for time delay

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A new optical coronagraph opens up study of many different areas of astronomy besides exo-planets

13


10m optical coronagraph D.R. > 1010

Terrestrial exoplanets

Exploration

10m optical ~/D CS disks & rings Exozody clouds 10m optical coronagraph Giant exoplanets Young exoplanets ~10m optical light bucket Census of exoplanets Exoplanet atmospheres

Stellar winds TTS in LMC Binary stars Stellar pops IGM Baryons Microlensing (z) (e2/hc)

Disk chemistry H2 spectra of disks Disk structure, gaps, rings ~4m UV spectra ~ /D

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Atmospheres of SS planets Occultation of stars Composition of bodies Ring dynamics

x ~ 4 km ~4m UV ~10m Optical

14


Exploration Space-based lasers

Interferograms?
Killer Ap

L1

Earth
10

L2

Optical coronagraph D.R. > 10 Beautiful pictures

Optical coronagraph D.R. > 10 Optical resolution: ~/D

8

Planetary images Deep field images Nebulae, clouds Exo-planet images

Optical light bucket UV spectral light bucket

Heritage Engineering challenge Military/industry interests