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. - , . , , , . . - , . , ( ) ( ), . . , T ( , 1970; Rodgers 2000; , 2002). . .
1

.

, , . , EMGCM (Forget et al., 1999; Lewis et al., 1999). Grassi et al. (2005a, b). . . , , , . , 2 15 , , . , , .

. , , , , ( ., 2002; Huntress et al., 2003). 60 80- , , , - . 2006 , , - .
2

() 55 100 . 70% , . , 58 68 , 0.320.5 « -» (Pollack et al., 1980; Zasova et al.,1981; Esposito et al., 1997; Krasnopolsky et. al.,1989, 2006). , (Schubert et al.,1983; Gierasch et al., 1997) - . . -15 et al., ., - 8, 11-14 ( . 1983; Avduevsky 1983; 1974) - (Kliore and Patel, 1982; Kliore 1985), -9, 10, 15, 16 (Yakovlev et al., 1987a,b, 1991) (Jenkins, 1994; Hinson&Jenkins, 1995). , - (Taylor et al., 1980, 1983; Schofield et al., 1982, 1983), 6 15 , , , . VIRA (Kliore et al., 1985; Seiff et al, 1980, 1983, 1985) .
3

, , , , 5 50 55100 . «-» -15 ( 15). (Moroz et al.,1986; ., 1984, 1985; Oertel et al., 1987). . 1 -, . , , IRIS 9 1971 . . (Conrath et al. 1973, 1975; Hanel et al.,1972; Toon et al. 1977; Clancy et al., 1995, 1996; Fenton et al.,1997; Christensen, 1998), , , , , ), ( «»

. . () ,

. , 1/3 .
4

: MGS, Mars Odyssey, Spirit Opportunity, MRO. ( MRO) , . -. - (). , , , , (Smith et al. 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004; Pearl et al. 1999; McCleese et al., 2007; Zurek et al.2007 .), : . , , , . -9, 10 , II ( . 1976; Krasnopolsky, 1983). O2 (13) 1.27 1975 (Connes et al., 1979, Crisp et al., 1996, Mills, 2007). , 2 . .
5

, 100 , (Bougher&Borucki, 1994; Bougher et al., 2007). -, . - - (.. ), ( -15) ( IRIS -9 -), - VIRTIS -. · -

-- , 2, ( ).
2

6

,

(line-by-line) 2, · . - -15. (58 - 100 ), , ; ( ) ; SO2 , . · , IRIS -9. , ( ). . , . , . · -, 2004 , :
7

, , , . · , VIRTIS -, (2-0) 1.44 (1-0) 2.8 2 (0-1) 1.58 . . 60 . 46 . , : COSPAR ( , 1992.), (EGU), (DPS AAS), (Europlanet), ESA, -, ESA «- », « - »; LPI (USA), . 5 (2003-2007) 30 , . , 1.
8

-

.

- . 2. -15 . . VIRA: , VIRA-2, -. 3. - -15 : ) , , - 1/4 58 - 95 ; ) , , . , -- . - , - ; ) SO2 - SO2 60-70 .
9

4.

IRIS -9 . : ) ; ) Hellas ; ) . 5. -. : ) 10 20 ( ) , ; ) 2. -,

2 2 ; ) Valles Marineris, Hellas, , .
10

6. VIRTIS ( -) (- ). , , 2. 2 (0-1) 1.58 . 2 1.27/1.58 00/01= 64 10%. ( ). 2 (01) 2 (0-0) 1.27 . -. - , , . , -15, - ( , ). , , - - VIRTIS -.
11

, , - . , , . , - , - TIMM , 2009., - MIMA -, 2013. ( MIMA TIMM). , , 2, . , 2 1.58 . , , . , , , 20 , 320 . 290 . .
12

. , , , . . I . 1 «-» -15. 1.1 () (55-100 ). 1.2 . 15 . 1 , . , . -15 640 4.56.5 -1. (Moroz et al.,1986; Oertel et al.,1987). 15 , , (Zobs = 0 = 87°). , 3°, 10-20° N ( 0.5 ) . . , (10:30 16:00) (22:30 4:00). ,
13

- , , , . , - (-96, - -). 1. , -
. -1 250-2000 250-1600 . -, -1 2 4.6-6.5 - 20 000 2 000 i=64°

IRIS Mariner 9 1971 15 1983

TES MGS

1996
2003

250-1600
300 8000

10-20
1.6

> 500 000

2005

300 - 9000

1.6

. , : TES MGS, , -. VIRTIS.

14

1.3 15. . . 1.
300 270 260 250 240 230 Tb, K 220 210 200 190 180 170 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
v2,

500
1

700

900

1100

1300

1500

H2O H2SO4
4
4
CO2 + SO2

H2O

CO2 CO2
5

CO2

2 5

CO2
2

H2SO4 H2SO4
3

1

3 SO2

v1,

SO2

v3,

SO2

, -1 .1. : 1 10° < <+10°, LS =75°; 2 « » = 60 - 80°; 3 , = 60 - 80°; 4 , = 75 - 85°, 5 - > 85°. , , . 2, 2, SO2 . 1.4

- , 2, .
15

I - . :
P0

I = B (T0 ) t ( P0 ) + B [T ( P)] K (P, T ) d lg P ,
0

(1)

, , B(T) , t , (,) , (,) ;

K = -t / lg P .
:

(2)

-

t = exp{sec

- lg P

H k ( P, T ) d lg P} ,

(3)

; ; ; k (P,T) , . (1) (Twomay et al., 1977) :
I0 I0

T

( n +1 )

( Pj ) = T

(n)

( Pj )

i =1

T B ( i ) / T

(n) B

( i ) K ij i /

i =1

K ij

i

,
i

(4)

N

( n+1)

( Pj ) = N (Pj )
( n)

i =1

I0

I ( i ) / I ( i ) Kij i /
( n)

i =1

I0

Kij

, (5)

(i)- i. i j , n
16

, i , N(P) . . -

, Pollack et al., 1980; Zasova et al. 2007. 2 ( 1 ). 2 . . ,

min(), 0(), ()
j ( )

. t0 [T0(P)] :

ln t j = ln t

j -1

Tj0 0 0 + (ln t j - ln t j-1 ) T j

T - T0 j ( ) j j exp Tj Tj0

j

,

(6)

j , a :
Tj= Tj + T 2
j -1

T

T

0

j

,T

0

j

=

T

0

j

+T 2

0

j -1

.

(7)

Ignatiev et.al (2005). 60 - 80 2 - 3 °, . 1.5 -
17

. , , . . , VIRTIS -, , 15 . , , , . 2 3. 50 . (. 2) 65 90 , .. 90 . 95 ( ) , , . 65 - 65 - 70
0

,

, . ( > 800) 58 - 70 ( 5). . , , 95 : , 10 .

18

17 5

175

H ,
1 75

4
-log 1(0 (P,) g )
185
1 95

90

3

2 05
21 5

80

225

2
235
22 5

70

1
255

245

235

60 60 70 80

30

40

50

, .

. 2.

L s = 20- 90 °

Ls = 270 - 310 °

H , ,
4
175

4
90
185 165

90

-log g 0 (P,) 1( )

3
205 215

195

3
80
205

185 195

80
225

2

225

2
70

70
5 23

1

5 22

245 255

23 5

1
60
255

245

60
60 70 80

30

40

50

60

70

80

30

40

50

, .

, .

()

( )

. 3 ,. , . . : ) , )

19

Ls = 9 0- 1 3 0 °

L s = 200 - 2 70 ° Hk ,,

4
5 17

4 90
175

90

-log10 (P, )

3

185
205
215

3 80
225

195

80
225

2

2 70
235

70

235

1
255

225
23 5 245

1 60 80 30

24 5 255

23 5

22 5

60 80

30

40

50

60

70

40

50

60

70

, .
(). ( )

, .

. 3 ,. , 3 ,, : ) , ) (. 3). ( - ) -9, 10 ( ., 1976; Ksanfomality, 1980) (Apt et al., 1980). 1.6. . - ( ). (Gierasch et al., 1997), . (50%) ( 10 ) « ».
20

, . 15 0.1 600 (55 95 ). 1 - 2 3 3,5 . ( ) , :

T ( p, , Ls ) = T0 ( p, ) + T1 (( p, ) cos( Ls + 1 ( p, )) + T2 (( p, ) cos(2 Ls + 2 ( p, )) + T3 (( p, ) cos(3Ls + 3 ( p, )) + , (8) T4 (( p, ) cos(4 Ls + 4 ( p, ))
P - , - , i , i i- , 0 - , 1 , 2 , .. ().
-log10(P,b)
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
3.5
2.0
1.0
5.0 4.5 3.5

H,
90
1.5

3.0 3.5 3.0

4.0

90
4.5
2.0

2. 5

1.5

1.0

2.0
3.0

1.5 2.5

2.0
70

1.5

3. 0
70
2.5

2.0

1.5

80

2.5

80

4.0 33.5 2.5 .0

1.5
4 4.5.0 5.0
5.5

60

1.0
4.5 5.0

0.5

3.5

1.5 3.0 .5 3
3.5

60

4.5

0.5
30 40 50 60 70

20

Lat tude de, ig
( a)

20

30

40

50

60

70

,
()

.4. : ) 1, ) 2.

21

, , Ѕ-, 1/3- ј- . (h < 70 ), . , 1/3- ј- , 5 3 300 . , (3 2 ) 200 . 3 -- 72 76 ( ). - , : 0 (1218-1) 69 = 15° 59 75°. 1 , , 1.5 . 1.7. -15 VIRTIS -). , ( ). 3 (3 - 4 ), ( < 60 ), 2 (1 ), . , , - 9,10 ( ., 1976, 1977; Marov et al., 1980).
22
1

90 , 2 - 83 86 ,

Knollenberg and Hunten (1980) r > 3 ( 3) 58 . ( = 1) , (365 -1) (1218 -1) , . 5. 1218 -1 67 72 5860 . 365 -1 1 , 5 . 2 , .
75 1218 cm -1

Altitude,k,m

70

65 365 cm -1

60

55 0 20 40 60 80

,

Latit de deg

.5. , (1218 -1) (365 -1) . , =1
23

1.8. ( -15 ) « -». H2S4, 15. (Zasova et al. 1993; Moroz et al. 1990; Ignatiev et al. 1999). SO2 (Zasova et al., 1993; Esposito et al. 1997). , , . SO
2

.

SO2 (+) 62 (4-5e+19 c-2). SO
2

, . 1 ( 55 - 65 ), 5 ( 55 -72 ), . SO2 1 . SO2, 62 , 100 - 500 ppb 100pb 10 ppm - ( ±50%). 2 -, VIRTIS -. 2.1 , 2.2 - . ( ) .
24

. 1948 (Meinel, 1950), . - 1.44 (2-0) 2.7 - 3.1µm (1 - 0, 2 - 1, 3 1) . . ( 2) 98 ± 2 . , , 250±25 .

=25є

, W/2//

35є

O2
(1-0) (2-1)

*
(3-2)

(2-0)

*

OH

OH

*

Wavelength, µm

,

. 6. VIRTIS, 90 - 100 25 - 35°N . ( .6) 2 (0-0) 1.27 ~ 80 2 (1-0) 1.58 , 1.44 (2-0) 2.81 (1-0).
25

,

2 . TR = 200, 250, 300 K. = 1.58 (2), 2.81 (). . II - . 3 - IRIS - 9. 3.1. . , : , , . , , - ( ). 3.2 Tharsis (. 7) . , . , . Tharsis (Palluconi&Kieffer, 1986) 10 15 , , .
26

340 330 320 310 300 290 280 Tb, K 270 260 250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 , -1
33 39 38 37 36

1.5 50 1.0 40

34

-log (P mb)

35 32 31 30 29 28 27 26

0.5

30

0.0

20
33 34 31 32 35 36

10
37 38 39

-0.5

26 27 28 29

30

0 180 200 220 240

,,

Temperature, K

260

280

300

320

340

360

. 7. Arsia Mons (LT=17:30). 100 . ; . ,
150 170
5 4 9 6

190
3 2

210
1

230

, 250 H, km

tau=1.5 sp1 0.2 sp9

-log10 (, )

1
7

40

20

0

8 0 100
400 ppm

-1 150

11

10 1 10

CO2

H2O 230 250

170

190

210

,

. 8. Hellas: . 2, - 1, 10, 100 400 ppm. (1) Ls= 293°, LT = 18:20; (2) Ls= 297.0 °, LT = 15:20; (3) Ls= 302 °, LT = 6:30; (4) Ls= 309 °, LT = 13:15; (5) Ls= 310 °, LT = 10:00; (6) Ls= 312 °, LT = 6:50; (7) Ls= 330 °, LT = 12:30; (8) Ls= 332 °, LT = 6:50; (9) Ls= 350 °, LT = 10:40; (10) Ls= 44 °, LT = 8:00; (11) Ls= 55 °, LT = 4:50.
27

,

3.3. Hellas (. 8) 1075 -1 1.5 0.2 20 70, 240 170 . 3.4. . (. 9), , 2 .

-log10 (, g ) ,

-log10 (, )

0.1

H2O 1

0.1

1

H2O 10

100 ppm

10

100ppm

CO2

CO2

,

,

. 9. , IRIS, 70-800N (a) 80-900N (b). 2, - 2 fH2O = 0.1, 1, 10 100 ppm. 3.5 Tharsis, , , . TES ,
28

IRIS. Tharsis Ls = 980 . . (2 - 3 ) . 4 , -. 4.1

, IRIS, -. , , . : 2 15 , - . 4.2. . 10-20 , -, (. 10). 40600.

29

,

Late Northern winter Late wint O68,Ls=342 O68, =3

Tharsis

Ascraeus Mons

Alba Patera Alba Patera
Polar hood CO2 polar cap lar hood CO2 po cap Terminator

,

,

ice dust+ ice

dust +ice dust M2 dust +ice

dust M1

ice

1

2

3

6

7

8

9

, .
150 170 190 210 230 250

)

50

2: 1, 10, 100 ppm

50
2 0.1 1 9 8 7 6 10 100 400 ppm

, ,

30 20 10

30 20

5
0 150 170

4

1 3
190

10 0

2
210 230 250

,

,

. 10. ). ). ) , . ) .

68 ( . , , ,
30

,

40

40

-lo g (P , m b )

)

4.3 (.. ). , 2. 2 OMEGA - (. 11). , 2 2 , -, , ( ). : 2 2,
Ls = 342

2.
1.27 2 1.52 20

1.43 2 m

6N 600N
0 7 µm atm

Terminator >70N 20 2

88N

.11. . 2 3 . OMEGA PFS.

31

4.4.

Hellas Valles Marineris - . , , OMEGA HRSC, . r

, , ,
eff

> 4 . Valles Marineris

Ls=136°, . , 1 1075 -1. 4.5 . . (F. Montmessin). 20 - 40 ppm -10 - +20° 50 ppm . . , , .
32

, . : ,

, . , , (. « »). , , , , . : 2 (01) 1.58 (2-0) 1.44 (1-0) 2.8 . . , , . .

B.C., .., .. .
33

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