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The Nine Planets Glossary

Glossary


A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


A

accretion
Accumulation of dust and gas into larger bodies such as stars, planets and moons.
Adams, John Couch 1819-1892
English astronomer and mathematician who, at the age of 24, was the first person to predict the position of a planetary mass beyond Uranus. But, unfortunately, Adams did not publish his prediction. Galle confirmed the existance of Neptune based on independent calculations done by Le Verrier. (4k jpg)
albedo
the ratio of the amount of light reflected by an object and the amount of incident light; a measure of the reflectivity or intrinsic brightness of an object (a white, perfectly reflecting surface would have an albedo of 1.0; a black perfectly absorbing surface would have an albedo of 0.0).
albedo feature
A dark or light marking on the surface of an object that may not be a geological or topographical feature.
antipodal point
the point that is directly on the opposite side of the planet
aphelion
the point in its orbit where a planet is farthest from the Sun; when refering to objects orbiting the Earth the term apogee is used; the term apoapsis is used for orbits around other bodies. (opposite of perihelion)
arcuate
having the form of a bow; curved; arc-shaped
Arago, Dominique François Jean 1786 - 1853
French astronomer and physicist and Director of the Paris Observatory, who discovered the phenomenon of the production of magnetism by rotation
d'Arrest, Heinrich Louis
Danish astronomer who assisted Galle with the first observations of Neptune. After receiving its predicted position from Le Verrier, Galle and d'Arrest began searching. With Galle at the eyepiece and d'Arrest reading the chart, they scanned the sky and checked that each star seen was actually on the chart. Just a few minutes after their search began, d'Arrest cried out, "That star is not on the map!" and earned his place in the history books. (90k jpg)
asteroid
(also "planetoid") a medium-sized rocky object orbiting the Sun; smaller than a planet, larger than a meteoroid
asteroid number
asteroids are assigned a serial number when they are discovered. It has no particular meaning except that asteroid N+1 was discovered after asteroid N. (see appendix 5)
astronomical unit (AU)
= 149,597,870 km; the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. 1 AU is a long way -- at 100 miles per hour (160 kph) it would take over 100 years to go 1 AU.
atmosphere
= 1.013 bars = 1.03 kg/cm^2 = 14.7 pounds per square inch, standard atmospheric pressure at sea level on Earth.
aurora
a glow in a planet's ionosphere caused by the interaction between the planet's magnetic field and charged particles from the Sun
aurora borealis
the "Northern Lights"; caused by the interaction between the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field and the upper atmosphere. A similar effect happens in the southern hemisphere where it is known as the aurora australis.

B

bar
= 0.987 atmosphere = 1.02 kg/cm^2 = 100 kilopascal = 14.5 lbs/square inch.
Barnard, Edward Emerson 1857-1923
American astronomer; discovered Jupiter's satellite Amalthea and Barnard's star, the second-nearest star system to the Sun.
Barsoom
The local name for Mars in Edgar Rice Burroughs' SF books.
billion
I use the American version of "billion" which means 1,000,000,000 (1e9); not the British version which means 1e12.
Bode, Johann Elert 1747-1826
German astronomer, known for the bogus "Bode's Law" which attempts to explain the sizes of the planetary orbits.
bolide
a fireball that produces a sonic boom
Bond, William Cranch 1789-1859
One of the earliest American astronomers of note; rose from poverty and overcame a lack of formal education to become the first director of the Harvard College Observatory where he studied Saturn and (with Lassell) discovered its moon Hyperion.
Brahe, Tycho 1546-1601
(a.k.a Tyge Ottesen) Danish astronomer whose accurate astronomical observations formed the basis for Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion. (141k jpg; 38k jpg; more; The Noble Dane: Images of Tycho Brahe, from the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford)

C

caldera
crater formed by an explosion or collapse of a volcanic vent.
carbonate
a compound containing carbon and oxygen (i.e. calcium carbonate a.k.a. limestone).
Cassini, Giovanni Domenico 1625-1712
(a.k.a. Jean Dominique) Italian-born French astronomer and first director of the Royal Observatory in Paris; discoverer of four of Saturn's moons (Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus) and the major division in its rings. (13k jpg; more)
catena
chain of craters.
cavus
Hollow, irregular depression.
chaos
distinctive area of broken terrain.
chasma
canyon.
Christy, James W.
discoverer of Pluto's moon Charon (331k jpg)
chromosphere
the lower level of the solar atmosphere between the photosphere and the corona
colles
small hills or knobs.
coma
the dust and gas surrounding an active comet's nucleus
comet
a medium-sized icy object orbiting the Sun; smaller than a planet
conjucntion
An inferior planet is said to be "in inferior conjunction" when it is directly between the Earth and the Sun. It is "in superior conjunction" when it is on the opposite side of the Sun from the Earth. A superior planet is "in conjunciton" when it is on the opposite side of the Sun from the Earth. A superior planet obviously cannot have an inferior conjucntion. When the Earth is at inferior conjuction with respect to an observer on a superior planet we say that planet is "in opposition" from Earth's perspective. . (nice diagram)
Congress
the legislative branch of the US Government; has proven to be a much more hostile environment for scientific spacecraft than the vastness of space.
convection
fluid circulation driven by large temperature gradients; the transfer of heat by this automatic circulation.
Copernicus, Nicolaus 1473-1543
Polish astronomer who advanced the heliocentric theory that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun. This was highly controversial at the time as the Ptolemaic view of the universe, which was the prevailing theory for over 1000 years, was deeply ingrained in the prevailing philosophy and religion. (It should be noted, however, that the heliocentic idea was first put forth by Aristarcus of Samos in the 3rd century BC, a fact known to Copernicus but long ignored.) (470k html/gif; 12k gif; 129k jpg; more)
corona
ovoid-shaped feature.
corona
the uppermost level of the solar atmosphere, characterized by low densities and high temperatures (> 1.0E+06° K).
coronagraph
a special telescope which blocks light from the disk of the Sun in order to study the faint solar atmosphere.
cosmic ray
an extremely energetic (relativistic) charged particle.
crater
bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteoroid; depression around the orifice of a volcano.

D

density
measured in grams per cubic centimeter (or kilograms per liter); the density of water is 1.0; iron is 7.9; lead is 11.3.
disaster
literally "bad stars"; particularly apt in reference to a major asteroid impact.
disk
the visible surface of the Sun (or any heavenly body) projected against the sky.
doppler effect
the apparent change in wavelength of sound or light caused by the motion of the source, observer or both. (see also)
dinosaurs
large reptiles that lived in the Mesozoic Era from 230 to 65 million years ago; most probably wiped out by the impact of a large asteroid or comet.
direct
rotation or orbital motion in a counterclockwise direction when viewed looking down from above the north pole of the primary (i.e. in the same sense to most satellites); the opposite of retrograde. The north pole is the one on the same side of the ecliptic as the Earth's north pole. (The word "prograde" is sometimes used to mean "direct" in this sense.)
dorsum
ridge.

E

eccentricity
the eccentricity of an ellipse (planetary orbit) is the ratio of the distance between the focii and the major axis. Equivalently the eccentricity is (ra-rp)/(ra+rp) where ra is the apoapsis distance and rp is the periapsis distance.
effusive eruption
a relative quiet volcanic eruption which puts out basaltic lava that moves at about the speed one walks; the lava is fluid in nature; the eruptions at the Kilauea volcano on the island of Hawaii are effusive
Einstein, Albert 1879-1955
German-American physicist; developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity which along with Quantum Mechanics is the foundation of modern physics. (See fusion, speed of light) (96k gif)
ellipse
oval. That the orbits of the planets are ellipses, not circles, was first discovered by Johannes Kepler based on the careful observations by Tycho Brahe.
erg/sec
= 1e-10 kilowatts.
explosive eruption
a dramatic volcanic eruption which throws debris high into the air for hundreds of miles; lava is low in silicate; can be very dangerous for people near by; an example is Mount St. Helens in 1980
exponential notation
"1.23e4" means "1.23 times 10 to the fourth power" or 12,300; "5.67e-8" means "5.67 divided by 10 to the eighth power" or 0.0000000567.

F

facula
bright spot.
farrum
pancake-like structure
filament
a strand of cool gas suspended over the photosphere by magnetic fields, which appears dark as seen against the disk of the Sun; a filament on the limb of the Sun seen in emission against the dark sky is called a prominence.
fireball
a meteor brighter than magnitude -3
fissure
a narrow opening or crack of considerable length and depth.
flare
a sudden eruption of energy on the solar disk lasting minutes to hours, from which radiation and particles are emitted.
flexus
cuspate (pointed) linear feature.
fluctus
flow terrain.
fossa
long, narrow, shallow depression.
Franklin, Benjamin 1706-1790
American public official, writer, and scientist. Played a major part in the American Revolution and helped draft the Constitution. His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.

G

Gaia Hypothesis
named for the Greek Earth goddess Gaea, holds that the Earth as a whole should be regarded as a living organism and that biological processes stabilize the environment. First advanced by British biologist James Lovelock in 1969.
Galle, Johann Gottfried 1812-1910
German astronomer who, with Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, made the first observation of Neptune based on calculations by Le Verrier. Though Galle was the first to observe Neptune, its discovery is usually credited to Adams (who made an earlier calculation) and Le Verrier.
Galilean Moons
Jupiter's four largest moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto; discovered independently by Galileo and Marius. (Galileo proposed that they be named the Medicean stars, in honor of his patron Cosimo II de Medici; the present names are due to Marius)
Galileo Galilei 1564-1642
Italian astronomer and physicist. The first to use a telescope to study the stars. Discoverer of the first moons of an extraterrestrial body (see above). Galileo was an outspoken supporter of Copernicus's heliocentric theory. In reaction to Galileo, the Church declared it heresy to teach that the Earth moved and imprisoned him. The Church clung to this position for 350 years; Galileo was formally exonerated in 1992. (16k gif; 136k jpg) (See also the Galileo exhibit at Institute and Museum of History of Science, Florence ITALY; The Galileo Project from Rice and APOD 980913)
gegenschein
a round or elongated spot of light in the sky at a point 180 degrees from the Sun. Also called counterglow.
George III 1738-1820
King of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820). His government's policies fed American colonial discontent, leading to revolution in 1776.
geosynchronous orbit
a direct, circular, low inclination orbit in which the satellite's orbital velocity is matched to the rotational velocity of the planet; a spacecraft appears to hang motionless above one position of the planet's surface.
granulation
a pattern of small cells seen on the surface of the Sun caused by the convective motions of the hot solar gas.
greenhouse effect
increase in temperature caused when incoming solar radiation is passed but outgoing thermal radiation is blocked by the atmosphere (carbon dioxide and water vapor are the major factors). Very important on Venus and Earth but very weak on Mars.

H

Hale, George Ellery 1868-1938
American astronomer who founded the Yerkes, Mt. Wilson and Palomar observatories. (72k gif)
Hall, Asaph 1829-1907
American astronomer who discovered the two moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos.
Halley, Edmond 1656-1742
English astronomer who applied Newton's laws of motion to historical comet data and predicted correctly the reappearance of the comet which now bears his name. (12k jpg; more)
heliocentric
Sun-centered; see Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo.
heliopause
the point at which the solar wind meets the interstellar medium or solar wind from other stars.
heliosphere
the space within the boundary of the heliopause containing the Sun and solar system.
Herschel, Sir William 1738-1822
British astronomer who discovered Uranus and cataloged more than 800 double stars and 2,500 nebulae. (365k html/gif)
Hubble, Edwin Powell 1889-1953
American astronomer whose observations proved that galaxies are "island universes", not nebulae inside our own galaxy. His greatest discovery was the linear relationship between a galaxy's distance and the speed with which it is moving. The Hubble Space Telescope is named in his honor. (133k html/gif; 60k gif; bio material)
Huygens, Christiaan 1629-1695
Dutch physicist and astronomer who first described the nature of Saturn's rings (1655) and discovered its moon Titan; also pioneered the use of the pendulum in clocks. (7k jpg; more)

I

ice
used by planetary scientists to refer to water, methane, and ammonia which usually occur as solids in the outer solar system.
inclination
the inclination of a planet's orbit is the angle between the plane of its orbit and the ecliptic; the inclination of a moon's orbit is the angle between the plane of its orbit and the plane of its primary's equator.
Inquisition, The
A Renaissance Catholic court instituted to seek out and prosecute heretics.
inferior planets
the planets Mercury and Venus are called inferior planets because their orbits are closer to the Sun than is Earth's orbit. (The other planets are called "superior planets.)
interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)
the magnetic field carried with the solar wind.
ionosphere
a region of charged particles in a planet's upper atmosphere; the part of the Earth's atmosphere beginning at an altitude of about 25 miles and extending outward 250 miles or more.

J

K

Keeler, James E. 1857-1900
American astrophysicist, probable discoverer of the dark narrow gap in the outer part of the A ring of Saturn, and the second director of Lick Observatory. Keeler was (probably accidentally) cheated of his rightful fame when the A ring gap became known as "Encke's Division". Encke had earlier seen a broad, poor contrast feature in the A-ring which is quite different from the sharp, distinct gap that Keeler recorded on the very first night of observing with the Lick 36-inch refractor. On the other hand, the gap may have been seen even earlier by Francesco De Vico, William Lassell and the Rev. William R. Dawes. The history of visual observations of gaps in Saturn's rings is very confusing.
Kelvin (K)
0 Kelvin is absolute zero; water melts at 273 K (= 0° C = 32° F); water boils at 373 K (= 100° C = 212° F). (developed by William Thomson).
Kepler, Johannes 1571-1630
German astronomer and mathematician. Considered a founder of modern astronomy. Using the positional data carefully amassed by Tycho Brahe, Kepler formulated the famous three laws of planetary motion. They comprise a quantitative formulation of Copernicus's theory that the planets revolve around the Sun. (16k jpg; 86k jpg; more; yet more)
kilogram (kg)
= 1000 grams = 2.2 pounds, the mass of a liter of water. (see also)
kilometer (km)
= 1000 meters = 0.62 miles.
Kowal, Charles T. 1940-
American astronomer; discovered Leda and the comet-like object 2060 Chiron (aka 95 P/Chiron).
Kuiper, Gerard 1905-1973
Dutch-born American astronomer best known for his study of the surface of the Moon; discovered Miranda and Nereid, found an atmosphere on Titan. (Dr.Kuiper was solidly Americanized; his name is pronounced to rhyme with "viper.") (a short bio; 22k jpg)

L

labes
landslide.
labyrinthus
intersecting valley complex.
lacus
lake.
Lagrange, Joseph Louis 1736-1813
French (originally Italian, Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia; born in Turin, moved to Paris and became a French citizen) mathematician and astronomer; made a number of contributions to the study of celestial mechanics. (5k gif)
Lagrange points
Lagrange showed that three bodies can lie at the apexes of an equilateral triangle which rotates in its plane. If one of the bodies is sufficiently massive compared with the other two, then the triangular configuration is apparently stable. Bodies at such points are sometimes refered to as Trojans. The leading apex of the triangle is known as the leading Lagrange point or L4; the trailing apex is the trailing Lagrange point or L5. The colinear with the other two bodies are the L1, L2 and L3 unstable equilibrium points which can sometimes be useful places for spacecraft, eg SOHO. (more and more)
Lassell, William 1799-1880
British astronomer, discovered Neptune's largest satellite, Triton and (with Bond) discovered Saturn's moon Hyperion. A successful brewer before turning to astronomy. (22k jpg; more)
Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph 1811-1877
French mathematician whose prediction of the position of an undiscovered planet (Neptune) that caused perturbations in the orbit of Uranus was the first to be confirmed (by Galle) though Adams had made a similar but unpublished prediction some months earlier.
lidar
an instrument similar to radar that operates at visible wavelengths.
limb
the outer edge of the apparent disk of a celestial body
light-year
= 9.46053e12 km (= 5,880,000,000,000 miles = 63,239 AU); the distance traveled by light in a year.
linea
elongate marking.
liter
= 1000 cm3 = 1.06 US quarts
Lowell, Percival 1855-1916.
American astronomer. He founded the Lowell Observatory in Arizona (1894), where his studies of Mars led him to believe that the linear markings (first noted by Schiaparelli) on the surface were "canals" and therefore that the planet was inhabited by intelligent beings. His succes