Документ взят из кэша поисковой машины. Адрес оригинального документа : http://www.eso.org/sci/libraries/SPIE2008/DeZeeuw_SPIE2008.pdf Дата изменения: Thu Jul 3 20:34:58 2008 Дата индексирования: Sat Sep 6 07:59:16 2008 Кодировка: Поисковые слова: arp 220

European Perspectives for ground-based Astronomy

Tim de Zeeuw
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Astronomy
! Study of everything beyond the Earth ! Objects far away, hence small and faint " Limited information about their nature " Need for large instruments: resolution and sensitivity ! Combining different types of observations crucial " Images/spectra/time-series
" Electromagnetic/neutrinos/gravitational waves " Visible/IR and radio regimes accessible from ground

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Astronomical Research
! Exploration is integral component of this field " Large numbers of objects, all different " Searches and surveys with small telescopes and follow-up by large telescopes " Examples: black holes, exo-planets, dark energy ! Physical science driven by observations " Test models versus observations: theory and numerical simulations are crucial " Links with physics, chemistry, computer science, laboratory experiments, geophysics, and biology

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Astronomy and Technology
! A s t r o n o m y b e n e f i t s fr o m a n d d r i v e s

advances in technology
! It is now possible to " Study objects over 95% of the age of the Universe " Detect and study planets around other stars " Use particles to study objects in the Universe " Explore Solar system objecs in situ ! And also to " Simulate astrophysical processes " Analyze large data streams
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Astronomy and Society
! Im " " "

portant for society and culture
Navigation, mobile phones Asteroid impacts on Earth Existence of other worlds, development of life

! Important for education " Attracts young people to physical sciences " Many universities opening astronomy departments ! Many exciting discoveries to come

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Predicting the Future
! Key questions in astronomy " Nature of dark matter and dark energy " Physics in extreme conditions (black holes, GRBs) " Formation & evolution of galaxies " Formation of stars and planets, and the origin of life " How do we (and the Solar System) fit in? ! Amongst most fundamental questions in science " Of interest to broad community and general public ! To be answered by " Observations with telescopes (ground and space) " Combined with interpretation & theory
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Ground-based Telescopes

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Satellites in Orbit

Integral Hubble Space Telescope Rosetta Mars-Express

SOHO

XMM-Newton XMM Newton

CoRoT Venus Express

Also: Chandra, Spitzer, SWIFT, Akari, Spirit/Opportunity, MRO, Messenger, GLAST, ...
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Under Development
Gaia

Herschel

Planck

Sofia ALMA

JWST

GTC

LBT

BepiColombo

VLT(IISTA V)
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VST

VLT & VLTI
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LOFAR
European Southern Observatory

Ambitious Plans
! European astronomy plans through 2025: " Will need several G for new investment/operations " EU may fund a modest fraction " Bulk of the support to come from funding agencies ! Funding agencies request comprehensive plan: " Covering all of astronomy, ground and space, including links with neighbouring fields " Founded ASTRONET to develop plan together with European astronomical community (EU funding) " Prototype for equivalent of US Decadal Surveys

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Three Step Approach
! Science Vision (2007) " Key questions in astronomy for next two decades " Identifies observations, simulations, lab-experiments, interpretation and theory needed for progress " Use national plans, ESA's Cosmic Vision, ESA-ESO studies ! I n f r a s t r u c t u r e R o a d m a p (2008) " Identify facilities and infrastructures needed " Assessment of timeline and costs ! Implementation Plan (2009-2010)
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Radio Observations
! Many radio observatories world-wide " Powerful single dishes and interferometers " Linked into VLBI networks " Rationalization of smaller facilities needed ! Short wavelengths " IRAM, Nobeyama, CARMA mm observatories " Mauna Kea: CSO, JCMT and eSMA " Chajnantor: APEX, ASTE, and CMB experiments ! Transformational facility under development " ALMA (global partnership)

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Llano Chajnantorou(5000vam) European S thern Obser tory

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ALMA
! Science requirements " Detect CO and [CII] in Milky Way galaxy at z=3 in < 24 hr " Dust emission, gas kinematics in proto-planetary disks " Resolution to match HST, JWST and 8-10m with AO ! Specifications " 66 antennas (54x12m, 12x7m) " 14 km max baseline (< 10mas) " 30-1000 GHz (0.3­10mm), up to 10 receiver bands
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HST

ALMA
5AU

850 GHz
European Southern Observatory

Panchromatic View
Arp 220 at different redshifts z

cm: star-formation, AGN

(sub)mm: dust, molecular gas

near-IR: stars, ionized gas, AGN
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Line Sensitivity

CMB Experiments

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ALMA 2008

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ALMA 2012

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Beyond ALMA
! SKA Pathfinders being constructed " Focus on longer wavelengths " ASKAP, ATA, EVLA, LOFAR, LWA, MeerKAT, MWA ! SKA Phase 1 (0.1 km2) " To build upon experience with Pathfinders " To be located in Southern Hemisphere " Organization and funding of global partnership to be defined; ALMA project provides useful lessons ! SKA Phase 2 (1 km2) " To follow on longer time-scale " Clarify science gain/cost relative to Phase 1
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Optical Telescopes
! Many 2-4m telescopes world-wide ! Efforts to integrate/harmonize/rationalize them " Access program for European telescopes " ReStar initiative in United States (up to 6.5m) " Avoid duplication of instruments ! system ! Focus on specific unique science " Sloan Digital Sky Survey " AO in visible (e.g. WHT, SOAR) " Planet searches (e.g. HARPS on 3.6m) " Preparation/follow-up spectroscopy for GAIA
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Next Steps in Surveys
! Imaging " VISTA, VST coherent five-year program of public surveys; builds strong European survey capability " PanStarrs and upgrade " Giant leap forward by LSST, if funded ! Wide-field spectroscopy " 8m class for deep Universe/GAIA " Clarify trade-off between FOV and depth " If less than 30!, then many options; otherwise Subaru or a dedicated new 8m telescope " Link to space missions: JDEM, EUCLID
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Solar Telescopes
! Many small telescopes, some with AO ! New flagship: ATST " 4m on Maui, to be managed by NSO (AURA/NSF) " Design ready, waiting for NSF funding approval " Will replace number of smaller US solar telescopes ! Europe " Plans for 4m in Canary Islands " Funding not identified; governance to be defined

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8-10m Telescopes
! Mauna Kea " Twin Keck telescopes, Subaru, Gemini-North " Opportunity to develop this into powerful system ! Chile " Gemini-South, optimized for IR " VLT plus Interferometer: fully-integrated system ! Ot " " "

her
LBT, including interferometric mode GranTeCan, nearly operational HET (with HETDEX) and SALT

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Paranal

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The Arsenal

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Coverage in ! and R

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2nd Generation Instrumentation
! Approved VLT instruments in development " X-Shooter ­ Single object UV-IR spectrograph " KMOS ­ Near IR MOS, deployable IFUs " SPHERE ­ XAO + Near IR/Vis planet finder " MUSE ­ Visible IFU spectrograph (24 modules) ! New VLTI i " GRAVITY " MATISSE " VSI ­ 4-6

nstruments
­ K Band, 4 telescope, astrometry near GC ­ L, M, N band, 4 telescope image/spec telescope near IR imager/spectrometer

! A d d i t i o n a l VL T in s t r u m e n t s pl a n n e d " Including ultra-stable high-resolution spectrograph
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Long-term Program
! Long range plan " Continuous upgrades through at least 2020 ! Most instruments built by consortia " ESO pays hardware costs (~1/3rd of total) " Consortia provide fte's; paid in Guaranteed Time " Typically 250 nights for 2nd generation instruments " Used for coherent science programs ! Development program " MCAO Demonstrator " Laser Guide Star Facility " Fully adaptive M2 for UT4
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The Next Step: Giant Telescopes
! Exo-planets " Imaging and spectroscopy " Earth-like planets accessible ! Stellar populations " Resolved out to Virgo cluster " To high redshift in integrated light ! Cosmolo gy " The first stars and galaxies " Direct measure of deceleration " Evolution of cosmic parameters " Dark matter, dark energy
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Extremely Large Telescope
! Detailed design study " Baseline 42m primary mirror " Adaptive optics built-in " Fully funded (~62+ M) " Site selection ongoing " Concludes early 2010 ! Project " Builds on entire expertise at ESO and in member states " Construction 2010-2017 " Synergy: JWST/ALMA
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Global Situation
! ELT " Highest priority ground-based project in Europe " Coherent European effort, led by ESO " Transformational extension of VLT/I system, which currently already has 4000+ registered users ! United States: two competing projects " TMT: 30m, many 1.45m segments " GMT: 22m, seven 8.4m mirrors on Las Campanas " Private initiatives with international partners " Part of construction funding identified; NSF to be asked for operations funding (after Decadal Survey) " TMT would be ideal addition to Mauna Kea system
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Curious Symmetries
! North America " World-leading space science program through NASA " Radio astronomy nationally led by NRAO " O/IR effort: free market structure, except Solar ! Europe " High-quality space science program through ESA " Radio astronomy: network of institutions " World-leading O/IR program through ESO ! ALMA " Bridges traditional divide between O/IR and radio " Best of three worlds: NAOJ, NRAO, ESO
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Conclusions
! Answering key science questions requires " Best use of existing facilities, including rationalization or specialization of medium-size telescopes " Full science harvest of facilities under construction " Next generation ground-based telescopes, providing synergy with armada of space missions " Supported by theory, simulations and laboratory experiments, and development of enabling technology ! Tremendous scientific & technical opportunities " Infrastructure roadmap to be followed by a coherent implementation plan supported by funding agencies " Key ESO role in construction of world-class facilities
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