eso1313uk — Íàóêîâèé ðåë?ç

ALMA ïåðåïèñó? ?ñòîð?þ ñïàëàõó íàðîäæåííÿ ç?ðîê Âñåñâ?òó

Ðåêîðäíèé "óëîâ" äàëåêèõ ãàëàêòèê âì?ùó? íàðàç? íàéâ?ääàëåí?øå âèÿâëåííÿ âîäè

13 áåðåçíÿ 2013 ð.

Ñïîñòåðåæåííÿ ?ç Âåëèêèì Ì?ë?ìåòðîâî-ñóáì?ë?ìåòðîâèì Ìàñèâîì Àòàêàìà (ALMA) ïîêàçóþòü, ùî íàéá?ëüø åíåðã?éí? ñïëåñêè íàðîäæåííÿ ç?ðîê ó êîñìîñ? â?äáóëèñÿ íàáàãàòî ðàí?øå, í?æ öå äîñ? ââàæàëîñÿ. Ðåçóëüòàòè äîñë?äæåííÿ îïóáë?êîâàí? â íèçö? ñòàòåé, êîòð? ç'ÿâëÿòüñÿ ó æóðíàë? Nature çà 14 áåðåçíÿ 2013 ðîêó òà â Astrophysical Journal. Äàíå äîñë?äæåííÿ ? íàéîñòàíí?øèì ïðèêëàäîì â?äêðèòò?â, êîòð? ïîõîäÿòü ?ç íîâî? ì?æíàðîäíî? îáñåðâàòîð?? ALMA, ÿêà ñüîãîäí? ñâÿòêó? ñâî? â?äêðèòòÿ.

Âàæà?òüñÿ, ùî íàé?íòåíñèâí?øèé ñïàëàõ çîðåóòâîðåííÿ ìàâ ì?ñöå ó ðàííüîìó Âñåñâ?ò? â ìàñèâíèõ ÿñêðàâèõ ãàëàêòèêàõ. Ïîä?áí? çîðåóòâîðþþ÷? ãàëàêòèêè øàëåíî ïåðåòâîðþâàëè âåëè÷åçí? "ïîêëàäè" êîñì?÷íîãî ãàçó òà ïèëó ó íîâ? çîð?, ðîáëÿ÷è öå â ñîòí? ðàç?â øâèäøå, í?æ âåëè÷í? ñï?ðàëüí? ãàëàêòèêè, ñõîæ? íà íàø ×óìàöüêèé Øëÿõ. Äèâëÿ÷èñü ó ãëèáîêèé êîñìîñ íà äàëåê? ãàëàêòèêè, ñâ?òëó â?ä êîòðèõ ïîòð?áíî áóëî áàãàòî ì?ëüÿðä?â ðîê?â, ùîá äîñÿãòè íàñ, àñòðîíîìè ìîæóòü ñïîñòåð?ãàòè öåé æâàâèé ïåð?îä þíîñò? Âñåñâ?òó.

"×èì äàë? ãàëàêòèêà, òèì ãëèáøå ó ÷àñ? ?? âèäíî. Òàêèì ÷èíîì, âèì?ðþþ÷è â?äñòàí? äî íèõ, ìè ìîæåìî ñêëàñòè ë?í?þ ÷àñó, êîòðà ïðîäåìîíñòðó?, íàñê?ëüêè åíåðã?éíî Âñåñâ?ò òâîðèâ íîâ? çîð? íà ð?çíèõ ñòàä?ÿõ ñâî?? 13.7 ìëðä ?ñòîð??",- ñêàçàâ Õîàê?í Â??éðà (Êàë?ôîðí?éñüêèé òåõíîëîã?÷íèé ?íñòèòóò, ÑØÀ), î÷?ëüíèê íàóêîâî-äîñë?äíî? ãðóïè òà ïðîâ?äíèé àâòîð ñòàòò? â æóðíàë? Nature.

Ì?æíàðîäíà ãðóïà äîñë?äíèê?â âïåðøå âèÿâèëà ö? äàëåê? çàãàäêîâ? ãàëàêòèêè ç? ñïàëàõîì çîðåóòâîðåííÿ ?ç 10 ì Òåëåñêîïîì íà Ï?âäåííîìó Ïîëþñ? (SPT) Íàö?îíàëüíîãî Íàóêîâîãî Ôîíäó ÑØÀ, à ïîò?ì âèêîðèñòîâóâàëè ALMA äëÿ á?ëüø ìàñøòàáíîãî âèâ÷åííÿ çîðÿíîãî "áåá?-áóìó" ó ìîëîäîìó Âñåñâ?ò?. Íàóêîâö? áóëè çäèâîâàí?, âèÿâèâøè, ùî áàãàòî ?ç öèõ äàëåêèõ áàãàòèõ íà ïèë çîðåóòâîðþþ÷èõ ãàëàêòèê ðîçòàøîâàí? äàë?, í?æ î÷?êóâàëîñÿ. Öå îçíà÷à?, ùî â ñåðåäíüîìó ñïàëàõè çîðåóòâîðåííÿ ìàëè ì?ñöå 12 ì?ëüÿðä?â ðîê?â òîìó, êîëè â?ê Âñåñâ?òó ñòàíîâèâ òðîõè ìåíøå 2 ì?ëüÿðä?â ðîê?â. À öå íà ì?ëüÿðä ðîê?â ðàí?øå, í?æ äîñ? ââàæàëîñü.

Äâ?éêî òàêèõ ãàëàêòèê ? íàéá?ëüø äàëåêèìè ?ç ïîä?áíèõ â?äîìèõ, ùî ?õ ñâ?òëî ïî÷àëî ñâ?é øëÿõ, êîëè â?ê Âñåñâ?òó ñòàíîâèâ ò?ëüêè îäèí ì?ëüÿðä ðîê?â. Á?ëüø òîãî, â îäí?é ç öèõ ðåêîðäñìåíîê âèÿâëåíî ìîëåêóëè âîäè, âîäà ? îäíèì ç ìîëåêóë âèÿâèëè, ùî ? ôàêòîì íàéâ?ääàëåí?øèõ ñïîñòåðåæåíü âîäà â êîñìîñ?, íàðàç? îïóáë?êîâàíèì.

Ãðóïà âèêîðèñòîâóâàëà íåïåðåâåðøåíó ÷óòëèâ?ñòü ALMA äëÿ çàõîïëåííÿ ñâ?òëà â?ä 26 òàêèõ ãàëàêòèê íà äîâæèí? õâèë? áëèçüêî òðüîõ ì?ë?ìåòð?â. Ñâ?òëî ïåâíèõ äîâæèí õâèëü âèïðîì?íþ?òüñÿ ìîëåêóëàìè ãàçó â öèõ ãàëàêòèêàõ, àëå âíàñë?äîê ðîçøèðåííÿ Âñåñâ?òó íà ïðîòÿç? ì?ëüÿðä?â ðîê?â, äîâæèíè õâèëü çá?ëüøóþòüñÿ, òàêèìè äîñÿãàþ÷è Çåìë?. Øëÿõîì âèì?ðþâàííÿ çá?ëüøåííÿ äîâæèí õâèëü, àñòðîíîìè ìîæóòü îá÷èñëèòè, ñê?ëüêè ÷àñó òðèâàëà ïîäîðîæ ñâ?òëà, ùî âèçíà÷à? ì?ñöå êîæíî? ãàëàêòèêè ó êîíêðåòíîìó ìîìåíò? êîñì?÷íî? ?ñòîð??.

"×óòëèâ?ñòü ALMA òà øèðîêèé ðîáî÷èé ä?àïàçîí äîâæèí õâèëü îçíà÷àþòü, ùî ìè ìîãëè ïðîâîäèòè íàø? âèì?ðè ïðîòÿãîì äåê?ëüêîõ õâèëèí íà îäíó ãàëàêòèêó - öå ïðèáëèçíî â ñòî ðàç?â øâèäøå, í?æ ðàí?øå",- ñêàçàâ Àêñåëü Âàéññ (?íñòèòóò Ðàä?îàñòðîíîì?? ?ì. Ìàêñà Ïëàíêà â Áîíí?, Í?ìå÷÷èíà), ÿêèé î÷îëþâàâ ðîáîòó âèì?ðþâàíü â?äñòàíåé äî ãàëàêòèê. "Ðàí?øå ïîä?áí? âèì?ðþâàííÿ áóëè òðóäîì?ñòêèì ïðîöåñîì îá'?äíàííÿ äàíèõ â?ä îïòè÷íèõ òà ðàä?îòåëåñêîï?â".

Ó á?ëüøîñò? âèïàäê?â, îäíèõ ñïîñòåðåæåíü ?ç ALMA áóëî äîñòàòíüî äëÿ òî÷íîãî âèçíà÷åííÿ â?äñòàí?, àëå äëÿ ê?ëüêîõ ãàëàêòèê ãðóïà ïî?äíàíàëà äàí? â?ä ALMA ?ç âèì?ðàìè çà äîïîìîãîþ ?íøèõ òåëåñêîï?â, â òîìó ÷èñë? APEX (Atacama Pathfinder Experiment) òà Äóæå Âåëèêîãî Òåëåñêîïà (VLT) ESO [1].

Àñòðîíîìè âèêîðèñòîâóâàëè ëèøå ÷àñòêîâèé ìàñèâ íà 16 àíòåí ALMA ç ?õ çàãàëüíîãî ÷èñëà 66, îñê?ëüêè òîä? îáñåðâàòîð?ÿ áóëà ùå íà ñòàä?? áóä?âíèöòâà, êîòðå ìàëî ì?ñöå íà â?ääàëåíîìó ïëàòî ×àõíàíòîð ó ÷èë?éñüêèõ Àíäàõ, íà âèñîò? 5000 ìåòð?â. Ï?ñëÿ çàâåðøåííÿ áóä?âíèöòâà, ALMA áóäå ?ùå á?ëüø ÷óòëèâèì òåëåñêîïîì, ùî äàñòü çìîãó âèÿâèòè á?ëüø ñëàáê? ãàëàêòèêè. Äîñ? àñòðîíîìè äîñë?äæóâàëè ò?ëüêè íàéÿñêðàâ?ø? ?ç íèõ. Òàêîæ âîíè êîðèñòàëèñÿ "ðóêîþ äîïîìîãè" â?ä ïðèðîäè: åôåêò ãðàâ?òàö?éíî? ë?íçè, ïåðåäáà÷åíèé çàãàëüíîþ òåîð??þ â?äíîñíîñò? Åéíøòåéíà, ñïîòâîðþ? ñâ?òëî â?ä äàëåêî? ãàëàêòèêè ãðàâ?òàö?éíèì ïîëåì, êîòðå ä?? ÿê ë?íçà, ðîáëÿ÷è â?ääàëåíå äæåðåëî ÿñêðàâ?øèì.

Ùîá òî÷íî ä?çíàòèñü, íàñê?ëüêè öå ãðàâ?òàö?éíå ë?íçóâàííÿ ï?äâèùó? âèäèìó ÿñêðàâ?ñòü ãàëàêòèê, ãðóïà îäåðæàëà ?õ á?ëüø ÷?òê? çîáðàæåííÿ çà äîïîìîãîþ íèçêè ñïîñòåðåæåíü ?ç ALMA íà äîâæèíàõ õâèëü áëèçüêî 0.9 ì?ë?ìåòðà.

"Ö? ÷óäîâ? çîáðàæåííÿ â?ä ALMA ïîêàçóþòü, ùî âèãëÿäè ôîíîâèõ ãàëàêòèê äåôîðìîâàí? ÷èñëåííèìè äóãàìè ñâ?òëà, â?äîìèìè ÿê ê?ëüöÿ Åéíøòåéíà, ÿê? îòî÷óþòü ãàëàêòèêè íà ïåðåäíüîìó ïëàí?",- ñêàçàâ ßøàð Ãåçàâå (McGill University, Ìîíðåàëü, Êàíàäà), êîòðèé êåðóâàâ äîñë?äæåííÿì ãðàâ?òàö?éíîãî ë?íçóâàííÿ. "Ìè âèêîðèñòîâó?ìî âåëè÷åçí? ìàñè òåìíî? ìàòåð?? íàâêîëî ãàëàêòèê, êîòð? çíàõîäÿòüñÿ íà ïîëîâèí? øëÿõó ÷åðåç Âñåñâ?ò, íà÷å êîñì?÷íèé òåëåñêîï, ùîá áà÷èòè ?ùå á?ëüø äàëåê? ãàëàêòèêè á?ëüøèìè òà ÿñêðàâ?øèìè".

Àíàë?ç ñïîòâîðåíü ïîêàçó?, ùî äåÿê? ç äàëåêèõ çîðåóòâîðþþ÷èõ ãàëàêòèê â 40 000 000 000 000 (40 ì?ëüéîí ì?ëüéîí?â) ÿñêðàâ?ø? â?ä Ñîíöÿ, ? ùî ãðàâ?òàö?éíå ë?íçóâàííÿ çá?ëüøó? ?õ äî 22 ðàç?â.

"Äîñ? ëèøå ê?ëüêà ãðàâ?òàö?éíî ë?íçîâàíèõ ãàëàêòèê áóëè âèÿâëåí? ðàí?øå íà öèõ ñóáì?ë?ìåòðîâèõ äîâæèíàõ õâèëü, àëå íàðàç? SPT ? ALMA âèÿâèëè äåñÿòêè òàêèõ",- ñêàçàâ Êàðëîñ äå Áðîéê (ESO), ó÷àñíèê äîñë?äíî? ãðóïè. "Ïîä?áí? äîñë?äæåííÿ ðàí?øå ãîëîâíèì ÷èíîì ïðîâîäèëèñü íà õâèëÿõ âèäèìîãî ñâ?òëà çà äîïîìîãîþ Êîñì?÷íîãî Òåëåñêîïà Õàááë, àëå íàø? ðåçóëüòàòè ïîêàçóþòü, ùî ALMA ÿâëÿ? ñîáîþ äóæå ïîòóæíîãî íîâîãî ãðàâöÿ íà ïîë?".

"×óäîâèé ïðèêëàä ñï?âïðàö? àñòðîíîì?â ?ç óñüîãî ñâ?òó, ùîá çðîáèòè äèâîâèæí? â?äêðèòòÿ ?ç íàéñó÷àñí?øèì îáëàäíàííÿì",- ñêàçàâ ó÷àñíèê äîñë?äæåíü Äàí?åëü Ìåððîóí (Óí?âåðñèòåò Àð?çîíè, ÑØÀ). "Öå ò?ëüêè ïî÷àòîê äëÿ ALMA ? äëÿ âèâ÷åííÿ öèõ ãàëàêòèê ç? ñïàëàõîì çîðåóòâîðåííÿ. Íàø íàñòóïíèé êðîê ïîëÿãà? ó á?ëüø äîêëàäíîìó âèâ÷åíí? òàêèõ îá'?êò?â, ùîá òî÷íî ç'ÿñóâàòè, ÿê ? ÷îìó âîíè ôîðìóþòü çîð? ó òàêèõ âåëè÷åçíèõ ê?ëüêîñòÿõ".

Ïðèì?òêè

[1] Äîäàòêîâ? ñïîñòåðåæåííÿ ïðîâîäèëèñü ?ç APEX, VLT, Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) òà Submillimeter Array (SMA).

Äåòàëüí?øå

Äàíå äîñë?äæåííÿ îïèñàíå â ñòàòò? ?Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing?, by J. Vieira et al., â æóðíàë? Nature. Ðîáîòà ?ç âèì?ð?â äèñòàíö?é äî ãàëàêòèê îïèñàíà ó ñòàòò? ?ALMA redshifts of millimeter-selected galaxies from the SPT survey: The redshift distribution of dusty star-forming galaxies?, by A. Weiss et al., iâ Astrophysical Journal. Äîñë?äæåííÿ ãðàâ?òàö?éíîãî ë?íçóâàííÿ îïèñàíå ó ñòàòò? ?ALMA observations of strongly lensed dusty star-forming galaxies?, by Y. Hezaveh et al., òàêîæ â Astrophysical Journal.

Âåëèêèé Ì?ë?ìåòðîâî-ñóáì?ë?ìåòðîâèé Ìàñèâ Àòàêàìà (ALMA) ? ì?æíàðîäíèì àñòðîíîì?÷íèì îá??êòîì. Â?í ÿâëÿ?òüñÿ ïàðòíåðñòâîì ?âðîïè, Ï?âí?÷íî? Àìåðèêè òà Ñõ?äíî? Àç?? ó ñï?âïðàö? ç Ðåñïóáë?êîþ ×èë?. ALMA â ?âðîï? ô?íàíñó?òüñÿ ESO, â Ï?âí?÷í?é Àìåðèö? - Íàö?îíàëüíèì Íàóêîâèì Ôîíäîì ÑØÀ (NSF) ó ñï?âïðàö? ç Íàö?îíàëüíîþ Ðàäîþ Äîñë?äæåíü Êàíàäè (NRC) ? Íàö?îíàëüíîþ Íàóêîâîþ Ðàäîþ Òàéâàíþ (NSC), â Ñõ?äí?é Àç?? - Íàö?îíàëüíèìè ?íñòèòóòàìè Ïðèðîäíè÷èõ Íàóê (NINS) ßïîí?? â ñï?âïðàö? ç Àêàäåì??þ Ñ?í?öà (AS) íà Òàéâàí?. Áóä?âíèöòâî òà óïðàâë?ííÿ ALMA â?ä ?ìåí? ?âðîïè ïðîâîäèòü ESO, â?ä ?ìåí? Ï?âí?÷íî? Àìåðèêè - Íàö?îíàëüíà Ðàä?îàñòðîíîì?÷íà Îáñåðâàòîð?ÿ (NRAO), ÿêà óïðàâëÿ?òüñÿ êîðïîðàòèâíîþ Àñîö?àö??þ Óí?âåðñèòåò?â (AUI), â?ä ?ìåí? Ñõ?äíî? Àç?? - Íàö?îíàëüíà Àñòðîíîì?÷íà Îáñåðâàòîð?ÿ ßïîí?? (NAOJ). Ñï?ëüíà Îáñåðâàòîð?ÿ ALMA (JAO) çàáåçïå÷ó? ?äèíå êåð?âíèöòâî òà óïðàâë?ííÿ áóä?âíèöòâîì, ââåäåííÿ â åêñïëóàòàö?þ òà åêñïëóàòàö?þ ALMA.

?âðîïåéñüêà Ï?âäåííà Îáñåðâàòîð?ÿ - öå ïåðåäîâà ì?æóðÿäîâà àñòðîíîì?÷íà îðãàí?çàö?ÿ â ?âðîï? òà íàéá?ëüø ïðîäóêòèâíà àñòðîíîì?÷íà îáñåðâàòîð?ÿ ñâ?òó. ?? ï?äòðèìó? 15 êðà?í: Àâñòð?ÿ, Áåëüã?ÿ, Áðàçèë?ÿ, ×åñüêà Ðåñïóáë?êà, Äàí?ÿ, Ôðàíö?ÿ, Ô?íëÿíä?ÿ, Í?ìå÷÷èíà, ?òàë?ÿ, Í?äåðëàíäè, Ïîðòóãàë?ÿ, ?ñïàí?ÿ, Øâåö?ÿ, Øâåéöàð?ÿ òà Ñïîëó÷åíå Êîðîë?âñòâî. ESO çä?éñíþ? ?í?ö?àòèâíó ïðîãðàìó, çîñåðåäæåíó íà ïðîåêòóâàíí?, áóä?âíèöòâ? òà åêñïëóàòàö?? ïîòóæíèõ íàçåìíèõ ñïîñòåðåæíèõ îá'?êò?â, ùî äîçâîëÿ? àñòðîíîìàì ðîáèòè âàæëèâ? íàóêîâ? â?äêðèòòÿ. ESO òàêîæ â?ä?ãðà? ïðîâ?äíó ðîëü ó ñïðèÿíí? òà îðãàí?çàö?? ñï?âðîá?òíèöòâà â àñòðîíîì?÷íèõ äîñë?äæåííÿõ. ESO ïðàöþ? íà òðüîõ óí?êàëüíèõ, ñâ?òîâîãî êëàñó îáñåðâàòîð?ÿõ â ×èë?: Ëà Ñ?ëëà, Ïàðàíàë ? ×àõíàíòîð. Íà ãîð? Ïàðàíàë, â ESO ïðàöþ? Äóæå Âåëèêèé Òåëåñêîï - íàéá?ëüø ïåðåäîâà â ñâ?ò? àñòðîíîì?÷íà îáñåðâàòîð?ÿ âèäèìîãî ä?àïàçîíó òà VISTA - íàéá?ëüøèé îãëÿäîâèé òåëåñêîï â ñâ?ò?. ESO ? ?âðîïåéñüêèì ïàðòíåðîì ïðîñóíóòîãî àñòðîíîì?÷íîãî ðàä?îòåëåñêîïó ALMA, íàéá?ëüøîãî ?ñíóþ÷îãî àñòðîíîì?÷íîãî ïðîåêòó.šÂ äàíèé ÷àñ, ESO ïëàíó? 39 ìåòðîâèé ?âðîïåéñüêèé Íàäçâè÷àéíî Âåëèêèé Òåëåñêîï E-ELT (îïòè÷íèé òà áëèæí?é ?× ä?àïàçîíè), ÿêèé ñòàíå "íàéá?ëüøèì ó ñâ?ò? îêîì ó íåáî".

Ïîñèëàííÿ

• Research paper by J. Vieira et al.
• Research paper by A. Weiss et al. on the work to measure the distances to the galaxies
• Research paper by Y. Hezaveh et al. on the study of the gravitational lensing
• More about ALMA at ESO
• The Joint ALMA Observatory
• Images of ALMA
• Videos of ALMA

Êîíòàêòè

Oleg Maliy
NGO Zaporozhye Astronomical Club Altair
Zaporozhye, Ukraine
Òåëåôîí: +380 67 1371070
Email: astroclubzp@gmail.com

Axel Weiss
Max-Planck-Institut f?r Radioastronomie
Bonn, Germany
Òåëåôîí: +49 228 525 273
Email: aweiss@mpifr-bonn.mpg.de

Joaquin Vieira
California Institute of Technology
USA
Ñò?ëüíèêîâèé: +1 949 887 5795
Email: vieira@caltech.edu

Yashar Hezaveh
McGill University
Montr?al, Canada
Òåëåôîí: +1 514 398 7032
Email: yasharh@physics.mcgill.ca

Richard Hook
ESO, Public Information Officer
Garching bei M?nchen, Germany
Òåëåôîí: +49 89 3200 6655
Ñò?ëüíèêîâèé: +49 151 1537 3591
Email: rhook@eso.org

Douglas Pierce-Price
ESO, Public Information Officer
Garching bei M?nchen, Germany
Òåëåôîí: +49 89 3200 6759
Email: dpiercep@eso.org

Carlos de Breuck
ESO
Garching bei M?nchen, Germany
Òåëåôîí: +49 89 3200 6613
Email: cdebreuc@eso.org

Charles E. Blue
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Public Information Officer
Charlottesville, USA
Òåëåôîí: +1 434 296 0314
Email: cblue@nrao.edu

Connect with ESO on social media

Ïåðåêëàä ïðåñ-ðåë?çó ESO eso1313.