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IV , , 2 0 06 .


.. , .. , .. , .. 603950, , . , 46
stas.ermakov@hydro.appl.sci-nnov.ru, 007-8312-164935



- SIR C/X-SA R experi me nt ( L-C- X-band SA R) 1994 University of Hambu rg, Commu nicatio n Research Lab (Tokio, Japan) ­ North Sea, Kurosio Stream: "" - OLA, OLME, ... , IFO 180 - Univ. Ha mbur g ( L-C- X-Ku ba nd "Heliscat") 1991-... ""

- (Singh et.al., 1986)



(Gade et.al., 1998).
15
VV
20

IF O1 80

15

IFO1 8 0



10

, d B

10

5

5

0

0
1 2 3 4 5

0

1

2

3

4

5

, /

, /

(IFO 180), "" () "" () : , .


( )





Dis pers ion relat ion for gravity-capillary waves


= (gk + k3 / )

1/2



- the surface tension coefficient, k ­

wave number







Sketch of meas uring characteris t ics of gravity-capillary waves Photograph of 25-Hz parametr ic r ipples


("")
50

Oleic a cid (in ethanol)

F ilm p re s s u re , m N / m

40 30 20 10 0 0. 1 1.0 1 0.0
40
Emkar ox
F ilm pre ssure , mN/m

30

20

C on ce n tr atio n, mg /sq .m

10

0

Film pressure (=surface tension clean - surface tension conta mi nated) retrieved from measurements of wavelengths of surface waves

0.1

1 .0
C once ntra tion, mg/sq. m

10.0

Substances: oleic acid (OLE), oleyl alcohol (OLA), Emkarox (Emk), vegetable oil (VO), dodecyl alcohol (DA)


("")
10

r e la t i v e d a m p i n g c o e f f i c ie n t

oleic ac id
8

10 Hz 15 Hz 20 Hz 25 Hz
r e la ti v e d a m p i n g c o e f f i c ie n t
6

oleyl alco hol

5

4

25 H z 30 Hz

8

Em karox 1 5Hz

0 0 1 10

r e la t i v e d a m p in g c o e f f i c ie n t

2

6

c once ntr ation, mg/sq. m

0 0 1 10 10 0

4

30 Hz 25 Hz 20 H z

c onc entra tion, mg. sq.m

2

Relative damping coefficients vs. surfactant concentration, measured using a parametric wave method

0 0 1 10

co ncen tr ation, m g/sq.m



10 0

Dode cyl a lc ohol

Elas ticity , m N/m

Ol ei c aci d
Ela stic iy, m N/m

10

10
25 Hz

O le yl a lc oho l
Ela st ici ty, mN /m
10

10

1 0 2 4 6

1

Conce nt rat i on, mg/ sq. m

1

C on cen t ra ti o n, mg / sq .m

1 0.1 1.0 10 .0 100.0

Em ka r ox
Elas ticity , m N/m

Conc e ntr ation , m g/sq. m

10

, N/ , N/
0.1 1.0 10. 0

Emk 39

VO 40

OLA OLE 36 32

DA 22

2-5

12

15

22

70

1

Con ce ntr ation , mg /sq.m




10-20 /



70
Sur face & i nterf acial tensi on

Crude oil

T= 22- 24 C T =5- 7 C

60 50 40 30 20 10 0
0.0 01 0.010 0 .1 00 1.000 10.000

T= 2- 30C

Surf ace & int erfaci al t ens ion

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Diesel f uel

T =22 -2 4 C T=6 -8 C T =1- 2 0C

Thickness , mm
Cru de o il, Fre que ncy 1 5 Hz

0.001

0.010

0.100

1.000

10. 000

Th ickn es s, m m
Diese l fue l, fre que ncy 2 7 .5 Hz

Surface/interfacial tension (retrieved from GCW wavelenght) vs. thickness for oil films at different te mperatures. The data at thickness values of about 10 mm correspond to the surface tension o f oil.




Cr ude oil
T= 22- 24 C T =5-7 C T=2- 30C

.
Diesel fu el
T=2 2- 24 C
Rela ti ve d am ping

R elat ive dam ping

10

T =5- 7 C

10

T=2 -3 0C

1
0.01 0 .10 1.00 10.00

Thicknes s, mm

1
0.001 0.010 0. 100 1.000 10.000

Thick ness, mm

Wave frequenc y 15 Hz
Relative damping vs. thickness for a crude oil and diesel fuel at different temperatures






f=27.5

10

E=5 /




f=27.5

1
0 .0 0 0.01 0 .1 0 1 .00 1 0.0 0

10

E =5 m N/m E=4 m N/m

,

. . 8

1 0. 010

0.100
,

1.000

­ Jenki ns&Jakobs, 1997

. 20


Viscoelasticity of CO/OD (thin) films

Film material Crude oil Diesel fuel Kerosene

Surface & Interfacial tension Em pirical dependence -//-//-//-//-

Interfacial tension m N/m 0-10 0-10 0-10

Relative viscosity 15-20 8 1.3

Surface Elasticity m N/m 3-4 3-4 4-6






8.7 ; 3.2 cm
: 0.5-10

:
Emkarox (Emk), (VO), (OLA), (OLE), (DA) . ( )

/


..
( a)

, . .



DA

VO



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

, . .

()

0

10

20

30

40

50

60
, .

-


.
A local balance model for the spectrum of wind waves (Pelinovsky, Donelan&P ierson, Ermakov et.al..)

dN ( k , x , t ) = dt

a

+ (u * , k ) N - ( E , , k ) N + I nl ( N )
F ­ the wavenumber spectrum of wind waves

N (k , x , t ) = F ( k , x , t ) ( k ) / k

- wind wave growth rate, - wave damping coefficient, - surface tension, E - film
elastic ity, u* - friction velocity

In l N

n

Contrast K(k)=Fnsl(k)/Fsl(k) in the wavenumber spectrum of wind waves

(u K (k ) = (u
Bragg scattering :

*nsl *sl

, k ) - ( 0, , k ) , k ) - ( E , , k )
yd ro

n

> n=1; < n=-1

Kradar =Kh




10

Mod el

Co ntra st

1 0 .1 1 .0 10 . 0

ER S-2 X-band Ka-ba nd OSA, 3.2 OSA, 1.6 O SA, 0.8 O SA(mul

cm cm cm tichan nel)

Wa ven umber, rad/cm

VO


. .
Veg etab le o il Olei c ac id
Pet rol eum Di esel f uel

10


5 4

1
0.1 1 .0 1 0.0

, /

- , , .. 6 /.




2


1 0 .1 1 .0

, /

" " 9 / 7 /



. (<10 ) , , ­ /, , "" L-C-X- (-) . - - , ( ) . .. , "" . - "" . - , L-, - - ­ , , . . .


8-

40

VO
OLA

OLE

D o p p le r s h i f t s d i f f e r e n c e ( s l -n s l) , H z

20

Elast icit y, mN/ m
0 10 -20 10 0

E mk DA

-40