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Observing Strategies at cm wavelengths

Making good decisions
Jessica Chapman
Synthesis Workshop May 2003


Radio Continuum Observations
· Frequencies

· Angular resolution (/B) · Array configurations · Calibration strategies · Integration times · Interference and confusion


ATCA - cm continuum observations
3 6 (cm): (GHz): 8.0 4 9.2 4.4 46.7
Prim.beam (arcmin): 5 Synth. Beam 1 (arcsec) :

13 2.2 42.2 22 4

20 1.25 41.78 33 6

10 2

· Bandwidth = 128 MHz split into 32 spectral channels

· Switching between bands is straightforward · Allows for simultaneous observations at 3+6 cm and 13+20 cm


Frequency Considerations
· · · · · · image resolution do you want spectral indices? is emission thermal or non-thermal? system performance confusion and interference phase stability

Choice of ATCA band(s) is usually SCIENCE DRIVEN


Angular resolution and array choice
For point source: Flux = S (mJy) Brightness = S (mJy/beam area) (same for any beam area) rms noise = I (mJy/beam area) signal/noise = S/ I Sensitivity to a point source is the same for all baselines


Sensitivity to an extended source
source beam Flux = I mJy/arcsec
2

Beam area = B (For a Gaussian beam, Signal/noise = I B/ I ( beam area)

B=

1.113 x y)

If beam area < source size then the sensitivity to extended emission is reduced. Note the trade off between angular resolution and brightness sensitivity.


WR 147

MERLIN: - total flux density = 20 mJy VLA: - total flux density = 36 mJy


Choosing best configurations
· Smallest angular structure · Largest angular structure longest baseline shortest baseline

· Determine full size of full region for image · Select best matched array configurations


Compact Array Configurations
Large number available - baselines from 30 m to 6 km · 39 `stations' on the 3-km east-west track (Bmax = 3 km)
· 1 station at 6-km · 5 stations on new north-south arm (Bmax = 214 m).

For complex sources ­ it is often advisable to use 2 or more configurations. For available configurations see the "Guide to Observations with the Compact Array"


Compact Array configurations 2002 - 2005

There are several `new' array configurations: · · · · EW352/367 EW214 H75 (hybrid) H168 (hybrid)


Complementary configurations ­ an example
EW 352 + EW 367 provides almost uniform coverage for baselines from 30 m to 370 m.


Calibration
I: Primary amplitude calibration
Observations of a strong, non-variable and compact source with a known flux density are used to determine the absolute flux scale. 1934-638 is used as the primary calibrator for all ATCA cm observations


II Bandpass calibration
Observations of 1934-638 or another strong compact source are used to correct for instrumental variations across the bandpass. A single bandpass calibration observation of about 10 minutes is usually sufficient.
Amplitude (Jy)

Channel number


III Secondary Calibration
Secondary calibration sources are observed to correct for timedependent visibility variations caused by instrumental effects and the atmosphere. Observe secondary calibration sources which are: · strong (> 1 Jy) · close to source (< 10-15 degrees) · unresolved on all baselines · have accurate positions At 20 cm Secondary calibration sources are typically observed for a few minutes every 45 minutes. At 3 cm ­ need to monitor phase stability and do more frequent Calibration observations.


Finding calibrator sources
To list calibration sources at Narrabri: On Leon (Vax) > Print AT$CAT:AT.CAT > Print AT$CAT:VLA.CAT Or use the on-line search facility http://www.narrabri.atnf.csiro.au/calibrators


Integration times
Thermal noise at image centre : Ith Tsys . F / (n
bas

. BW . T. npol)

0.5

Tsys (cm) ~ 340 ­ 450 Jy F ~ 1.0 for natural weighting, ~ 1.5 for uniform weighting Examples: BW = 128 MHz. Npol = 2 T = 12 hours, Ith ~ 0.025 mJy T = 10 mins, Ith ~ 0.21 mJy
Sensitivity calculator -www.atnf.csiro.au/observers/docs/at_sens


In practise, to reach the thermal noise, need to have a well-sampled u-v plane.

Short-cut detection experiments
· split the total time into a large number of short cuts · distribute cuts over the HA range of source This should reduce the sidelobes from other sources in the field may reduce the level on interference


Detection of stellar winds from WR stars
Band 3 6 13 20 rms time (mJy) (mins) 0.1 4 0.2 70 0.1 4 0.6 70 0.1 4 1.2 70 0.2 4 1.3 70

WR112 - 13 cm


Radio continuum spectra for WR stars


Confusion
· any other astronomical source that contributes to emission · may be within the primary beam or in sidelobes · degrades final images - higher noise in images · may give spurious "detections"


Confusion..
Number of extragalactic sources per square arcmin: N (Sobs > S) = 0.032 S-1.3 at 6 cm = 0.10 S-0.9 at 20 cm

Examples: At 20 cm, primary beam ~ 1000 arcmin2 N >20 mJy ~ 7 N > 160 mJy ~ 1 At 3 cm expect ~ one source > 0.4 mJy in primary beam


Stellar detection

3 cm


6 cm


13 cm


20 cm


Some Strategies for Confusion
· Make a low resolution image of a large region · Identify and CLEAN sources within field-of-view · Move pointing centre away from strong confusing source -- to minimize the primary beam response · For short cut experiements - use multiple cuts -- improves the dirty beam characteristics · Be careful with marginal detections - are they just sidelobes?


Interference
20 cm band Flux Density (Jy)

Frequency (GHz)


Interference...

characteristics

· time variable · short bursts -- large angular scale map errors · worst on short baselines

strategies
· · · · · avoid the sun (> 40 degrees) choose `clean' part of band ­ see guide and staff use long exposures or multiple cuts use longer baselines edit data


Interference can be removed using pre- and post-correlation techniques

Satellite interference

OH maser


B292

D046