Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://www.adass.org/adass/proceedings/adass94/brownr.ps Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Jun 13 20:43:55 1995 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Tue Oct 2 00:46:13 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: solar system

Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems IV
ASP Conference Series, Vol. 77, 1995
R. A. Shaw, H. E. Payne, and J. J. E. Hayes, eds.
The Electronic PictureBook and Astronomy's Education
Initiative
R. A. Brown, J. Ishee, and C. Lallo
Space Telescope Science Institute 1 , 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore,
MD 21218
Abstract. The Exploration in Education (ExInEd) program at the
Space Telescope Science Institute seeks to promote basic teaching and
learning by exploiting the connections between astronomy research and
education. Our primary product category consists of Electronic Picture­
Books (EPBs): educational show­and­tell software allowing astronomers
to communicate their ideas and results to a broad audience.
In 1990, the Bahcall committee called for an ``educational initiative'' asso­
ciated with its decadal plan for astronomy research (Bahcall 1991). It urged
that new resources and innovative partnerships be developed to foster benefi­
cial connections between the exploration of the universe and basic teaching and
learning and, in particular, to address the deficit our society faces in the math,
science, and technology skills of the next generations.
A study and report entitled An Education Initiative in Astronomy (EIA)
(Brown 1990) is an informal appendix to the Bahcall committee report. This
work is the product of seventeen professionals in education or astronomy, who
deliberated the question of strategies and approaches for connecting astronomy
research and basic education. The connection is not obvious, after all: the former
activity is the acquisition of advanced knowledge about the universe, which may
be understandable in detail by only a few; the latter is aimed at helping all
inquirers learn ``the basics,'' that is, information and concepts often long known
by past---even ancient---scholars.
The EIA report affirmed manifold opportunities for astronomy research to
contribute to education, noting that the astronomy enterprise has many relevant
assets, including a broad domain of inquiry, role models, advanced technology,
cadres of semi­professionals and amateurs, and interdisciplinary connections.
Two prime objectives promoted by EIA were sparking pre­college interest in
science and improving the accuracy of astronomical information presented to
students and the public. One strategy recommended by EIA was using inno­
vative technologies to disseminate science results, and in particular, using ad­
vanced communications networks to facilitate delivery of electronic information
to computers in homes and schools.
Today, many new programs are seeking to exploit the connections between
astronomy research and education. The Exploration in Education (ExInEd) pro­
gram at the Space Telescope Science Institute (ST ScI) is one such program. The
focus of ExInEd is to enable individual authors in the community to communi­
cate the ideas and results of their activities in the form of computer multimedia
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software, which is distributed over Internet, via on­line services, and on durable
media.
The Electronic PictureBook (EPB) is our primary product category. It
is educational software of the show­and­tell variety, consisting of a HyperCard
stack that runs on the Macintosh platform. The basic elements of an EPB are
picture­caption pairs that are augmented with a structural framework (indices,
navigational buttons, overlays) and additional content (an introduction, a glos­
sary, reading lists, credits). The EPB uses an introduction to orient the user
in the topic at hand, and provides navigation tools that enable him or her to
explore the pictures and captions in either a hierarchical way (via indices and
sub indices) or sequentially, as in a slide show.
EPBs have a serious---but unstructured---educational purpose. They are
designed to: (1) capture student interest, (2) provide quality information, and
(3) construct understanding and skills. We hope that by browsing through
their exciting images and informative captions, children and adults will receive
the message that science is fun, that learning is a process of exploration and
discovery, and that these activities can be enjoyable and rewarding. We are
encouraged, based on voluminous, unsolicited correspondence and favorable re­
views, that EPBs are being well received by the press and public, by students,
and by school teachers in particular.
From the author's standpoint, ExInEd provides a simple and inviting inter­
face. An EPB author has simply to provide ExInEd with pictures and captions
along with a brief introduction, and ExInEd does the rest. We have the technical
capabilities to accept images and text in a wide variety of forms and formats,
which we transform or translate appropriately for the EPB. Editorial respon­
sibilities are shared between the author and ExInEd staff. Once all the edited
materials are in­hand, production of an EPB is generally completed in a period
of a few weeks.
At the current time, ExInEd has completed and is distributing ten EPB
titles over the Internet, through on­line services and bulletin boards, and on
diskette and CD­ROM:
ffl Gems of Hubble
Stephen P. Maran Published 1994. Version 2.0.
Gems of Hubble is a collection of recent images obtained by NASA's Hubble
Space Telescope (HST ). Topics include the HST 's launch and first servic­
ing mission, stars and star clusters, galaxies and black holes, solar system
objects, nebulae, and cosmology.
ffl The Planetary System
Dr. David Morrison with The Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Published 1994. Version 1.0.1.
The Planetary System is a pictorial survey of our solar system that includes
all nine planets, the Moon, and small bodies. The images it contains were
selected for their beauty and for how well they illustrate the wide range of
physical and geological features present in the solar system.
ffl Endeavour Views the Earth
Dr. Jay Apt Published 1993. Version 1.0.
Endeavour Views the Earth is a collection of Space Shuttle images of

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Earth's northern hemisphere. Image captions by NASA astronaut Jay
Apt touch upon timely issues in geography, agronomy, geology, meteorol­
ogy, and environmental science. Linked to The World Factbook.
ffl The World Factbook '92
Central Intelligence Agency Published 1993. Version 1.0.
The World Factbook is a survey of the people, culture, geography, govern­
ment, economy, political conditions, communications, and defense forces
of 261 countries and regions, as well as information on the United Nations
and other international organizations. Each of the 261 entries includes a
map of that country or region with major population centers highlighted.
Can be linked to Endeavour Views the Earth.
ffl Scientific Results from the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph
James Blackwell, Jennifer Sandoval, Steven Maran, and Steven Shore
Published 1993. Version 1.2.2.
Scientific Results from the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph is a col­
lection of images and the spectra obtained with the Goddard High Res­
olution Spectrograph (GHRS) during the first years of operation of the
Hubble Space Telescope. Captions were authored with the assistance of
the GHRS science team. Topics include the northern aurora of Jupiter,
Beta Pictoris, Chi Lupi, Alpha Tauri, AU Microscopii, AR Lacertae, Nova
Cygni 1992, Zeta Ophiuchi, 3C273, R31, and 30 Doradus.
ffl Volcanic Features of Hawaii and Other Worlds
Peter Mouginis­Mark Published 1993. Version 1.0.
This EPB describes and compares Hawaiian volcanoes and volcanic fea­
tures with features believed to have a similar origin on the Moon, Mars,
Venus, and the Jovian moon, Io. Accompanying text highlights these com­
parisons, explains the features, and describes past, current, and planned
research by volcanologists. Specific topics include volcanic structures, lava
flows, eruption types and resultant land forms, rocks, boulder fields, and
radar studies. The glossary is linked to the text.
ffl Images of Mars
The Planetary Society Published 1993. Version 1.1.4.
Images of Mars is a collection of re­processed photos of the Martian sur­
face taken during the Viking mission. In addition to being an update on
U.S. and Russian interest in Mars, the introduction provides a brief look
at the broad history of human interest, touching on the early observations
of Tycho Brahe, Johann Kepler, Christiaan Huygens, William Herschel,
Asaph Hall, and Giovanni Schiaparelli; the imaginative theories of Per­
cival Lowell; and the popular views of science fiction writers Edgar Rice
Burroughs, H. G. Wells, and Ray Bradbury.
ffl Impact Catastrophe That Ended the Mesozoic Era
Dr. William K. Hartmann Published 1993. Version 1.0.
This series of seven original paintings by artist and planetary scientist
William K. Hartmann depicts the impact and resulting effect of a 10 km
asteroid believed to have hit the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico about 65

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million years ago. The climatic changes set in motion by the impact are
thought to have had a significant role in the extinction of many species at
the time, including the dinosaurs.
ffl Apollo 11 at Twenty­Five
Dr. Roger D. Launius Published 1994. Version 1.0.
This EPB was published on the occasion of NASA's 25th celebration of the
moment when humans first walked on the Moon. It contains an historical
survey of the Apollo program for the period from May 1961, with its
announcement by President John F. Kennedy, to December 1972, when
the program ended with the flight of Apollo 17. Special emphasis on the
Apollo 11 mission.
ffl Magellan Highlights of Venus
Dr. Steve Saunders and Dr. Ellen Stofan Published 1993. Version 1.0.
This EPB contains images from the Magellan spacecraft's first 243­day
mapping cycle of Venus. An introduction summarizes the most impor­
tant science findings. Image captions describe both planetary features---
Venusian impact craters, mountains, tessera terrain, coronae, arachnoids,
volcanoes, channels, and dunes---and the methods scientists have used to
analyze them.
ExInEd has also created its first CD­ROM, entitled Space Science Library
of Electronic PictureBooks. It includes all current EPBs plus GIF­format images
of 330 individual images in 640x480 pixel format.
In the coming months, we propose to expand our collaborations with at
least five new EPB titles:
ffl Comparing Earth and Its Planetary Neighbors. Patricia Barnes­Svarney,
an established science writer, has collected 50 images of corresponding
features amongst the planets and composed captions for them.
ffl The New Solar System. David Morrison has agreed to select a recent set
of planetary images for a new tour of the solar system based on HST ,
Galileo, Clementine, and ground­based observations. He will write the
captions, and we will produce the EPB. This will be a valuable update of
our current title, The Planetary System.
ffl Other Worlds From Earth. Bill Hartmann will prepare a series of paintings
that take perspectives on the solar system from distances 1 AU, 10 AU,
100 AU: : : out to a planetary system around another star. The purposes of
this ``powers of ten'' sequence are to conceptually connect our solar system
with possible others while clarifying the distance scales involved.
ffl Comet Strikes Jupiter! Steve Maran, who edited the images and wrote the
captions for Gems of Hubble, has agreed to select SL­9/Jupiter material
for an EPB based on the spectacular events of July '94 and to compose an
introduction and captions.
ffl PlanetQuest. Daniel Glover, a NASA engineer based at Lewis Research
Center, is compiling a history of NASA's planetary spacecraft.

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ExInEd plans to produce additional multimedia products for both the Mac­
intosh and the Windows PC platforms. As noted, EPBs are currently based on
the HyperCard engine and are thus available only for the Macintosh computer.
In the future, we will be using the Apple Media Tool (AMT) authoring system in
addition to HyperCard, and will be producing runtime executable software for
Windows also. The content will be derived from EPBs, which we will continue
to produce. This will expand ten­fold the installed base of computers that can
use our products.
ExInEd is also exploring new products specifically for Internet distribution.
The Electronic InfoCapsule (EIC), for example, will be small cross­platform
interactive computer presentation incorporating images, sound, text, and video.
Authored with Apple Media Tool, EICs will run identically on the Macintosh
and Windows PC platforms.
All ExInEd titles currently available can be obtained by downloading them
from any one of several electronic sources, including SSO's electronic bulletin
board system (bbs) at 410­516­4880 using user ID ``guest'' and password ``guest'',
then searching under the heading ``Conferences''; via anonymous ftp over the
Internet at host address stsci.edu in directory /ExInEd; through America Online
using the search term ``ExInEd'' in the Macintosh software library; and from
ExInEd's Mosaic/WWW Home Page 1 .
ExInEd EPB's can also be purchased on durable media, diskette or CD­
ROM, by contacting The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (415­337­2624)
between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. Pacific Time or writing to: The Astronomical Society
of the Pacific, 390 Ashton Ave., San Francisco, California 94112. They may
also be purchased from NASA's Central Operation of Resources for Educators
(CORE) by calling 216­774­1051, ext. 293 or writing to NASA CORE, Lorain
County Joint Vocational School, 15181 Route 58 South, Oberlin, OH 44074.
To receive a copy of An Education Initiative in Astronomy, to obtain more
information on the ExInEd program, or to provide comments or suggestions on
the EPB concept, please write to: ExInEd, Space Telescope Science Institute,
3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218. FAX: 410­516­7450. Internet:
ExInEd@stsci.edu.
Acknowledgments. Support for this research was provided by NASA Grant
NAGW--3048 through the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated
by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy.
References
Bahcall, J. N., ed. 1991, The Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astro­
physics (Washington, D.C., National Academy Press)
Brown, R. A., ed. 1990, An Education Initiative in Astronomy (Baltimore,
Space Telescope Science Institute)
1 http://www.stsci.edu/exined­html/exined.home.html