Äîêóìåíò âçÿò èç êýøà ïîèñêîâîé ìàøèíû. Àäðåñ îðèãèíàëüíîãî äîêóìåíòà : http://observ.pereplet.ru/images/evgeny/62399.web.pdf Äàòà èçìåíåíèÿ: Tue Jan 10 01:18:09 2006 Äàòà èíäåêñèðîâàíèÿ: Mon Oct 1 20:59:09 2012 Êîäèðîâêà: Ïîèñêîâûå ñëîâà: spiral galaxy

The Astrophysical Journal, 629:45 ­ 51, 2005 August 10
# 2005. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.

A

THE RADIO AFTERGLOW AND HOST GALAXY OF THE DARK GRB 020819
P. Jakobsson,
1, 2

D. A. Frail,3 D. B. Fox,4 D.-S. Moon,4, 5, 6 P. A. Price,7, 8 S. R. Kulkarni,4 J. P. U. Fynbo, J. Hjorth,1 E. Berger,9 R. H. McNaught,8 and H. Dahle10
Receivv 2005 March 15; accepted 2005 April 25 ed

1

ABSTRACT Of the 14 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) localized to better than 20 radius with the SXC on HETE-2, only two lack optical afterglow detections, and the high recovery rate among this sample has been used to argue that the fraction of truly dark bursts is $10%. While a large fraction of earlier dark bursts can be explained by the failure of groundbased searches to reach appropriate limiting magnitudes, suppression of the optical light of these SXC dark bursts seems likely. Here we report the discovery and observation of the radio afterglow of GRB 020819, an SXC dark burst, which enables us to identify the likely host galaxy ( probability of 99.2%) and hence the redshift (z ¼ 0:41) of the GRB. The radio light curve is qualitatively similar to that of several other radio afterglows and may include an early-time contribution from the emission of the reverse shock. The proposed host is a bright, R ¼ 19:5 mag barred spiral galaxy, with a faint R % 24:0 mag ``blob'' of emission, 300 from the galaxy core (16 kpc in projection), that is coincident with the radio afterglow. Optical photometry of the galaxy and blob, beginning 3 hr after the burst and extending over more than 100 days, establishes strong upper limits to the optical brightness of any afterglow or associated supernova. Combining the afterglow radio fluxes and our earliest R-band limit, we find that the most likely afterglow model invokes a spherical expansion into a constant-density (rather than stellar wind-like) external environment. Within the context of this model, a modest local extinction of AV % 1 mag is sufficient to suppress the optical flux below our limits. Subject headingg dust, extinction -- galaxies: high-redshift -- gamma rays: bursts s: Online material: color figures 1. INTRODUCTION The host galaxies of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) at low and intermediate redshifts are predominately subluminous, low-metallicity, and dust-poor galaxies with very blue colors (e.g., Fruchter et al. 1999; Le Floc'h et al. 2003; Fynbo et al. 2003; Christensen et al. 2004). In particular, the three most nearby hosts (GRBs 980425, 030329, and 031203) are most likely metal-poor dwarf galaxies similar to the Magellanic Clouds but with intense star formation ( Fynbo et al. 2000; Hjorth et al. 2003; Prochaska et al. 2004). The fact that GRB hosts are ubiquitously drawn from the population of faint, dust-poor galaxies implies that (1) such galaxies are responsible for the majority of star formation at all redshifts, (2) GRBs are preferentially caused by low-metallicity stars, or (3) the current sample is observationally biased against GRBs occurring in brighter, high-metallicity hosts. Related to point 3 above is the nature of dark bursts, whose definition has been quite vague in the literature. It was commonly used for those GRBs that were not accompanied by detections
1 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. 2 Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhaga 3, 107 Reykjavi , Iceland. ´k 3 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, PO Box 0, Socorro, New Mexico 87801. 4 Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, MS 130-33, Pasadena, CA 91125. 5 Space Radiation Laboratory 220- 47, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125. 6 Robert A. Millikan Fellow. 7 Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822-1897. 8 Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, Cotter Road, Weston Creek, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia. 9 Carnegie Observatories, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101. 10 Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.

of optical afterglows (OAs), irrespective of how inefficient the search was. It is important to reveal whether the fraction of dark bursts (as high as 60% ­ 70%; e.g., Lazzati et al. 2002) is predominantly the result of inadequate observing strategies, or if dust and high redshift play a major role. Evidence has been mounting ( Fynbo et al. 2001; Berger et al. 2002) that the former is the primary reason for such a high fraction. Recently, Jakobsson et al. (2004a) proposed a revised definition of dark bursts as those bursts that are optically subluminous with respect to the fireball model, i.e., which have an optical-to ­ X-ray spectral index OX < 0:5. Applying this definition to a set of 52 bursts, only 10% have optical limits deep enough to establish them as dark bursts. Rol et al. (2005) obtained a comparable dark burst fraction using a more detailed analysis, albeit with a smaller sample. In this paper we present the detection of the radio afterglow of GRB 020819 and propose that a bright spiral galaxy (z ¼ 0:41) coincident with the radio position is the host. We explore the nature of the GRB external environment by applying the fireball model on the afterglow radio flux. When combined with an early optical R-band limit, this reveals whether host extinction needs to be invoked. We also search for a signature of a supernova (SN ). Finally, we discuss GRB 020819 in the context of rapid localizations and follow-up of GRBs and its implications for dark bursts. We adopt a cosmology where the Hubble parameter is H0 ¼ 70 km sþ1 Mpcþ1 , m ¼ 0:3, and ö ¼ 0:7. For these parameters, a redshift of 0.41 corresponds to a luminosity distance of 2.24 Gpc and a distance modulus of 41.7. One arcsecond is equivalent to 5.45 proper kiloparsecs, and the look-back time is 4.36 Gyr. 2. OBSERVATIONS GRB 020819 was detected by the French Gamma Telescope, Wide Field X-Ray Monitor, and Soft X-Ray Camera (SXC) on 45


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JAKOBSSON ET AL.
TABLE 1 Optical / NIR Observations of GRB 020819 Magnitudeb Epoch àt a (days) 0.14 0.72 6.91 14.85 14.89 21.47 26.55 54.75 134.62 Telescope / Instrument 1.0 m SSO P60 Keck / NIRC d, e Keck / ESI Keck / ESI NOT/ALFOSC VLT/ FORS2 Keck / NIRCd Keck / ESI Seeing (arcsec) 2.5 1.6 .. . 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.7 .. . 0.7 Exposure Time (s) 3; 4; 9; 7; 4; 5; 22 ; 27 ; 2 ; (300 300 600 60 600 600 600 300 60 + 600) Filter R R K B R R R K R Galaxy Blob

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Limiting Magnitude 21.5 22.1 .. . 26.9 26.9 25.3 25.8 .. . 26.6

c

2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003

Aug 19.76 ......... Aug 20.34 ......... Aug 26.53 ......... Sep 03.47 .......... Sep 03.51 .......... Sep 10.09 .......... Sep 15.17 .......... Oct 13.37 .......... Jan 01.24...........

19.62 ô 0.15 19.60 ô 0.11 .. . ... 21.90 ô 0.50 26.10 ô 0.50 19.48 ô 0.12 23.99 ô 0.13 19.34 ô 0.06 19.45 ô 0.02 23.98 ô 0.06 16.80 ô 0.20 20.80 ô 0.30 19.43 ô 0.10 23.76 ô 0.15

Notes.--The magnitudes reported here are the results of aperture photometry (see main text for details). Correction for Galactic extinction has been applied to the photometry (Schlegel et al. 1998). a Measured in days after 2002 August 19.623 UT. b The host galaxy and blob were not resolved in the SSO, P60, or NOT observations. c Limiting magnitudes are 2 in a circular aperture with a radius equal to the seeing. d There were no stars in the Keck / NIRC field of view to estimate the seeing and limiting magnitude. e No standard star observations were available for calibration of this epoch.

board the High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE-2) satellite on 2002 August 19.623 UT. A 13000 radius SXC error circle was circulated 3 hr after the burst ( Vanderspek et al. 2002). A few days later, its location was refined and the radius reduced to 6400 , lying fully within the original error circle (Crew et al. 2002). We observed the 13000 radius SXC error circle with the Siding Spring Observatory (SSO) 1.0 m telescope in Australia at à t ¼ 3:1 hr ( Price & McNaught 2002), where àt is the time from the onset of the burst. At àt ¼ 17:3hr we imaged the field again with the 1.5 m telescope ( P60) at Palomar ( Price et al. 2002a). In neither case was an OA detected. We continued to monitor the field in the optical / NIR during the following weeks and months with the Echellette Spectrograph and Imager ( ESI ) and the Near Infrared Camera ( NIRC) on Keck, the Andalucia Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera (ALFOSC) on the Nordic Optical Telescope ( NOT ), and the Focal Reducer and Low Dispersion Spectrograph ( FORS2) on the Very Large Telescope ( VLT ). The record of our observations is listed in Table 1. Although a rapid and deep follow-up was performed, no optical / NIR afterglow has been reported for GRB 020819. Levan et al. (2003) obtained a deep optical limit (R ¼ 22:2mag) at àt ¼ 9 hr, covering the original SXC error circle. During the same epoch, Klose et al. (2003) performed a NIR follow-up observation, with a limiting magnitude of K ¼ 19:5mag. Unfortunately, their analysis and afterglow search was only applied to the refined 6400 SXC error circle (see discussion in x 3.2). We discovered ( Frail & Berger 2003) a variable radio source at 8.46 GHz with the Very Large Array ( VLA), declining from a peak of 315 Jy at à t ¼ 1:75 days to a level of nondetection at à t ¼ 157 days. A log of the GRB 020819 radio observations is given in Table 2. This source was located at (J2000:0) ¼ : 23h 27m 19s475 and (J2000:0) ¼ 06 15 0 55B95, with an error of 0 B5 in each coordinate. The radio transient is located only 300 away from the center of a bright barred spiral galaxy. In addition, the transient is superposed on a faint blob of light. A Keck / ESI image covering the surrounding field is displayed in Figure 1. 3. RESULTS 3.1. Optical / NIR The optical data were reduced using standard techniques for debiasing and flat-fielding. In order to determine the photo-

metric properties of the potential host galaxy and blob, we used aperture photometry. A circular aperture with a fixed radius of 4B5 was used for all the different telescopes / instruments to obtain the total flux from the galaxy. To verify the results, we used SExtractor ( Bertin & Arnouts 1996 ) to obtain its total magnitudes (mag_auto). The photometry of the nearby blob was also carried out using aperture photometry, with a circular aperture with a fixed radius of 0 B8. Only the VLT/ FORS2 epoch had a simultaneous R-band observation of a Landolt (1992) standard field. We used this to calibrate secondary standards for the GRB 020819 field, which we in turn used to transform the relative optical magnitudes to the Cousins photometric system. For the B-band Keck epoch there was only one faint nonsaturated calibrated star in field from the Digitized Second Palomar Observatory Sky Survey ( DPOSS). The resulting calibrated magnitude is therefore quite uncertain. We note that DPOSS uses the Gunn photometric system, which we converted to the Johnson photometric system (e.g., JÜrgensen 1994). The NIR images were dark-subtracted and flat-fielded using the object-masked average of proximate science frames. They were registered against each other by reference to the centroid position of the single bright object, the galaxy core, and co-added.
TABLE 2 VLA Obse rvat ions of GRB 02 0819 àt a (days) 1.75 3.72 3.74 9.70 9.72 21.65 29.64 44.55 126.45 130.40 143.44 157.28 obs (GHz) 8.46 8.46 1.43 8.46 4.86 8.46 8.46 8.46 8.46 8.46 8.46 8.46 Sô ( Jy) 315 176 39 264 224 161 109 43 79 32 62 6 ô ô ô ô ô ô ô ô ô ô ô ô 18 19 60 30 34 24 20 31 25 26 25 14

Epoch 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003
a

Aug 21.37 ..................... Aug 23.34 ..................... Aug 23.36 ..................... Aug 29.32 ..................... Aug 29.34 ..................... Sep 10.27 ...................... Sep 18.26 ...................... Oct 03.17 ...................... Dec 24.07 ..................... Dec 28.02 ..................... Jan 10.06....................... Jan 23.90.......................

Measured in days after 2002 August 19.623 UT.


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RADIO AFTERGLOW AND HOST GALAXY OF GRB 020819

47

Fig. 1.--A 2400 s R-band Keck / ESI image of the neighborhood of the GRB 020819 radio afterglow, obtained approximately 15 days after the burst occurred. Left: The original 13000 radius error circle is indicated by the dashed line, while the refined one is shown with a continuous line. Right: A zoom-in on the position of the radio afterglow, marked with a dashed circle with a radius of 0 B5. A bright barred spiral galaxy is located around 300 from the afterglow, which is superposed on a faint light source. The image is shown with a logarithmic intensity scale to highlight the features of the nearby blob. [See the electronic edition of the Journal for a color version of this figure.]

A rough World Coordinate System was put on the images using the telescope pointing and instrument rotation information as encoded in the image headers; this was later refined by reference to larger scale images of the field. Galaxy and blob fluxes were obtained with aperture photometry. For the second K-band epoch, we used an observation of a 2MASS star to transform the magnitudes to the standard system. Unfortunately, no standard stars were available for the first K-band epoch. The results of the optical / NIR photometry are listed in Table 1. We have an early, relatively deep limit of R > 21:5 mag at àt ¼ 3:4 hr. This is fainter than the entire sample of afterglows detected and studied in the past 7 years at a similar epoch, excluding the recent GRB 050126 (see Berger et al. 2005b, Fig. 5). We note, however, that much deeper optical limits have been obtained at a similar epoch, e.g., GRB 970828 (Groot et al. 1998). Whether the GRB 020819 optical faintness is due to high redshift, host extinction, or simply an intrinsically faint GRB is a question best answered in synergy with the radio observations. The bright barred spiral galaxy and the faint blob are clearly resolved in the Keck and VLT images. After correcting for foreground (Galactic) extinction using the reddening maps of Schlegel et al. (1998), the galaxy has R þ K ¼ 2:7 ô 0:2 mag, while the nearby blob has R þ K ¼ 3:2 ô 0:3mag. To examine if a NIR afterglow contributes flux to the blob in the first K-band epoch (à t ¼ 6:9 days), we performed an image subtraction using the second K-band epoch. We subtracted out the galaxy and looked for residual emission from the blob. But due to the lack of stars in the field of view, the validity of the subtraction could not be confirmed. The error in the galaxy subtraction remained larger than any residual emission from the blob. 3.2. The Radio Light Curve All observations were performed using the VLA in its standard continuum mode. At each frequency, the full 100 MHz bandwidth was obtained in two adjacent 50 MHz bands. The flux density scale was tied to the extragalactic source 3C 147, while the array phase was monitored by switching between the GRB and a VLA phase calibrator J2320+052 (J2330+110) at 8.46 GHz (1.43 GHz). Data calibration and imaging were carried out with Astronomical Image Processing System software package. In an image from àt ¼ 1:75 days, we found an unresolved source at high significance (18 ). Although the transient is 9800

away from the center of the revised 6400 SXC error circle, its position and radius have been revised again ( Villasenor et al. 2004). It now includes the radio transient, lending support to the hypothesis that the transient is in fact the GRB afterglow. Its light curve is presented in Figure 2. It is qualitatively similar to previous radio afterglows, where the first data point is most likely due to a strong reverse shock (see a schematic light curve in Frail 2005), GRB 990123 being the best-known example (Sari & Piran 1999). There is a sign of a late-time flattening in the radio light curve. Due to the relatively deep upper limit at àt % 157 days, it is unlikely that the final radio detection at àt % 126 days originates from the host galaxy. A more probable explanation is an episodic injection of energy, where slower moving shells of ejecta catch up with the decelerating main shock and re-energize it. This refreshed shock model has recently been invoked to explain the optical, X-ray, and radio behavior of GRB 021004 (Bjornsson et al. 2004). We note that the flux limit of 34 Jy at ¨ àt % 157 days implies an upper limit to the host star formation rate of approximately 40 M yrþ1 (see Berger et al. 2003, Fig. 1).

Fig. 2.--An 8.46 GHz light curve from the VLA of the radio afterglow of GRB 020819. Detections at each epoch are indicated by circles. Nondetections, shown with triangles, are defined as the peak brightness at the location of the afterglow plus 2 times the rms noise in the image.


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The qualitative behavior of other radio light curves can be summarized as follows (e.g., Sari et al. 1998, Figs. 1 and 2). The flux at a given radio frequency (R ) rises as a power law FR (t ) / t r , reaches a broad maximum at Fm , and then decays as FR (t ) / t d . This is due to the evolution of the characteristic break frequencies in the broadband synchrotron spectrum, where, for example, the epoch of peak flux is frequency-dependent [tm (R )]. We have carried out a fit to this model, but given the paucity of our data, we fixed tm (8:46 GHz) ¼ 10 days, a typical and reasonable ( Fig. 2) value. In addition, we have omitted the first and final detection (see discussion above). From the formal best fit we find r ¼ 0:44 ô 0:16, d ¼ þ0:78 ô 0:17, with Fm (8:46 GHz) ¼ 271 ô 31 Jy ( 2 ¼ 0:42, where 2 f ¼ 1 do 2 /degree of freedom, is the reduced 2 of the fit). Shifting tm a few days on either side of our value does not substantially change the fitted parameters. 4. DISCUSSION 4.1. The Host Galaxy The question whether a high redshift of the proposed host galaxy contributes significantly to the optical faintness of the afterglow is easily answered by the results of E. Berger et al. (2005, in preparation). They measure a redshift of z ¼ 0:41 for the host,11 the seventh closest thus far observed. As a comparison, the GRB 011121 afterglow (z ¼ 0:36) had a radio flux of 610 Jy at 7 days ( Price et al. 2002b) and R % 18 mag at 0.4 days (Garnavich et al. 2003; Greiner et al. 2003). These numbers indicate that the galaxy is a promising host candidate, although it needs to be explored whether the radio afterglow and the R-band limit are consistent with the fireball model (see x 4.2). We have estimated the probability that the assigned host is a chance superposition and not physically related to the GRB, following Bloom et al. (2002a). As the GRB localization is good, but the position is outside the majority of the light of the spiral, we have calculated the effective radius (see Bloom et al. = 2002a, eqs. [1] ­ [3]) as (R2 × 4R2 )1 2 .Here R0 ¼ 3B0 ô 0 B1is 0 half the radial separation between the GRB and the presumed host, and Rhalf ¼ 1B35 ô 0 B05 is the half-light radius. This, combined with the galaxy magnitude, results in a chance superposition probability of only 0.8%. The R þ K colors of galaxies provide crucial information on the importance of old stellar populations (as traced by the NIR emission), relative to the contribution of young stars dominating the optical light. Blue objects (R þ K $ 2 3mag) are a sign of unobscured star-forming galaxies, while old ellipticals and dust-enshrouded starburst galaxies have large R þ K colors. An R þ K ¼ 2:7 mag is a bit higher than the mean value but within the range spanned by the sample of 15 host galaxies explored by Le Floc'h et al. (2003). A redshift of 0.41 places the host on a curve in Figure 2 in Le Floc'h et al. (2003) matching a type Scd galaxy, roughly consistent with the morphology seen in Figure 1. In general, Sc/Scd spirals display resolved H ii regions (the blob being a likely candidate) and contain a larger fraction of dust and gas, which might explain the optical faintness of the afterglow. We note that all the spiral hosts observed so far are nearly face-on (GRBs 980425, 990705, 020819). Although this sample is small, it resembles SN-selected spirals that are more often observed face-on, most likely due to dust bias (e.g., Cappellaro et al. 1993).
11

The nature of the ambient medium in which the GRB originated can be probed with the parameters Fm , tm , and d . In addition, they can be used to predict the R-band magnitude at àt ¼ 0:14 days. We consider three afterglow models: (1) an isotropic expansion into a homogeneous medium (Sari et al. 1998), (2) an isotropic expansion into a wind-stratified medium (Chevalier & Li 1999), and (3) a collimated expansion ( jet) into a homogeneous or wind stratified medium (Sari et al. 1999). For model 1, the fits in x 3.2 predict that the optical flux would have reached the maximum value of Fm (corresponding to R ¼ 17:6 mag) at an epoch tm (opt) ¼ tm (8:46 GHz) ; = (R /opt )2 3 % 600 s. The expected flux at later times would then drop by 2:5 d log½àt /tm (opt) mag, which for àt ¼ 0:14 days corresponds to 2.5 mag. In this framework, we would thus expect to detect an OA with R ¼ 20:1 ô 0:6 mag at the epoch of the first observation. Comparing this to the upper limit of R > 21:5 mag, only a modest amount of extinction must be invoked. The electron energy power-law index in this model is predicted to be p ¼ 1 þ 4/3 d ¼ 2:04 ô 0:23, consistent with ¯ what is usually found ( p ¼ 2:26: Piro 2004). As in model 1, the optical flux in model 2 reaches Fm at an epoch tm (opt) % 600 s. On the other hand, since the afterglow emission is weakened as the relativistic blast wave ploughs into ambient material with decreasing density, Fm is larger when extrapolated into the optical band, with Fm / t þ1/2 . This results in an afterglow with R % 13:6 mag at 600 s, decaying to R ¼ 16:1 ô 0:6 mag at àt ¼ 0:14 days. This model would thus require a large host extinction. However, this model predicts p ¼ (1 þ 4 d )/ 3 ¼ 1:37 ô 0:23. Although such a low value for p has previously been observed in an afterglow (e.g., GRB 010222: Galama et al. 2003), we are not in favor of this model. Finally, in model 3, the radio emission (above the synchrotron self-absorption frequency) is supposed to rise as t 1/2 , reach a maximum, and then slowly decline as t þ1/3 for t > t jet, where t jet is the epoch when the bulk Lorentz factor of the ejecta becomes comparable to the inverse of the opening angle of the jet. The radio flux is then expected to drop sharply as t þp ,when the maximum frequency falls below the observing frequency. This behavior has been observed, for example, for GRB 990510 ( Harrison et al. 1999). As seen in Figure 2, the radio light curve does not show this kind of evolution. Even if we assume tjet < tm % 10 days, the model predicts p ¼ þ d ¼ 0:78, a value not considered relevant in afterglow models. 4.3. A Limit on a Supernova Contribution An excess of optical flux at àt $ 15(1 × z) days, superposed on a typical light curve power-law decay, is commonly attributed to the rise of a SN component (e.g., Galama et al. 1998; Bloom et al. 1999, 2002b). Motivated by this, we timed our R-band observations (àt % 15, 21, and 27 days) for a SN search. To accommodate the spread in the observed properties of Type I bc SNe, we have considered the highly luminous SN 1998bw associated with GRB 980425 (Galama et al. 1998), and SN 2002ap ( Foley et al. 2003), which was a factor of $10 times less luminous at peak time in the rest-frame B band. At z ¼ 0:41 the observed R band corresponds to the restframe B band. Thus, we have transformed the B-band magnitude at peak time of the aforementioned SNe to AB magnitudes ( Fukugita et al. 1995), applied the distance modulus, and the 2:5log (1 × z) term (see, e.g., van Dokkum & Franx 1996). If GRB 020819 is associated with a 1998bw-like SN, we would

Unfortunately, there is no conclusive redshift reported for the blob.


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RADIO AFTERGLOW AND HOST GALAXY OF GRB 020819
TABLE 3 SXC Local ized HETE-2 Gamma-Ray Bursts àtSXC ( hr) 3.1 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.4 2.0 0.9 1.2 1.9 1.8 7.2 2.2 2.4 1.2 àtOA ( hr) 1.90 ... 0.05 0.02 2.05 2.63 1.28 1.56 3.48 16.04 4.17 12.20 ... 2.40 à t1 ( hr) 0.30 2.98 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.00 1.28 1.56 1.87 0.04 0.02 2.18 0.01 0.01

49

GRB 020813................. 020819................. 021004................. 021211................. 030115................. 030226................. 030328................. 030329................. 030429................. 030528................. 030723................. 040511................. 041211................. 050408.................

Mag(àtOA ) B $ 18:6 ... R ¼ 15:5 R ¼ 14:1 R $ 21:5 R $ 17:5 R $ 18:0 R ¼ 12:6 R ¼ 19:7 J ¼ 20:6 R ¼ 20:9 J $ 19:0 ... R ¼ 20:4

Mag(àt1 ) CR R R R R R R R R CR CR CR B CR > > ¼ ¼ > > $ ¼ > > > > > > 16:0 18:9 15:5 14:1 10:0 11:5 18:0 12:6 18:7 15:8 18:1 17:2 11:0 14:7

R(1 day) 20.5 >22.0 19.5 23.0 .. . 20.6 21.5 16.0 21.0 .. . 21.1 .. . .. . 22.3

z 1.26 .. . 2.34 1.01 . .. 1.99 1.52 0.17 2.66 . .. .. . . .. . .. 1.24

SXC Circle Change? Yes, OA outside Yes, RA inside Yes, OA inside No No No Yes, OA inside Yes, OA outside Yes, OA outside Yes, OA inside Yes, OA inside No No Yes, OA inside

References 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8 9, 10 11, 12 13, 14 15, 16 17 18, 19 20, 21 22, 23 24, 25 26 27, 28, 29

Notes.--A list of all GRBs localized to better than 20 radius with the SXC, where the first optical observation was performed within approximately 3 hr of the highenergy event. Here à tSXC is the time from the onset of the burst when the $20 SXC error circle radius was first made available, à tOA is the time after the burst when the OA was detected, and à t1 is the time after the GRB occurred when the first optical observation was performed. In the magnitude columns, ``CR'' denotes filterless observations. In the penultimate column, ``RA'' refers to the radio afterglow. References.-- (1) Fox et al. 2002; (2) Rhoads et al. 2002; (3) Rykoff & Smith 2002; (4) Gladders & Hall 2002; (5) Urata et al. 2003; (6) Levan et al. 2003; (7) Fox et al. 2003b; (8) Holland et al. 2003; (9) Wozniak et al. 2002; (10) Holland et al. 2004; (11) Masetti et al. 2003; (12) Castro-Tirado et al. 2003; (13) Fox et al. 2003a; (14) Klose et al. 2004; (15) Peterson & Price 2003; (16) Andersen et al. 2003; (17) Price et al. 2003; (18) Smith 2003; (19) Jakobsson et al. 2004b); (20) Uemura et al. 2003; (21) Rau et al. 2004; (22) Smith & Quimby 2003; (23) Fynbo et al. 2004; (24) Smith 2004; (25) Fox et al. 2004; (26) Sasaki et al. 2004; (27) Smith et al. 2005; (28) Misra et al. 2005; (29) Berger et al. 2005a.

expect a peak magnitude of R ¼ 22:3 mag at àt % 20 days. For a 2002ap-like SN the corresponding magnitude is R ¼ 24:8mag. In Table 1, the blob magnitude at àt % 135 days, when a SN and an OA contribution should be negligible, is R ¼ 23:76 ô 0:15 mag. Adding the flux from a SN at àt % 20 days would result in R $ 22:0 mag (R $ 23:4 mag) for SN 1998bw (SN 2002ap). Since we measure the blob magnitude to be R ¼ 23:99 ô 0:13 mag and R ¼ 23:98 ô 0:06 mag at àt % 15 days and àt % 27 days, respectively, we do not detect the signature of a SN. This nondetection of a rising SN component may be explained by a modest host extinction, in agreement with the afterglow data (see x 4.2). A 2002ap-like SN extinguished by 1.4 mag would remain undetected, alleviating the requirement of a very subluminous SN (see also Zeh et al. 2004; Soderberg et al. 2005). 4.4. Dark Gamma-Ray Bursts The need for high redshift and /or large host extinction to explain the nondetection of a large fraction of OAs is gradually disappearing. Fynbo et al. (2001) and Berger et al. (2002) demonstrated that 70% ­ 75% of the OA searches conducted to date would have failed if the GRBs were similar to that of dim bursts like GRB 000630 and GRB 020124 in the optical band. More recently, Jakobsson et al. (2004a) used OX to introduce a new dark burst definition, resulting in a lower limit of the dark burst fraction of approximately 10%. With the rapid availability of small GRB error circles, first attainable in 2002 August via the SXC on HETE-2, the stage was set for building up a small but relatively homogeneous afterglow sample. This would clarify whether deficient search strategies were indeed the reason behind the original large fraction of dark bursts. In Table 3 we have listed all GRBs localized to an SXC radius of P20 , and where the first optical observation was performed within àt % 3 hr. As hinted by Lamb et al. (2004), the majority of the SXC bursts are detected in the optical, or 12/14 indicating a dark

burst fraction of 10% ­ 20%. The two bursts not detected in the optical are GRB 020819 and GRB 041211. We note that for nine bursts, the original error circle was revised a few days later, with three of those having the OA outside the original error circle. However, this does not affect the dark burst statistics significantly, although it is possible that the GRB 041211 OA was located slightly outside the error circle. GRB 020819 has been extensively discussed in this paper. Its optical faintness is mainly due to it being intrinsically faint, i.e., with only a modest amount of extinction the extrapolation of the afterglow model from the radio to the optical is consistent with our early R-band limit. The absence of an OA for GRB 041211 is not as easily explained. This is predominantly due to the lack of multiwavelength follow-up. There is an early deep limit of R > 21:5 mag at àt ¼ 3:4 hr ( Monfardini et al. 2004), but no clear conclusions can be drawn without additional X-ray or radio observations. With the Swift satellite now distributing rapid and accurate positions and follow-ups with the X-Ray Telescope ( XRT) and Ultraviolet /Optical Telescope ( UVOT), a large homogeneous afterglow sample is finally being realized. The sample is currently rather small, with 20 bursts localized with the XRT (as of 2005 April 18). In addition, the instruments are not yet fully calibrated, implying that caution should be advised before inferring the fraction of dark bursts. The current optical / NIR afterglow recovery rate is 13/20, with at least one nondetection most likely resulting from large Galactic extinction (GRB 050117: Berger et al. 2005b). Four of the other six nondetections (GRBs 050128, 050223, 050326, and 050410) only have moderately fast and deep optical follow-ups. GRB 050219A, on the other hand, was observed with the UVOT at àt % 5 minutes to a limiting magnitude of V $ 20:7 (Schady et al. 2005). This burst is an excellent dark burst candidate, although the XRT results are needed to examine its consistency with the fireball model. Finally, the deep optical limit for GRB 050412 of R > 24:9mag at àt ¼ 2:3 hr ( Kosugi et al. 2005) combined with the XRT


50 observations ( Mangano et al. 2005) indicates that  for this burst, firmly establishing it as dark. 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

JAKOBSSON ET AL.
OX

Vol. 629

< 0:05

GRB 020819, a relatively nearby burst (z ¼ 0:41), is only one of two of the 14 GRBs localized to an error radius of P20 with the SXC on board HETE-2 that does not have a reported OA. This lends support to the recent proposition that the dark burst fraction is far lower than previously suggested, perhaps as small as 10%. The GRB 020819 radio afterglow is superposed on a faint (R % 24:0 mag) blob, located around 300 from the center of a bright (R ¼ 19:5 mag) barred spiral galaxy. At z ¼ 0:41 this corresponds to 16 kpc. This faint blob did not show significant brightness variations over a period of $100days, rulingitout as the OA. The probability that the assigned spiral host is a chance superposition and not physically related to the GRB, is only 0.8%. We find that we can explain the radio afterglow without invoking large extinction to elucidate the absence of the OA. While we cannot rule out large extinction local to the GRB, it is not required. Assuming an average Galactic extinction curve (RV ¼ 3:1), the required host extinction is AV % 0:6 1:5 mag. We attempted a SN search by obtaining R-band data at àt % 15, 21, and 27 days. We do not observe a brightening in

the faint blob at these epochs. A 1998bw-like (2002ap-like) SN signature would have resulted in the blob brightening to R $ 22:0 mag (R $ 23:4 mag) for z ¼ 0:41. We conclude that either the line of sight is extinguished (AV $ 1:5 mag would render a 2002ap-like SN undetectable), GRB 020819 is associated with a very faint SN, or it does not have a temporally coincident SN.

P. J. gratefully acknowledges the hospitality of Caltech, particularly that of Shri R. Kulkarni, Derek B. Fox, and S. Bradley Cenko, where the majority of this work was carried out. P. J. acknowledges support from a special grant from the Icelandic Research Council. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope at the Paranal Observatory under program 69.D-0701( B). Based on observations made with the Nordic Optical Telescope, operated on the island of La Palma jointly by Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias.

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